The earliest human use can be traced back to Du Heng's Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs Shan Gui": Shi Lan took Du Heng, and he lost his mind.
Gan Song
Slightly conical, multi-curved, 5 ~ 18 cm long. The rhizome is short, with stem and leaf residues at the upper end, long and narrow, membranous or fibrous. The outer layer is dark brown and the inner layer is brown or yellow. Single or several roots, in the form of nodes, branches or juxtaposition, with a diameter of 0.3 ~ 1 cm. The surface is brown and shriveled, with fine roots and fibrous roots. Brittle, easily broken, rough section, dark brown skin, often cracked, yellow-white wood. Special breath, bitter and pungent taste, and cool feeling.
storax
Resin secreted by benzoin plants of Hamamelidaceae. Styrax is a semi-liquid viscous liquid, yellowish white to taupe, translucent, sticky and continuous when stimulated. Weight, very heavy when entering the water. The smell is fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter and spicy. Preferably brown or dark brown, translucent and free of impurities. Put it in an iron jar, soak it in clear water and put it in a cool place to prevent the fragrance from losing.
benzoin
It is a spherical granular mass with different sizes, reddish brown to taupe, yellow white and grayish white opaque almond-shaped particles embedded, and its surface is rough and uneven. Hard and brittle at room temperature, softened by heating. The smell is fragrant and slightly pungent.
Its resin can be used to treat apoplexy, dizziness and heartache instead of benzoin resin, and has the effect of inducing resuscitation and stopping bleeding.
radix curcumae
Classic Reading of Materia Medica: Yujin's taste is bitter and cold, which means that the gas is cold but good at descending, and the taste is bitter and good at venting. If blood accumulates in the clouds, it will accumulate, and if blood does not accumulate, it will cause evil blood. If the blood goes up and comes out from the nose and mouth, it is nosebleed and hematemesis, and the blood goes down and defecates. If there is pain, it will cause bloody stranguria, and if there is no pain, it will cause hematuria, that is, if the blood stasis of the golden sore does not go away, it will continue to produce blood and not produce muscle. So the pathogen of this thing is hematocele. Those who use qi to cover up blood are also called descending qi, and those who use bitter and cold to expel qi, that is to say, greatly break their blood, and take other drugs as a step further. If the menstrual flow is not adjusted, the amenorrhea person may wish to make his own decision for practical reasons. If they meet in vain, it is their enemy. This disease started from depression, which is what Yang Er called heart and spleen disease in Neijing, and it is meaningful. If this medicine is wrongly used to relieve depression, it won't save one. As for pregnancy, the most taboo is that this medicine can't touch the lips. Even after delivery, if it is not caused by heat stagnation and blood stasis, don't use it easily. If the external evil is unclean, it will attack from within, and the evil will take advantage of it. If both qi and blood are deficient, the deficiency will be aggravated, and qi and blood will suddenly take off without roots. This gynecologist is used to using turmeric to harm people.
light purple
Nail-shaped reddish-brown flower buds are the raw materials of essential oils. The average height of trees is about 5 ~ 6 meters. Mainly produced in Sri Lanka, Guava and Madagascar. It is made by distillation. Its fragrance is a little fresh moss and woody flowers, which is indispensable for perfume making. Often added to wine, the essential oil is transparent and colorless.
It has a positive effect on mood and relieves unhappiness or chest tightness caused by emotional stagnation.
After dilution, it can be used for skin wounds such as sores, carbuncles and furuncles. Has the effects of relieving swelling, diminishing inflammation and promoting healing.
sandal wood
Domestic agarwood: also known as Hainan ginseng, Hainan agarwood, agarwood, Guanxiang, Daughter incense and agarwood. The wood containing black resin is the plant Aquilaria sinensis. Location: Hainan Island.
sandal wood
Also known as Qin 'an Township, Qin 'an, Qin 'an and Jian 'anshen. It is a kind of wood with high resin content near the roots of the plant Aquilaria sinensis or Aquilaria sinensis.
Carnation with green oil
This is a green-brown carnation.
Ginger with purple oil
This is a purple-brown carnation.
Guichenxiang
Also known as the helmet sink. Imported agarwood is mostly helmet-shaped, hence the name.
The above products are of good quality, good weight, good resin and good fragrance.
Imported agarwood is also known as Shen Shui Xiang, Yan Kou Xiang, Penglai Xiang, Mi Xiang, Zhi Lan Xiang and Qing Gui Xiang. (The above is the name of the document). Resin-containing heartwood of Aquilaria Resinatum of Daphne family. Location: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Iran, Thailand and other places.
The agarwood produced in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore is called Xinzhou Xiang, which has the best quality and lasting fragrance. The agarwood produced in Vietnam is called Cary, but its quality is inferior, and its fragrance is good and sweet, but it can't last long.
Imported agarwood is mostly cylindrical or irregular rod-shaped, and its surface is yellowish brown or grayish black; Hard and heavy, can sink into water or semi-sink into water; Strong smell, burning smoke billowing, rich aroma. Imported agarwood is slightly warm and bitter. It has the effects of promoting qi circulation, relieving pain, warming vomit and relieving asthma, and its curative effect is better than that of cedarwood incense.
sandal
Wood, meticulous, sweet and exotic, lingering fragrance.
This delicate oil comes from an evergreen parasitic tree that attaches its roots to other roots. Sandalwood is usually sold in sheet form, and it will take at least 30 years to reach the standard of collection and sale. Known as the best sandalwood essential oil, it is produced in sandalwood in Mysore, India.
Sandalwood has been very popular since ancient times. On the trade routes from India to Egypt, Greece and Rome, trucks filled with sandalwood are often found. Many ancient temples or furniture are made of sandalwood, which may have the function of preventing ants.
The burning demand of sandalwood is not less than that of sandalwood. Sandalwood is widely used in religious ceremonies because of its unique fragrance, which plays an auxiliary role and is very helpful to meditation. Especially in India and China, the demand for sandalwood has never decreased. Sandalwood is also a commonly used raw material in perfume.
musk
It is made by drying the secretion in the male gonad sac of musk deer. This is a high-grade perfume. If you put a little bit indoors, it will make the house very fragrant and smell different. Musk is not only fragrant and pleasant, but also has a lasting fragrance. Musk has been used in China for a long time. Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, met in his poem Lilac:' Dusk falls into the musk deer'. Musk is an important raw material for preparing high-grade essence. Ancient literati, poets and painters all added a little musk to the fine musk materials to make' musk ink' for writing and painting, which was fragrant and quiet. Calligraphy and painting can be preserved for a long time if they are properly sealed.
ambergris
Long Xianxiang is the dried product of intestinal secretion of sperm whale in physeteridae. It is an important and extremely precious medicinal material. Long Xianxiang contains about 25% Long Xianxiang. Long Xianxiang is a cholesterol derivative containing benzoic acid. In Compendium of Materia Medica, it is recorded that Long Xianxiang can promote blood circulation, replenish essence, help Yang Dao and dredge blood vessels. Traditional Chinese medicine takes Long Xianxiang as the medicine for resolving phlegm, resolving hard mass, benefiting qi and promoting blood circulation. Thus, Long Xianxiang is a valuable Chinese medicine for curing diseases and strengthening the body. If the patient has symptoms such as cough, irritability, stuffy heart, and pain in the heart, you can use Long Xianxiang 1 channel for 3 servings and take it at the end of grinding. Long Xianxiang element is the main component of Long Xianxiang perfume. This extremely precious Long Xianxiang, because its output in the world is too small to be artificially synthesized, is far more valuable than gold. Long Xianxiang is the best of spices, and it is an indispensable exotic fragrance in high-grade perfume essence. The perfume essence prepared with it is not only soft in fragrance, but also durable and beautiful, which is deeply loved by people.
There are nearly ten thousand kinds of spices, most of which are traditional Chinese medicine ingredients.
References:
Hexiangfang, Houhan, China Pharmacopoeia.
Recommended bibliography: Huatangxiang and Sixteen Sounds among Flowers. Indian incense is called agarbattī in Hindi and other Indian languages. India has a rich tradition of making incense, which can be traced back to 5000 years ago. Many Indian incense has a unique taste, but the same taste is not found in other countries in the world.
The unified system of making incense first began in India, although Vedic Sanskrit documents recorded the efficacy of incense-deodorizing and making pleasant fragrance. The modern incense-making system may have been formulated by medical monks at that time. For example, Indian flute incense, Mysore sandalwood incense and Raji incense are all among the oldest Indian incense.
Indian incense is recorded in the religious document Vedas, which is the oldest data of Indian incense. Indian incense is also recorded in Avina Veda and Rigveda in detail. Incense is a pleasant fragrance and has certain medicinal value. In the first paragraph of Ayurveda, the medicinal effects of Indian incense are introduced. So most incense is made by monks.
In early Hinduism, the special therapeutic effect of Indian incense was integrated into religious behavior. With the continuous maturity of Hinduism and the establishment of Buddhism, Indian incense has become an inseparable part of Buddhism. Indian incense was introduced into China during the Han and Tang Dynasties, with a history of 1000 years. Modern, with the prevalence of yoga in China, Indian aromatherapy products are more and more loved by consumers in China, forming a healthy, beautiful, tasteful and self-cultivation style.
There are three main forms of modern Indian incense:
Linear incense: incense sticks (English translation: incense sticks) bamboo sticks+spices.
Cone cone (English translation: cone) pure spice cone.
Column fragrance: Dopple stick (English translation: Dhoop stick) pure perfume column. The ancient incense burner was a furnace made of metal or ceramics, with exquisite patterns on the outside, charcoal fire lit in the furnace and spices sprinkled from time to time. Modern "incense burner" is a kind of vessel that uses heating method (usually boiling water) to make the smell of essence radiate in the air to adjust the surrounding atmosphere. It integrates ceramic art, candlelight and fragrance health care, and is practical, collectible and ornamental. It consists of "furnace body", heating candle and essence (usually added to water and volatilized with steam). When in use, the selected essence with appropriate fragrance is dripped into an open or closed container, and a small amount of water is added at the same time, and then the candle is put into a furnace for lighting. This section mainly introduces this kind of "boiling water" incense burner.
The use of "modern" incense burners has a long history in developed countries such as the United States, France, Switzerland and Germany. Only the United States imports tens of millions of incense burners from China every year, which has been basically popularized in China. In developing countries, such as African countries, Indian and China, with the improvement of people's living standards, incense burners are also quietly popular and becoming more and more popular. China's largest incense burner wholesale market is in Zhejiang, and its sales volume is increasing by about 20% every year, so the market prospect is very impressive. The main incense burners in China are produced in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province and Dehua County, Fujian Province, and their products are exported to all parts of the world.
The body of the incense burner is generally made of ceramics or glass, and can be designed into various shapes, such as teapots, small handleless wine cups, various animals and figures. , with a variety of exquisite decorative patterns, can also be used as works of art to decorate indoor environments such as homes and offices. Its basic composition consists of two parts: a heating furnace and a container for essence. Common shapes are as follows:
1, teapot shape: the container is designed in the shape of a teapot, with several small holes in the pot body or lid, and the spout is communicated with the external environment, so that the essence and smell in the container are emitted; The shape of the stove matches the teapot container above it, and it is used to place candles for heating. Several small holes should be opened in the upper part of the furnace to facilitate the air circulation in the furnace and ensure that the candles can be fully burned. When it is used, it is like heating tea with flame, adding interest and romance.
2. Animal modeling: The whole furnace body is designed in the shape of cute animals such as rabbits, kittens, ducklings, etc., and cleverly arranged on its back or other appropriate positions as an opening or closed container for holding essence and water. Below the container is a fireplace, which is used to place candles and ensure that they are fully burned. When using it, I feel the smell of animals.
3. Hanging basket modeling: This kind of incense burner is generally made of glass. The hanger and the hearth base are cast into a whole, and the container filled with essence is hung by chain rope (chain rope made of refined metal chain or other refractory materials).
Incense burner can be said to be another innovation of ceramic manufacturing in modern life. It combines traditional ceramic art with essence, and at the same time satisfies people's vision and sense of smell. China ceramics are favored by people at home and abroad for their exquisite and practical quality. Since the Song Dynasty, China porcelain has gained the upper hand in export commodities, becoming the largest export commodity in China in the Middle Ages. At that time, Europeans called porcelain porcelain, so that China was also called porcelain. In ancient times, China ceramics have influenced or changed the original living customs of people in some countries and improved the quality of life of people in these countries. For example, some countries in Southeast Asia use ceramics instead of early plant leaves as tableware; In East Africa, because China porcelain is acid-resistant, alkali-resistant, impervious and durable, it is far superior to the traditional pottery, wood and metal utensils in East Africa. China porcelain bowls, plates, bottles, cans and other utensils have become ideal utensils for local people, indirectly causing changes in local diet. With the improvement and maturity of porcelain clay raw material refining technology and kiln firing technology, as well as the continuous development and innovation of R&D personnel, ceramics have been more widely used in many fields such as life and art.
The softness and flame of candles can create a romantic and warm atmosphere, which is less irritating to the eyes and gives people a comfortable feeling. They are used by couples for dating, family life, birthday parties and so on. With the continuous development of production technology and the continuous development and innovation of researchers, candles have developed from simple lighting to multiple uses and functions. First of all, its artistic modeling can be made into various three-dimensional geometric shapes such as cylinders, pyramids and cubes. Can also be made into flowers, vegetables, fruits, shells, cartoon characters, dazzling, practical and interesting; Moreover, the color of the candle is colorful, and various decorative patterns make it more artistic; In addition, the supporting forms of candles are also varied and exquisite, which reflect each other with candles of various shapes and are extremely artistic. Nowadays, candles are constantly endowed with many new functions. For example, when making candles, you can add various essences. When they are ignited, they will give off a pleasant fragrance and adjust the ambient atmosphere. Candles used in incense burners are generally smokeless candles to avoid environmental pollution caused by smoke generated during combustion. Candles are usually made into appropriate sizes to burn out in a specific time, which increases the convenience and safety of use.
The essence used in the incense burner can be selected according to different environments and personal hobbies or according to the needs of aromatherapy. Everyone has their own views on the "good" and "bad" of incense, which can be described as different opinions. As long as he thinks what he likes is fragrant, what he doesn't like or doesn't like can also be called "smelly" On different occasions and under different backgrounds, pleasant smells will always bring people a sense of self-confidence, peace and harmony, which is beneficial to physical and mental health. Aroma will also achieve good economic and social benefits in some occasions. When using the incense burner, if you use some aromatic essential oil, the effect will be better, which can not only purify the air, but also be beneficial to health. Lavender oil has the functions of sedation, hypnosis, anti-depression, improving memory, expelling wind, sterilizing and purifying air.
Lemon oil is exciting, refreshing, refreshing, antidepressant, improving memory and purifying the air.
Peppermint oil has the functions of refreshing mind, improving memory, expelling wind and evil spirits, sterilizing and inhibiting bacteria, purifying air, inhibiting colds and treating halitosis.
Chrysanthemum oil has the functions of refreshing mind, improving memory, invigorating spirit, inhibiting cold, and treating cough and tracheitis.
Sandalwood oil has the functions of aphrodisiac, sedation, hypnosis and improving memory.
Rose oil has the functions of aphrodisiac, sedation and air purification.
Orange oil has the functions of strengthening yang, calming and hypnotizing, improving memory, invigorating spirit, expelling wind and evil spirits, and repelling mosquitoes.
Some of the functions listed above have been scientifically verified, which are of practical value to people and can also be used as fresheners to purify the air. No wonder foreign developed countries have such demand for it, and I believe it will be gradually popularized at home and in developing countries.
Incense burners, like some fresheners, can purify the air. What is the difference? We think there are the following differences:
① The aroma of the incense burner can be changed at any time, which is convenient;
Incense burner can be used as a kind of aromatherapy, and it can achieve certain results when used with sesame oil.
③ Incense burner has artistic appreciation value;
④ The incense burner is pollution-free, non-toxic, without side effects and safe;
④ Moderate price and wide radiation range.
There is a new "more creative" incense burner on the market, which was invented by Frenchman Moore Berger, so it is also called "Berger lamp". The principle of "fragrance" is similar to that of alcohol lamp, which looks beautiful as a whole. When in use, the "wick" (made of special precious metal ceramics, which can make isopropanol slowly oxidize under the action of catalyst and keep a constant temperature of about 60℃) is ignited with a lighter or match, and the flame is turned off after burning for a few minutes, and the "wick" can keep a high temperature (60℃) for a period of time. At this time, the "perfume" in the bottle [isopropanol solution containing 3-5% essence or natural essential oil, containing a certain amount of catalyst "ozone alcohol", and a small amount of water can be added to delay combustion] is siphoned onto the "wick" to disperse the fragrance. This kind of incense burner is very beautiful and expensive. It is aimed at the wallets of the rich, and young people are eager for it.
Catalytic core is a porous (sponge-like) core made by a special method (patented method) after mixing a variety of different materials of clay. The aperture is about 3UM. When in use, the essential oil is sucked out of the cotton core and then attached to the capillary of the cotton core through the surface tension of the essential oil. Using high-tech synthesis, the outer layer is controlled at 500℃ and the inner layer is controlled at 350℃. Using smoldering principle to catalyze essential oil without fire. Although the temperature of the outer ring is quite high, it is very safe, and it is not easy to burn if something such as paper touches it. In addition, if the bottle is accidentally knocked over, the essential oil will flow out and touch the catalytic core, and it will be extinguished immediately.
Citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil, mugwort oil, lavender oil, ylang ylang oil, cedarwood oil, clove oil, clove basil oil and the above distilled essential oil can all be used to prepare the perfume of this incense burner, but the extract and clear oil obtained by solvent extraction method cannot be used, because the extract and clear oil contain some wax and macromolecular resin, which will block the capillary. Similarly, when using the prepared essence, we should also be careful not to use macromolecules and high-boiling substances, which is the same as "car perfume", and the available essence is the same. When preparing essence, the concentration is only 3-5%. For details, please see the section "Car perfume". There were many instruments for incense in ancient China, mainly fuming stoves and smoking cages, which were called incense. Smoking cages and fuming stoves made of different materials have been unearthed in important ancient cultural relics such as Liu Sheng's tomb of Zhongshan King in Mancheng, Hebei Province, Mawangdui No.1 tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, and Anfamen Temple in Xi 'an. Smoked bedding, I think it must be deeply fragrant and refreshing. Of course, this is also a luxury. In the museum, when you see these incense sticks, it seems that you can smell the fragrance flowing in the winding river of love, which has not disappeared because of the long infiltration of time. On the contrary, time and breath turn it into a mysterious flower, miraculously making a huge sound. In ancient times, earlier incense was made of ceramics, and a kind of incense called Boshan furnace was popular in Han Dynasty. According to ancient legend, there are three fairy mountains on the sea, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou. Boshan Furnace was designed according to this legend. When in use, spices are burned in the furnace, and smoke emerges from the carved hole on the cover, which can not only eliminate the foul smell in the room, but also create a vast and empty realm with curled cigarettes, thus blurring the bleak and tragic reality and obtaining spiritual comfort. Xie Huilian, a native of the Southern Dynasties, wrote in Snow Ode: Smoke stoves burn candles, osmanthus wine drinks, and songs sing. Therefore, burning incense around the stove is an emotional life scene of ancient literati. Life is full of incomprehension, fear, helplessness, longing and anxiety, but they are unwilling to give up and must find a way out. This is the intellectual in China.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a kind of silver fragrant ball was also widely used among nobles. Because two small pots with annular movable shafts are installed, the center of gravity of the fragrant ball is below. Therefore, no matter how the perfume ball rolls, the annular movable shaft can play a balancing role, so that the small basin is always in a horizontal state, and the perfume smell of internal combustion will never overturn and ablate clothes and quilts. Its principle is exactly the same as that of modern gyroscopes.
In the Tang dynasty, smoking cages were very popular, and they were covered on stoves for incense, baking or heating. According to the Old Story of the East Palace, the princess had two lacquer painting smoking cages, three big quilt smoking cages and three clothes smoking cages. There are also many palace poems that reflect the life in the palace at this time, which refer to this kind of smoked cage for offering incense, such as the smoky jade pillow without color, lying and listening to the Nangong long. (Tang Wang Changling's "Long Letter Autumn Ci") Beauty thinks before she is old, and sits in the Ming Dynasty by leaning on a smoke cage. (Bai Juyi's Gong Ci), the cherry blossoms fall in the last month, like a bed worrying about a smoked cage (Li Yu's Xie Xin 'en), the phoenix is smoked, and the solitary flowers lock thousands of doors (Wen Qing Ping Le). As far as archaeology is concerned, a large number of gold and silver products smoked cages have also been unearthed in Anfamen Temple in Xi. Carved gold and silver, finely carved, very delicate, all royal items.
In addition to a large number of smoking cages, there are various animal-shaped smoking stoves for heating, especially after the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, some officials and scholars popularized duck-shaped and lion-shaped copper fuming stoves, which were called Xiang Duck and Jin Xian.
Li Qingzhao, a famous poetess, also mentioned the incense burner many times when describing her life. For example, Phoenix Terrace, she wrote that it is fragrant, cold and golden, and when it is red, she gets up and combs her hair at random. In "Drunken Flowers", she wrote that the fog is thick and the clouds are light and always sad, refreshed and the golden beast disappears. Not only Li Qingzhao, but also Zhou Zizhi's "Partridge Sky" has musical instruments and golden songs that tune treasures. At that time, Xu Shen's "Erlang Shen", a partridge poem, was sung together. I tried on my spring clothes and wanted to start. It's cold and smoky, and the golden songs and the golden songs in the words are cold. The production and use of smoke stoves entered a prosperous period in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Forbidden City, three or four-foot-high huge fuming stoves are placed in the main hall, study and inner bedroom, which looks like a golden bell birdcage. Most of them are cloisonne such as cloisonne, and some of them are beautifully carved copper, gilt and gilt. Even the emperor did this, let alone ordinary people. At that time, the literati set elegant boxes with different shapes and decorative patterns on the case, creating a graceful artistic conception. When the west wind blows, it gets cold. People generally use hand stoves and foot stoves made of red copper, white copper and brass. The net covers are engraved with exquisite ornamentation or auspicious patterns. Whether gentry or ordinary people, wives and old people have a stove in their hands, which has become a colorful folk landscape in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Appreciation of incense can be said to be an aesthetic activity of the soul, just like enjoying painting, listening to music and watching a play, but not by sight or hearing, but by smell. After burning incense, smoke slowly escapes from the leaking hole of the furnace cover, which makes people feel beautiful, but they can't tell where it is. Ming people took the initiative to recall the golden time with Dong Xiaowan with sadness. Ji he Yu Mei sat quietly in the kitchen, savoring the fragrance. A pair of gifted scholars and beautiful women stayed up all night just to taste the precious fame and fragrance. At this time, as a kind of daily necessities, the fumigator has added additional aesthetic elements in addition to its practical functions. Gradually drifting away, strong or weak, the use value is declining, but the aesthetic value is booming and becoming a unique unfathomable world.