Chapter 1: The beginning and end of a classic speech have corresponding structures.
1, at the end of the city, there were no bustling markets and shining neon lights; At the end of the city, there are only weather-beaten dilapidated shanty towns; At the end of the city, there are a group of people like them.
(End) The sun rises from the horizon, illuminating the end of the city and their lives.
They will eventually become us. ("they")
2. (At first) Standing on the banks of the Seine, you can feel the pulse of fashion and elegance in Paris; Being on Fifth Avenue, you can feel the gorgeous and gorgeous atmosphere of new york. Strolling through the streets of Ginza, you can appreciate the ancient and modern culture of Tokyo; Stay by the Huangpu River, and you can appreciate the unique and inclusive Shanghai spirit. ...
(End) I am facing the city in infinite thinking, touching its shell and eager to touch its soul. I hope that one day its inner substance will be as beautiful and moving as its shell, that those false and frivolous things will become real and solid, that it will be "clouds selling rain and falling clouds with bright colors", and that we can touch the beauty of the city's flowers again from the inside out. (touching the city)
The wind outside the window is clear and birds are singing. The sunshine in the window is beating, and the dream is sweet. The boat of time quietly entered the dream and opened its sleepy eyes. The windmill of life turns and turns every day, but I don't think it is a faded sculpture, because what accompanies me every day is touching.
There are feelings everywhere in life, even if it is a grass, a tree, a flower and a stone. From the emotional point of view, I found that in the long river of life, every kind of water drop collision sound is so crisp and pleasant.
(End) From the beginning of emotion, we will enrich our bags every day, whether it is happiness or trouble. I think it's a sentence from my own experience. ("Starting with Emotion")
4. (At the beginning) The endless desire of human beings is the driving force to push the wheel of history forward.
Where does desire come from? The innate curiosity of human beings.
(End) Curiosity-it has promoted the progress of the world, and at the same time accumulated the power to destroy the world.
What should we do with this expanding curiosity? (curious)
5. (at the beginning) Why?
Two old people, only a few meters away from the house, what's the need to shout every few minutes?
Every time I go to grandma's house, it always arouses my curiosity.
(End) I think that the so-called love is like this. It's the people I love, the people I miss, and they must exist where I can see, where I can reach and where I can walk.
I am glad that I have curiosity to understand the care, warmth and love of grandma's generation. I see, that voice phone is saying, with you, the whole world is here. (curious)
Natural gathering is simple and unpretentious.
6. Life is a warp and weft interwoven with bitterness, beauty and ugliness. It travels through time and space, but the light is still there. We need to constantly explore and think about life. As long as we can constantly add sand, water and stones to our thinking, life will become full.
Let's create and enrich our cup of life together! (Life in a Glass)
7, life, in fact, is a process, a lot of things, a lot of people, failed, experienced will understand, will mature. When failure comes, don't be sad, but see it as an opportunity for growth and exercise. Rush over, you will have a better and brighter life waiting for you, and you will have a sense of accomplishment; If you back down, you will only have more failures and more regrets in your life.
When we are near the end of life, when we look back on this life, especially those difficulties and failures, we will feel that perhaps it is because of these that we have enriched our lives, overcome them and made our lives more perfect. (Don't say "no" easily)
8. I stood under the golden flower tree, carefully put that curiosity into the corner of my heart, and warmed myself with the love she gave me. (curious)
9. I only caught a glimpse of you, but I caught a glimpse of a dull and far-reaching attitude towards life. Relax, relax, I will never be dominated by everything. I am alone in the turbid waves, and I only want to die holding the bright moon. There is a withered tobacco and a white mustard on the river.
Teach me how to follow in your footsteps, beauty is the essence of being at a loss; Teach me how to touch your skirt, that kind of indifferent attitude.
This is you, as light as spring, your paranoid pursuit, a Bai Mudan fluttering beside spring, an ethereal song for you. ("A cigarette belongs to Ren Jiangping")
10, "The taste of people is pure joy." I can't catch the shadow of the bright moon, but I beg to keep an amber heart. In the busy life, drinking a cup of light mineral water, even for a moment, will bring you different feelings. ("Qing Huan")
Make the finishing point of Zhang Xianzhi
1 1, everything is like a leaden dream! Life is fleeting and things change. All those who have lost their hopes and dreams, we will cherish your dreams! We will plant flowers of love and unity on the land of our motherland. The world is with us! I
Children have the same dream and learn to fly with the wings of dreams.
Dream lives together, and it will never wither in the warm room of memory. Let's put wings on them with the flowers of love. (dreams)
12, tragedies have existed since ancient times. However, since ancient times, who has seen such inspiring and earth-shattering unity? "Historical Records" has a cloud: the people are in harmony with the people, then the family is safe, and the monarch is in harmony with the people, then the country is prosperous. Today, this is the joint efforts of people and people, people and countries, and countries and the world. Why are you worried about family unrest and national prosperity? Castle peak together, we go through the storm together and get together. The bond that unites people all over the world may be such an expectation: to stand for the world, to stand for the people, to continue to learn from saints, and to create peace for all generations! ("Castle Peak with Storm")
13, there is no trace of birds in the sky, but it has already flown. Flying is not to leave traces, but to enjoy freedom and happiness in flying!
The flowers fell without trace, but they were beautiful. Although there was no result, I enjoyed sweat and youth. Although I can't embrace the first choice, I will create the most beautiful surge in the second choice, so that I can fly over my dreams and step into the palace of art! I need sand in my cup! ("I need sand in my cup")
14 However, things are always changing, buildings are built in a unified style that is no longer consistent with wheat fields, and the curves of field paths become stiff. People look at the present countryside with a disappointed expression. Those pictures that disappeared in memory became eternal pains in the heart, and thus became places that people could never reach.
From the internal structure, the speech needs to form or create the emotional atmosphere of the scene, and the content should be more concentrated. Usually, a speech can only talk about two or three questions at most, and these two or three questions have to be closely linked in logic and unfolded in a deduction chain. At this time, the most taboo is the plane list: a, b, d, 1234, abcd, which is particularly taboo. This can only make the audience stop thinking and even fall asleep. Scattered arguments and passive examples (that is, non-analytical and unable to expand arguments) are tantamount to lullabies. "and" in the speech contest, it is especially required to focus on the argument because time is limited. " (Sun Shaozhen: On the Writing of Speeches) The structure of a speech is divided into three parts: the head, the main body and the end, and its structural principles are roughly the same as those of general articles. However, because speech is a space-time activity, the structure of speech also has its own characteristics, especially its beginning and end have special requirements.
First, we should seize the audience at the beginning and be fascinating.
The beginning of a speech is also called prologue. It plays a prominent role in the structure of the speech. Swiss writer Winkler said: "The prologue has two tasks: one is to establish the same feeling between the speaker and the listener; The second is to open the scene and introduce the topic, as the name suggests. " A good speech should attract the attention and excitement of the audience with the simplest language and the shortest time at the beginning, so as to achieve the effect of surprise.
The techniques of opening remarks mainly include:
1, wedge. Establish a personal relationship with the audience with a few sincere words to gain the audience's goodwill and trust;
2. Cohesion. Directly reflect a situation or a problem to be discussed, and often connect the main speeches with a small matter, a metaphor, personal experiences, anecdotes and unexpected problems;
3. Stimulation. You can ask some questions to stimulate the audience's thinking and focus the audience's attention on the speech;
4. touch the topic. Tell the audience what you are going to say at the beginning. Many famous politicians, writers and speeches in the world are like this.
At the beginning of a speech, there are many methods, which are usually used as follows:
1, get straight to the point and prompt the topic. This kind of opening is to go straight to the topic at the beginning of the lecture and directly prompt the center of the speech. For example, Soong Ching Ling's speech at the ceremony of accepting the honorary doctorate in law from Victoria University in Canada began with: "I am honored to accept the honorary doctorate in law from Victoria University in Canada." Using this method, we should first clearly grasp the center of the speech and put out the arguments to be prompted to the audience, so that the audience will know what the center of the speech is and pay attention to it immediately.
2. Introduce the situation and explain the root cause. This kind of opening can quickly shorten the distance with the audience and make the audience eager to know the following. For example, Engels' speech in front of Yanni Marx's grave published in18812.5 begins with this: "The noble woman we are burying now was born in Salz Vedeler in 18 14. When Marx was in Trier, her father, Baron von WestWarren, was very close to his family. Children from two families grew up together. When Marx entered the university, he and his future wife knew that their lives would be linked forever. " This opening gives a necessary introduction and explanation of what happened, people and objects, paving the way for further reminding the audience of the topic.
3. Ask questions to attract attention. This method is based on the characteristics of the audience and the content of the speech, and puts forward some questions to stimulate the audience's thinking, thus attracting the audience's attention. For example, on July 4th, 1854, Frederick Douglass's Speech on Denying Slavery at the National Day Conference held in Rochester, New York, USA, can arouse the audience's positive thinking and bring people into an angry and profound situation: "Citizens, please forgive me for asking, why did you invite me to speak here today? Or what does the slave I represent have to do with your National Day? Did the principles of political freedom and equality set forth in the Declaration of Independence also fall on us? So do you want me to offer our humble tribute to the altar of our country, acknowledge what we have got, and express my sincere gratitude for the kindness your independence has brought us? " In addition to the above three methods, there are explanation, suspense, warning, humor, pun, lyric and so on.
Second, the main body should be interlocking and deep.
This is the main part of the speech. In the process of writing, we should deal with several problems such as level, rhythm and cohesion.
(1) Hierarchy is the presentation order of speech ideological content, which reflects the steps of the speaker's thinking and the process of the speaker's understanding of objective things. By selecting and combining speech materials according to the spatial and temporal characteristics of speech, the hierarchy of speech structure is formed. Because the speech is an activity directly facing the audience, the audience can't grasp the structural level of the speech through vision, and the auditory grasp of the level is also limited by the speech time.
So, how can we make the structure of the speech clear? According to the characteristics of the audience grasping the hierarchy through hearing, the basic method to express the hierarchy of speech structure is to set obvious audio language symbols in the speech, so as to appeal to the audience's hearing in time and obtain clear hierarchical effect. In the speech, the speaker repeatedly asks questions and expounds his own views according to the questions, which can be related in structure and deepened at different levels. In addition, the use of inflection sentences or words such as "first", "second" and "then" in speeches is also an effective way to distinguish levels.
(2) Rhythm refers to the relaxation and ups and downs in the structural arrangement of speech content. The rhythm of speech structure is mainly realized by the transformation of speech content. The transformation of speech content is to properly insert humor, poetry, anecdotes and other contents into a theme-oriented content, so as to keep the audience's attention highly concentrated, without being excited by high concentration. Few excellent speakers are longer than using this method. The rhythm of the speech structure should be clear and moderate. Plain and direct narration, dull and stagnant, will of course make the audience nervous and tired, and too frequent content changes will also cause the audience to be distracted. Therefore, the inserted content should serve the purpose of the speech, and the frequency of rhythm should be determined according to the psychological characteristics of the audience.
(3) Cohesion refers to connecting all the content levels in the speech to make it have a seamless sense of integrity. Because the rhythm of the speech needs to change the content of the speech in time, it is easy to make the structure of the speech appear messy. Cohesion is a kind of compensation for structural compactness and density, which makes the transformation of various content levels more ingenious and natural, makes the speech full of a sense of integrity, and helps the theme of the speech to be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The method of structural cohesion of speeches is mainly to use transitional paragraphs or two paragraphs with two transitional sentences at the same level.
Third, the ending should be concise and powerful, and the lingering sound is around the beam.
The ending is the natural ending of the speech. A simple and touching ending can cheer up the audience and encourage them to keep thinking and thinking; The loose and boring ending can only make the audience feel bored and forgotten as things change. How can we impress the audience? John Woolf, an American writer, said: "When the audience's interest reaches its climax, it's best to end the speech decisively, and then stop abruptly." This is the most effective way to end the speech. At the climax of the speech, the audience's cerebral cortex is highly excited, and their attention and emotions are at their best. If the speech is suddenly closed in this state, the last impression left in the audience's mind is particularly deep. There is no fixed format at the end of the speech, or it is a concise summary of the main points of the full text of the speech, or a call and encouragement, or a famous poem and humorous words. But the general principle is to impress the audience.
Chapter two: The beginning and the end of the classic speeches. Different types and contents of speeches have different structural ways, but the basic form of the structure is composed of three parts: the beginning, the main body and the end. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
1. Start with an attractive voice.
The beginning of a speech, also called prologue, is like the "town tide" at the beginning of a drama, which occupies an important position in the whole article.
There are several ways to get started:
Cut to the chase and get to the point.
This kind of beginning does not beat around the bush, cut to the chase, and put forward your own views from the beginning. For example, in 194 1, Liebknecht's statement in the German parliament opposing military appropriations began by saying, "I voted against this proposal for the following reasons."
State the facts and explain the background
It is easier to attract people's attention and attract the audience to listen by reporting some new facts to the audience at the beginning. For example, at the beginning of Stalin's "Radio Speech" on July 3, 194 1: "Hitler's perfidious military attack on our motherland has continued since June 22. Although the Red Army fought bravely, although the enemy's elite divisions and its elite air force were defeated and buried in the battlefield, the enemy still transferred fresh troops from the front line and continued to break through. ..... Our motherland is facing serious danger. "
Ask questions and make people think.
Ask questions to guide the audience to think about a question, create suspense and arouse the audience's expectation of knowing the answer. For example, Xiao Qu's life, ideal and pursuit began like this: "How should a person treat his youth? I want to talk to you about my situation here. "
Quote epigrams and lead to the following.
Quote a profound and thought-provoking epigram, which leads to the following contents. For example, a college student's speech entitled "My Thinking and Rise" was wonderful at the beginning: "If a person has never been confused in his life, he has never thought."
There are still some methods at the beginning, so I won't list them one by one. In a word, no matter what form you take at the beginning, you must have a voice and charm.
2. The main part should be developed step by step and pushed to the climax step by step.
The main body of the speech should be unfolded layer by layer and pushed to the climax step by step. The so-called climax is the most exciting and exciting part of the speech. The writing of the main part should convince the audience step by step in theory, attract the audience step by step in content and infect the audience step by step in emotion. It is necessary to carefully arrange the structural levels, deepen them layer by layer, and interlock them, which will naturally push them to a climax.
The main part can be expanded in the following three ways:
Parallel type.
The juxtaposition is expressed from different angles and sides around the central argument of the speech, and its structural form is radial in all directions, just like the axle of a wheel and its spokes. And each side directly faces the central argument and proves the central argument.
Progress.
That is, starting from the surface and shallow layers, the method of gradual deepening and layer-by-layer promotion is adopted, and the profound theme is finally revealed, just like peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer. Using this method to arrange the structural level of the speech can make things thoroughly expounded and proved from the outside to the inside.
Parallel and progressive combination.
This structure contains either progression in juxtaposition or juxtaposition in progression. This method is often used in some grand speeches.
3. The ending should be crisp, concise and powerful.
The end of the speech is the inevitable result of the development of the main content. There are many ways to end it, either induction, sublimation, hope or calling. A good ending should be the length of the whole article, concise, concise and powerful, and avoid gilding the lily and adding details.
Extended reading article
A speech, also known as a speech, is a manuscript that expresses one's views, opinions and opinions at meetings or other public occasions. Directly determines the quality of speech.
Decide the success or failure of the speech.
The speech is as clear and logical as the argumentative paper, but it is not an ordinary argumentative paper. This is a practical style with propaganda and incitement. It often uses various rhetoric and artistic techniques, and has a strong appeal.
Speeches are not often used. Many famous speeches are improvised and handed down by others through records. However, for important speeches, it is best to prepare speeches in advance, because speeches have at least two functions: First, through careful thinking and careful organization of materials, the contents of speeches are more profound and coherent. Secondly, it can help the speaker eliminate the tension and fear on the spot and enhance the speaker's self-confidence.
Speech features
main distinction
Speech is very different from performance and composition.
First of all, speech is a meaningful thing or problem that people are generally concerned about. It expresses their views directly to the audience on a certain occasion through oral language.
Watch a social activity.
Secondly, the composition is that the author outputs information to the readers unilaterally through the article, while the speech is that the speaker exchanges information with the audience in two directions on the spot. Strictly speaking, a speech is a triangular information exchange between the speaker and the audience, and between the audience and the audience. The speaker can't be satisfied with conveying his thoughts, feelings and emotions, but must be able to control the reaction and communication between himself and the audience and between the audience. Therefore, the manuscript prepared for the speech has the following three characteristics:
main feature
First, pertinence. Speech is a social activity and a form of publicity used in public places. In order to explain the audience, impress the audience and "conquer" the masses with thoughts, feelings, examples and theories, it must be realistic and targeted. The so-called pertinence, first of all, is that the questions raised by the author are the concerns of the audience, and there must be comments and arguments.
The logical power of eloquence must be accepted and convinced by the audience in order to play its due social effect; Secondly, it is necessary to understand that the audience has different audiences, different levels, and different types of "public places", such as parties, professional meetings, service clubs, schools, social organizations, religious groups, and various competition occasions. When writing, we should design different speech contents for the audience according to different occasions and different objects.
Second, it can be said. The essence of speech lies in "speaking" rather than "doing", with "speaking" as the main part and "doing" as the supplement. Because the speech has to be spoken orally, it must be based on the premise of good presentation. If we say that some articles and works are mainly appreciated through reading, and we can understand their meanings and feelings, then the requirement of the speech draft is "catchy". A good speech is very important to the speaker; It should be nice to the listener. Therefore, after the speech is written, the author had better check it by trial or meditation. Anything you can't say clearly or hear clearly (such as the sentence is too long) should be revised and adjusted.
Third, it is inspiring. Speech is an art, and a good speech has its own agitation, which can stimulate the mood of the audience and win good feelings. To achieve this, we must first rely on the richness and profundity of the ideological content of the speech, the incisiveness, originality and thought-provoking of the viewpoint, and the vivid, vivid and infectious language expression. If the speech is bland and uninspired, the effect will not be good, or even counterproductive, even if you "hit" hard on the spot.
Fourth, the whole speech can't complete the speech task independently, it is only the written basis of the speech and an integral part of the whole speech activity. The subject, audience and specific time and space conditions of the speech together constitute the whole of the speech activity. When writing a speech, don't be divorced from the whole. Therefore, the following aspects should be paid attention to in the writing of speeches:
First of all, according to the audience's cultural level, nature of work, living environment, taste, hobbies and wishes, we should establish topics and choose ways of expression in order to communicate better.
Secondly, the speech should not only fully reflect the unique and profound views and opinions of the speaker, but also design and annotate the use of tone, speech speed and body language to achieve the best communication effect.
In addition, we should also consider the time, space and atmosphere of the speech to strengthen the live effect of the speech. Fifth, colloquialism.
Spoken language is an important aspect that distinguishes speeches from other written articles and conference documents. Needless to say, written articles, other meeting documents, such as meeting work reports and leaders' speeches, are not very oral. Although it was read on the stage by a certain leader, the audience usually have printed speeches in their hands when listening to the lecture.
There is nothing you can't understand when reading. Speech is different. It is so impromptu that it is impossible to print out the speech in advance and send it to the audience. Therefore, the speech must pay attention to "catchy" and "catchy". The so-called catchy, is to speak fluently. The so-called ear means that it sounds smooth, there is no language barrier, and there will be no misinterpretation. Specifically, it is necessary to:
Change long sentences into short sentences suitable for listening;
Change the inverted sentence into a normal sentence;
Change or delete words and idioms you don't understand in classical Chinese;
Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words;
Change uncommon words into common words;
Change words that are easily misunderstood into words that are not easily misunderstood.
Only in this way can it be catchy and sound clear.
Sixth, being present
Speech activity is a face-to-face communication between the speaker and the audience. The audience will respond to the content of the speech in time: either agree or disagree, or be interested or indifferent. The speaker can't ignore the various reactions of the audience. Therefore, when writing a speech, we should fully consider its existence and pay attention to leaving room for expansion and contraction on the premise of ensuring the integrity of the content. We should give full consideration to all kinds of problems that may arise during the speech and the countermeasures to deal with all kinds of situations. In short, the speech should be flexible and reflect the necessary field control skills.
strong function
First, a "let people know" speech. This is a speech, whose main function is to convey information and clarify things. Its purpose is to make people know and understand. For example, the aesthetician Zhu Guangqian's speech "On Writing" talked about the preparation before writing, the genre, conception and material selection of the article, which made the audience understand the basic knowledge of writing. It is characterized by strong knowledge and accurate language.