Bian Que (407 BC-3 BC10) was a famous doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Zheng (now Renqiu, Hebei Province) was born in Bohai County and Qi State (now Changqing, Shandong Province). Because of his superb medical skills, he was honored as an imperial doctor, so people at that time used the name of "Bian Que", the imperial doctor of the Yellow Emperor in ancient mythology, to call him. When I was young, I studied medicine in Chang Sangjun, and I passed on my medical skills. I was good in all subjects. Zhao is regarded as gynecology, Zhou as ENT, and pediatrics is famous all over the world. Qin Li, a doctor in Qin Dynasty, was jealous, but he made people assassinate him. Bian Que founded the pulse diagnosis method of traditional Chinese medicine, which was the first of its kind in traditional Chinese medicine. According to legend, the famous classic of Chinese medicine "Difficult Classics" was written by Bian Que.
achievement
Invent four diagnostic methods
Bian Que applied the comprehensive diagnostic technology of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis of diseases, that is, four diagnostic methods summarized by Chinese medicine later: visiting the doctor (looking at the face, etc. ), sniffing (hearing what the patient has done recently makes him sick), asking (asking if he has done anything that can cause disease) and pulse diagnosis (seeing his pulse). At that time, Bian Que told them to look at the color, listen to the sound, write the shadow and feel the pulse. These diagnostic techniques are fully embodied in some of his medical records recorded in historical books. He is good at looking at the color, judging the disease and its course evolution and prognosis by looking at the color. For example, when he visited Cai Huanhou, he judged that Huan Hou was ill, but his illness was still superficial, and the location of the disease was only superficial. He suggested that Cai Huanhou receive treatment, otherwise, his condition would get worse. Huan Hou refused treatment because he felt good about himself. Soon, when Bian Que met with Huan Hou again, he pointed out that his condition had deteriorated and the disease had developed into his vein, and persuaded him to receive treatment again to avoid further development of his condition. Huan Hou still refused treatment and was very unhappy, thinking that Bian Que was showing off and making money. When Bian Que saw him for the third time, he thought that his condition had worsened and the disease had entered the stomach. If he is not treated in time, it will be difficult to treat in the end. Huan Hou still ignored it. For the last time, Bian Que judged that Huan Hou was in critical condition and had gone deep into the bone marrow. He is terminally ill and cannot be treated. As expected, Qi Huanhou soon became ill and finally died. This case shows that Bian Que was able to make good use of the interview at that time, and the diagnosis level was quite high. Bian Que's pulse diagnosis method is also outstanding, with a high level. History books praised Bian Que as the first doctor who applied pulse diagnosis to clinic. In the pre-Qin period, pulse diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine was a three-part and nine-waiting diagnosis method, that is, pulse-taking was performed on the whole body according to the diagnosis method, including head and neck, upper limbs, lower limbs and the whole body. Bian Que's pulse diagnosis and its theory can be reflected in Diagnosis of Prince Guo. At that time, Prince Guo was unconscious and was judged to be a "corpse" according to pulse diagnosis. He believes that the patient's yin-yang pulse is unbalanced, the yang pulse sinks, and the yin pulse surges, that is, the yin-yang pulse is out of harmony, which leads to the disorder of the whole body pulse, so the patient shows a dead state. In fact, the patient didn't really die. Besides feeling the pulse, he also observed the patient's nose moving slightly. Combined with touching, he found that the body surface of his thigh was still warm, so he dared to make this judgment. Bian Que was the earliest doctor who used pulse diagnosis to judge diseases in Chinese history, and put forward the corresponding pulse diagnosis theory.
Medical thought
In terms of treatment, Bian Que can skillfully use the method of comprehensive treatment. Among them, from the treatment of a case of Prince Guo, the methods he used included grinding stones, namely acupuncture, hot ironing and kimono soup. Comprehensive treatment is the main treatment measure in medical practice in Bian Que. In the pre-Qin period, there was no clear medical division in clinic. Although "Zhou Li" has been divided into veterinarians, food doctors, sick doctors and doctors, it is only set in the court. Veterinarians, food doctors and selected doctors respectively manage livestock diseases, palace food preparation and knife and scissors surgery. Other diseases and syndromes belong to the category of disease doctors. Bian Que is a generalist who can cure many diseases at the same time. The cases of Qi Huanhou and Prince Guo show that he is an expert in internal medicine. Bian Que can also carry out medical activities according to local needs. When traveling in Qin (now Xianyang, Shaanxi), he specialized in treating children's diseases; When traveling to Handan (then the capital of Zhao), he mainly treated gynecological diseases; When I went to Luoyang (then the capital of Zhou State, now Luoyang, Henan Province), I was mainly engaged in the treatment of diseases of the elderly, especially the five senses such as ears and eyes. According to records, Bian Que was also good at surgery, and he used drug anesthesia for surgery. During his medical career, Bian Que not only showed superb diagnosis and treatment level, but also showed noble medical ethics. He is modest and prudent, and never takes credit. For example, after he cured the body of Prince Guo, Mr. Guo was very grateful, and everyone praised him for his ability to bring him back to life. Bian Que said matter-of-factly, "This is because the patient is not dead. I can only make him seriously ill and restore to his original state, but he has no ability to bring him back to life. "
Preventive thought
Bian Que attaches great importance to the prevention of diseases. Judging from the case of Qi Huanhou, the reason why he advised early treatment many times included the idea of nip in the bud. He believes that the disease can be completely cured as long as measures are taken in advance at the early stage. He once pointed out with great emotion that there are many diseases objectively, but doctors suffer from too few treatment methods. Therefore, he pays great attention to the prevention of diseases.
Principles of treatment
In the pre-Qin period, Bian Que's "Six Immortals" appeared in Historical Records. These six incurable diseases include: believing in witches but not doctors; Arrogance is irrational; Light body and heavy wealth; Food and clothing are not suitable; Form can't be served; Food and clothing are not suitable; Yin and yang merge, and the hidden gas is uncertain. That is, six kinds of patients: first, people who rely on power and are arrogant; Second, people who are greedy for money regardless of their lives; Third, overeating and eating impermanence; Fourth, those who are seriously ill and do not seek medical treatment as soon as possible; Fifth, people who are too weak to take medicine; Sixth, people who believe in witchcraft and do not believe in medical ethics. His medical experience is extremely rich, and he has compiled nine volumes of Bian Que Neijing and 12 volumes of Bian Que Waijing, but these two works have been lost, which is a great loss for Chinese medicine. On the basis of summarizing the medical experience of predecessors, Bian Que created the methods of looking (looking at color), smelling (listening), asking (asking about illness) and feeling the pulse to diagnose diseases. Among these four diagnostic methods, Bian Que is especially good at interrogation and pulse diagnosis. At that time, Bian Que's pulse diagnosis technique was superb and famous all over the world. Bian Que selflessly taught his medical skills to his disciples, and his disciples Ziyang, Zibao and Ziyue were all successful people.
Bian Que school
After the Han Dynasty, Bian Que (Qin Yueren) based on Bian Que's medical skills, especially his knowledge of pulse diagnosis, wrote Eighty-one Difficulties in Huangdi's Internal Classic. In modern times, some people thought that his theory had far-reaching influence and formed the Bian Que School.