The Origin of Taiji Diagram When did Taiji Diagram originate? Who drew it first? Academic circles have their own opinions on this, and it is difficult to reach a conclusion. There are four most common sayings:
Taiji map originated in ancient times, developed by Fuxi according to the river map and Luoshu map, and is widely recorded in ancient books. Taiji diagram originated from the wheel pattern, vortex pattern and fish pattern on Neolithic pottery. Taiji Map originated from Wei Boyang's Zhouyi Shentongqi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Taiji was painted by masters around the Song Dynasty, including Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty, Chen Tuan in the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty, and Shouya, a Buddhist in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In fact, in the 4th century BC, there appeared a pattern similar to Tai Chi in Celtic art. In the badge of Roman imperial military uniform, there were almost the same pattern as Tai Chi, but the color was different. In the Tripoje civilization, a prehistoric culture discovered by Ukrainians in Eastern Europe, there are also a large number of Taiji diagrams, which are almost identical to those of China.
Taiji on Celtic gold ornaments in the fourth century BC
Tai Chi Map on Infantry Heralds of the Western Roman Empire
The coat of arms of the Western Roman Empire
Taiji diagram is a perfect interpretation of the theory of yin and yang, and people's interpretation of Taiji diagram can often be traced back to the Book of Changes. It is generally believed that the word "Tai Chi" first appeared in Yi Zhuan? Copula: "Tai Chi is easy, that is, two instruments give birth to four images, and four images give birth to gossip. Gossip will determine good or bad luck, and good or bad luck will achieve great things. " This means that all things and phenomena in the vast universe include both yin and yang, as well as inside and outside. But they are both antagonistic and interdependent, which is the general law of the material world, the procedure and origin of many things, and the fundamental reason for the emergence and destruction of things.
Types of Taiji Diagram There are many types of Taiji diagrams drawn by later generations, such as:
1, natural river map of heaven and earth
Zhao in the early Ming Dynasty? Qian first published "Six Books with Original Meaning of Yin and Yang Fish Map", which was named "Natural River Map of Heaven and Earth". According to him, Cai got it from Shushan, kept it secret, and then he found it. Because Zhou's Taiji map and black-and-white river map have become official maps, they can't be called Taiji map or river map, but can only be named natural river map of heaven and earth.
2, Tai Chi congenital map
In Yi Xuan written by Zhang Hangcheng in Song Dynasty, there is a picture of Yin and Yang, which is called "congenital picture" instead of "Taiji picture". It is the earliest Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish that we can see now.
3. Tai Chi Map of Zhou Dunyi in Northern Song Dynasty.
This picture is a Tai Chi picture written by Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty (later renamed Dunyi to avoid the British Sect). Because Zhou Dunyi has always been called "the founder of Neo-Confucianism", most scholars today are called "Zhou's Taiji Diagram".
4. Lai Zhide's Lai Tai Chi Map in Ming Dynasty
Relying on taiji diagram, knowing virtue is better than learning schema. The white one is the yang instrument, and the black one is the yin instrument. Black-and-white two-way, the surface anode produces cathode, and the cathode produces anode. Explain the reasons for the endless vitality.
5. The Taiji diagram of the clear moon made by Zhang Jingyue in Ming Dynasty.
Zhang Ming Jing Yue system is a theory used to summarize the changes of Yin and Yang in the universe. Its inner circle is left black and right white, two black, left white and right black, and the outer circle is all white to show the circle of yin and yang, which is endless. Zhang Jingyue cited "element asked? Yin and Yang should be like a great theory: "Yin and Yang are the way of heaven and earth, the discipline of all things, the changing parents, the beginning of life and death, and the home of all gods. "It is generally believed that this map originated from Zhou Dunyi's Taiji Map from demonstration to drawing.
6. Tai Chi map of Zuo Fu made by Zuo Fu in Ming Dynasty.
After Zuo Fu Taiji, it was made in Zuo Fu in Ming Dynasty. Read his book "Collection of Jingchuan Works"? After tai chi. It is considered that Zhou's Taiji Map is metaphysical if it does not stand on the distinction between yin and yang, five elements and men and women. The reason why this picture is not satisfactory. Therefore, "stealing the master's intention is applied to Zhou Zi's painting" is a painting after Tai Chi. Its picture includes yin and yang, four seasons and five elements. Divide the four seasons into two parts, and the eight solar terms belong to four positive and four-dimensional gossip, among which there is a Taiji diagram curve from long summer to beginning of winter. The dividing line of Taiji Dichotomy is not meridian, but infinite line, and it is in the form of curve, which reveals the movement and change law of Changxia and beginning of winter. There is a narrow curve on each side of the curve, indicating that there is yang in the yin and yin in the yang. In addition, although "Illustration after Taiji" is about "acquired divination", the diagram is actually a sequence of congenital Fuxi gossip.
6. The Tai Chi map of Xu Hu in Qing Dynasty.
Tai Chi Schema of Xu Hu in Qing Dynasty. See the Book of Changes for the picture. Starting from tomorrow, I will know the Taiji Virtue Map. Hu believes that this kind of map is similar to the river map and innate gossip, both of which reflect endless opportunities.
The image of the river map, one monster was born in the north, and the other three monsters grew up in the east, so the seven monsters belong to the south and the nine monsters are all in the west. Two pairs were born in the south, four in the west, six in the north and eight in the east. Traditionally, it is believed that innate gossip is drawn according to the river chart. Except for the transition between Kan and Li, one of them was born in Kun, that is, in the wonder of the north; The second yang is abundant in the east, that is, the three wonders are longer than the east; After doing three things, going out in full bloom means going out in full bloom. The second part of Xunyang disappeared outside, and the first part of Genyang was outside, that is, the nine wonders were outside. One of them is Yin, born in the trunk, that is, the second couple was born in the south; The second root is yin in the west, that is, the birth of four couples in the south; Create two yin, extremely prosperous, that is, six consecutive extremely prosperous. After the earthquake, the two yin disappeared outside, and the one yin was exhausted outside, that is, eight couples were exhausted outside. Congenital eight diagrams are similar to river diagrams in ups and downs, internal and external directions. Explain that innate gossip, a river map, has the meaning of circle.
There are three points inside and outside this picture, which can be matched with the hexagrams of three paintings; Six points inside and outside can be matched with six paintings. The birth of yang must be in the son, and its return will disappear, that is, the beginning of the son; Yin will be born at noon, but the recovery will disappear. At the beginning of this day, it will not move to set its upper and lower parts; The birth of yin and yang must be included, and the prosperity will disappear, which is the beginning. It is consistent with the eight diagrams, the sixty-four hexagrams and the square diagram. During the earthquake, Xun was in the center, while Dui and Gen were outside, reflecting the Book of Changes? "Training" means from the inside out and from the outside in; Although the work is in the post, it will always be handed over to Kun. Although Kun is in the post, it will always be handed over to the work, so as to ensure the handover; Although Yin is extremely prosperous, it does not leave Yang, and Yang is extremely prosperous and does not leave Yin; It begins with yin and ends with yin, that is, when pure yang blooms, and Yang finally ends with yang, that is, when pure yin blooms, in order to determine the principle of two-phase attachment, root yin and root yang; Yin and Yang have a beginning and an end, which reflects the endless use of popularity; It is also pure, and the income from division is only six days, which is equivalent to 360 on Sunday, which is the first three numbers after 60 hexagrams; Yang advances, Yin retreats, Yin advances and Yang retreats without changing the style of the work; More yang means less yin, and more yin means less yang, so as to distinguish their respective positions; Yang advances and retreats, while Yin does not advance and retreats, so as not to stop the movement. Imagine the heavenly heart in the middle, let people know that divination has played a role, so that it should not look bad. This picture contains the essence of the river map and innate gossip.
The Significance of Taiji Diagram Taiji Diagram is an important image to study Zhou Xue's principle. Too meaningful; Extremely limited, that is to say, as for limited, it doesn't mean equal. It includes not only extreme principles, but also time and space restrictions from big to small. If you let it go, you will be six in one, and the volume will be hidden in your heart. It can be greater than any quantity but not beyond the circumference and space, or less than any quantity and not equal to zero or zero. These are the meanings of Tai Chi.
Taiji diagram mainly embodies three points:
The first is the integration of yin and yang, with white as yang and black as yin. Draw yin and yang into a circle, indicating that yin and yang are one. The second is the mutual change of yin and yang. When a little bit of yang develops to the anode, a little bit of yin comes out. Similarly, on the other side of the Taiji diagram, a little yin develops towards the cathode, and a little yang comes out. Third, Yin and Yang are mutual energy. Our universe is a world full of energy. The concept that yin and yang need energy to transform each other. Without energy, the world would be a backwater, without the universe, mountains and rivers, and without life. Confucius believes that "Tai Chi" is not only the "foundation" of the universe, but also the evolution path of the universe. The implementation of the "essence" of the universe separates yin and yang, resulting in two instruments of heaven and earth. The continuous separation of yin and yang has produced four images of spring, summer, autumn and winter and everything in the universe. "Lao tze? Chapter 42 also expresses the "Taiji" philosophy of monism and variation theory: "Tao gives birth to one, life gives birth to two, life gives birth to three, and life gives birth to everything. Everything is negative and holds yang, thinking that it is harmonious. "Tai Chi is" one "and the root of all things in the universe; The endless movement and development of everything in the universe is the truth of Tai Chi.
Different from Confucius, Laozi has a thorough understanding of the theory of contradiction and harmony in Taiji. The Tao of Tai Chi naturally includes two opposing sides of Yin and Yang, but the mutual agitation and contradictory movement of Yin and Yang finally achieved a new harmonious body in the universe. Later generations interpreted the Taiji diagram according to the Taiji philosophy of Laozi and Confucius, and gradually formed a mature Taiji concept.
The Three Kingdoms Wei explained the Tai Chi map with "Tai Chi Qi, three for one". "Three" refers to the dividing line between white, black and white and black in the Taiji diagram of Yin and Yang fish. The literal meaning of "including three as one" is that white, black and their dividing lines are all included in the great circle of Taiji diagram. In fact, later generations believe that "including three as one" not only refers to the contradictory overall structure of things composed of positive, negative and combined, but also refers to the cosmic structure of "three poles" of heaven and earth. Wei's theory not only inherited Laozi's Taiji thought that "everything is negative but holds yang", but also linked the previous Taiji concept from everything in the universe to social life.
In the Song Dynasty, Confucian masters interpreted the Taiji diagram from the perspective of human studies, and set the Taiji law as the standard of all human behaviors, thus developing the Taiji theory into the theory of "human nature".
Zhou Dunyi said in the Illustration of Taiji, "Infinity and Taiji. Tai Chi moves to generate yang, moves to be extremely quiet, and static generates yin, while static moves to be extremely quiet. Dynamic and static are mutually rooted. Divided into yin and yang, two instruments stand. Yang is yin, and fire, water, wood, gold and earth are born from this. Five qi shun bu, what to do at four o'clock Five acts of yin and yang, yin and yang are Tai Chi, and Tai Chi is infinite. The birthdays of the five elements are also different. Infinite truth, 25 and 25 subtleties. Avenue becomes a man, and Kun Dao becomes a woman. Two gases are born together, and everything is transformed. Everything comes into being and changes endlessly. It's just that people should be beautiful and most spiritual. Shape is natural, and God knows it. Five natures move, but good and evil are divided, and everything is destroyed. The sage decided to be upright and upright, different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions and stand out for the people. So saints and heaven and earth and their virtues, sun and moon and their brightness, four seasons and their order, ghosts and gods and their good and bad luck. The gentleman repairs it, Ji; The villain is rebellious and fierce. Therefore, it is said:' The way to establish heaven is Yin and Yang. The way to stand on one's feet is to be soft and firm. The way to establish a person lies in benevolence and righteousness. He also said,' the first is due to the inverse end, so we know the theory of life and death'. It is easy to be big, and it is the best. "
This paper inherits the ideas of monism, development view, contradiction theory and harmony theory in the previous Taiji theory, but especially emphasizes people's understanding of Taiji as the spirit of all things, and puts forward the standard of "establishing the pole of human beings", that is, establishing upright and righteous people. Zhou Dunyi's humanistic interpretation has influenced the interpretation of Taiji Diagram in later generations. Shao Yong in the Northern Song Dynasty, Hu Hong and Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, and even Dai Zhen in the Qing Dynasty all explained the idea of people-oriented beauty of all things and people-oriented heart of heaven and earth from the Taiji diagram.
The universe is infinite, so it is called Tai Chi, but the universe is tangible, that is, it has substantial content. According to the viewpoint of Yi-ology, tangible things come from the intangible, so they are infinite, which is Tai Chi. Taiji is a dynamic entity, that is, the universe is moving. When it moves to a certain extent, it becomes relatively static, and when it is static, it produces Yin. So when it moves and stands still, Yin and Yang are the root of each other and run in infinity.
Although the Taiji diagram is simple and clear, with a circle, a curve, two points and two black and white fish shapes, it has formed a huge "Taiji philosophy" system with rich and profound connotations through illustrations and explanations in past dynasties. The key words of this philosophical system are Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang include not only the metaphysical way of the universe and the law of heaven, but also the metaphysical law of life.