Knowledge points of Russian (Soviet) history in senior two.
Take the road of developing capitalism? 186 1 year reform
1. reason: feudal serfdom hindered the development of Russian capitalism (small market and lack of labor);
2. Main contents:
(1) serfs have personal freedom in law;
(2) serfs must redeem their land.
3. Assessment:
① Nature: It is a top-down capitalist reform promoted by the Tsar and an important turning point in Russian history. (changed the nature of society)
② Progressiveness: Abolishing serfdom is beneficial to the development of capitalism and accelerates the development of Russian capitalism.
(3) Limitations: the reform is not thorough, and a large number of feudal serfdom remains.
Enter the stage of imperialism (19 at the end of the 20th century)
1. Economy: Capitalism has developed rapidly, but it still lags behind other capitalist countries. This is the weakest link in the imperialist chain.
2. Politics: Tsarist autocracy
3. External:
① At the end of19, Lushun and Dalian were forcibly leased, and the sphere of influence was divided north of the Great Wall; Participate in Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China; 1904? 1905 was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War in Northeast China. 19 12 instigated the independence of outer Mongolia;
(2) in Europe and Britain, France formed a tripartite agreement, against triple alliance.
③ 19 17 quit the war.
4. Thought: the birth of Leninism
Take the socialist road? 1965438+October Revolution in 2007
(1) background
1. The czar's autocracy hindered the development of Russian society;
World War I intensified various social contradictions.
(2) Process: From February Revolution to October Revolution.
1. Overthrow the autocratic rule of the czar? February Revolution (bourgeois democratic revolution)
2. Overthrow the bourgeois provisional government? October Revolution (Socialist Revolution)
(3) Measures to consolidate political power
Background:
Internal: the landlord bourgeoisie launched a rebellion;
Diplomacy: Armed Intervention by Allies
1. Politics: Abolish the old hierarchical system, declare the equal rights of people of all ethnic groups in China, and abolish all privileges of the church.
2. Diplomacy: Sign the Peace Treaty of Brest to withdraw from the war (armistice, cession of land, reparations).
3. military: form the red army. The Soviet regime was consolidated by defeating the armed intervention of the Allies and the domestic counter-revolutionary rebellion.
4. Economy:
(1) cities took over banks and railways, and workers began to supervise enterprises, and later large enterprises were nationalized; In rural areas, the land of landlords, royalty and monasteries was confiscated and allocated to farmers for farming.
(2) the policy of capitalism in wartime.
(4) Historical significance
1. The establishment of the first socialist country dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule.
2. Inspired and promoted the international proletarian revolutionary movement and national liberation movement.
Mankind has entered a new period of exploring the socialist road, which is the beginning of modern world history.
Exploration on the road of socialist construction
The first stage: Lenin period
(A) the capitalist wartime * * * policy
1. Background: Internal troubles and foreign invasion (rebellion, interference)
2. Contents:
(1) Implement a surplus grain collection system (farmers must sell grain and other agricultural products in the amount stipulated by the state);
(2) nationalize all large and medium-sized enterprises,
(3) cancel all commodity trade;
(4) All necessities of life are distributed centrally by the state;
3. Assessment:
The product of special historical conditions (strengthening the state's control over the economy) ensured military victory.
(2) The Soviet regime was consolidated.
(3) Exceeding the development level of productive forces is not the right way to transition to socialism.
(2) the new economic policy (192 1? 1927)
1. background: economic difficulties and political crisis (war brought the economy to the brink of collapse, 192 1 year famine, the continued implementation of wartime * * * policy aggravated economic deterioration, peasant riots and sailor riots).
2. Contents:
① Agriculture: replacing the surplus grain collection system with grain tax, and the surplus grain after tax belongs to farmers;
(2) Industry: important factories and mines related to the lifeline of the national economy are still owned and operated by the state; Small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises that the state cannot set up for the time being are allowed to operate by domestic and foreign capitalists; Restore private small enterprises;
③ Circulation: from product exchange to free trade; Implement distribution according to work.
3. Features:
(1) Capitalism will recover and develop to a certain extent on the premise that the state controls the economic lifeline;
② Use the relationship between market and commodity currency to expand production.
4. Assessment:
(1) the alliance of workers and peasants has been improved and consolidated, industrial and agricultural production has returned to the pre-war level, and the Soviet regime has been further consolidated;
(2) It is suitable for the productivity level of Soviet Russia at that time, which is the correct way to transition to socialism.
The Soviet Union was founded in 1922.
Lenin died in 1924.
The second period: Stalin's period
(C) a highly centralized political and economic system
1. Background:
① Exterior: the encirclement and blockade of imperialism;
② Internal: backward economy and culture.
2. Process:
(1) economy: industrialization and agricultural collectivization in the Soviet Union
① The general policy of socialist industrialization from 65438 to 0925, focusing on the development of heavy industry;
② From 65438 to 0928, economic construction began in a planned way. Planned economy.
③ 1927? 1937 realized agricultural collectivization.
(4) Achievements: the industrialization of the country centered on heavy industry has been basically realized (the total industrial output value 1937 ranks first in Europe and second in the world); Realize agricultural collectivization
⑤ Problems: Agriculture and light industry are backward, which finally restricts the development of heavy industry; The product is monotonous and of poor quality; Consumer goods are in short supply, which affects the improvement of people's living standards; The state has taken too many things from farmers, which has damaged their enthusiasm for production.
(2) Politics: 1936 The promulgation of the new constitution declared the Soviet Union a socialist country of workers and peasants, marking the formation of a highly centralized economic and political system.
1936 promulgation of the constitution
1. background: great social changes in the Soviet union: the realization of national industrialization and agricultural collectivization, with public ownership playing an absolute dominant role.
Objective: To confirm the major changes in the legal form.
③ Content: A. The Soviet Union is a socialist country of workers and peasants; B. The economic foundation is the socialist economic system and socialist ownership; C. the political basis is that workers at all levels represent the Soviet union.
④ Significance: a. It marks the establishment of the basic socialist system in the Soviet Union; B marks the formation of a highly centralized economic and political system founded by Stalin.
3. Defects and shortcomings:
(1) The economic management is too dead and strict, lacking motivation and vitality, and the economic benefit is low;
(2) political centralization, lack of democracy, individual arbitrariness, and people's enthusiasm and creativity are suppressed.
4. Assessment:
(1) played an important role in the war and the national economic recovery period;
(2) Later, it increasingly hindered the development of the national economy and other undertakings.
Soviet Union before and after World War II
(1) before the second world war
With the signing of the 1938 non-aggression treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, the Soviet Union gained time to prepare for the war. It also relieved the worries of Germany when it launched the war.
(2) In World War II, it made great contributions to the victory of the anti-fascist war.
On June 22, the Soviet-German War broke out and World War II was further expanded.
(1) The Battle of Moscow (194 1 year1October? 1942);
At the beginning of 1942, 26 countries including China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union signed the United Nations Declaration on the Establishment of an Anti-Fascist United Front.
(3) The Battle of Stalingrad (1winter of 942? 1February, 943): At the turning point of World War II, the Soviet army began a strategic counterattack.
2. Participation in major international conferences
(1) Tehran Conference; ② Yalta Conference; ③ Potsdam Conference
3.① 1945 In April, the US and Soviet armies joined forces on the Elbe River, and the Soviets captured Berlin; (2)1In August, 945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and surrounded the Japanese army in Northeast China.
Early after World War II
1. Domestic: The economy recovered and developed rapidly, and the first atomic bomb exploded at 1949.
Problems: the disadvantages of the system are increasingly obvious;
2. After World War II, with the help of the Soviet Union, 12 Eurasian countries embarked on the socialist road. In 1950s, he led the socialist countries to form the Eastern Group (except Yugoslavia). Dealing with the cold war in the United States.
3. The Yalta system was formed on the basis of the power contrast between the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States and the Soviet Union are divided into two parts, as follows:
(1) Become a permanent member of the United Nations;
(2) the partition and occupation of Germany and Berlin.
③ Control the Oriental Group;
(4) 1955 Seven countries in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe established the Warsaw Treaty Organization;
⑤ 1949, with the support of the Soviet Union, Germany was founded democratically;
The reform process of the Soviet Union (contending for hegemony with the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s? 199 1 year)
(1) Khrushchev's economic reform (the Soviet Union proposed to be on an equal footing with the United States, and hegemony began. Sue is on the defensive)
1. Cut in: 1956 The 20th Khrushchev of the Soviet Union exposed and criticized Stalin's personality cult: Secret Report.
2. Content: Economic field
① Focus: agriculture, with certain achievements;
2 industry: simplify administration and decentralization, and streamline institutions;
3. Reason for failure:
① Lack of correct guiding ideology;
(2) minor repairs to the original economic system;
(3) Lack of the spirit of seeking truth from facts and putting forward unrealistic slogans and goals.
(b) Brezhnev's economic reform (Soviet attack and American defense)
1. Content: Economic field:
(1) focus: industry, focus on heavy industry.
2. Effect:
(1) In the early days of administration, industrial reform achieved certain results;
(2) During the period of administration, the Soviet Union's military strength grew and became a superpower to compete with the United States, and people's lives improved.
3. Reason for failure:
(1) There is no substantial breakthrough in the economic system;
(2) In the later period, personal arbitrary style grew and political life became rigid;
(3) The vitality of centralized economic system is declining, and there are many social contradictions.
(3) Gorbachev's political reform (the Soviet Union contracted and the Soviet Union disintegrated? Hegemony is over, and the bipolar pattern is over)
1. Time: After the economic reform was frustrated, political reform began from 1988.
2. Contents:
(1) replace scientific socialism with democratic socialism and advocate democratization and openness;
(2) Completely denying the history of the Soviet Union.
3. Consequences: The serious consequences of vilifying the * * * production party and socialism have caused people's ideological confusion.
The situation in 1990 is turbulent:
(1) implement a multi-party system; (2) economic downturn; (3) Ethnic conflicts broke out and ethnic separation activities intensified; (4) The inner-party struggle is sharp and open.
Back to the capitalist road? The disintegration of the Soviet Union
(1) background: Gorbachev's political system reform deviated from the basic principles and direction of scientific socialism.
(2) Process
1. Has the regime changed qualitatively? "August 19" incident
① Cause: Direct cause: the publication of the Treaty on Soviet Sovereignty and League of Nations in August1991; Root cause: Gorbachev's political system reform led to chaos.
② Essence: * * Power struggle within the production party.
(3) Influence: changed the domestic political power contrast; The state power has undergone a fundamental qualitative change; Many countries have declared their independence.
2. The Commonwealth of Independent States was established? Minsk agreement signed
199165438+signed by Russia, Ukraine and Belarus on February 8th.
3. The disintegration of the Soviet Union? The Almaty Declaration was signed.
199165438+February 22 1 1 national signature. The Commonwealth of Independent States has expanded to most participating countries.
(3) Impact:
1. The bipolar pattern ended and the world pattern began to show a trend of multipolarization;
2. The socialist forces have suffered great setbacks;
Today, Russia has become an important force to promote the multipolarization of the world political structure.
Historical concepts also have priorities.
(1) Major historical concepts. Generally speaking, it refers to the chapter (or section) name of the teaching material, which is the backbone of the teaching material knowledge clue. One chapter (section) of major historical concepts has a central content, such as "the rise and fall of the Western Han Dynasty" and "the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement"; There are also several chapters that integrate a central content. For example, Tang Shi is divided into five chapters (chapter 14 ~ 18); There is also a chapter (section) containing several major events, which is most obvious in Modern World History (Volume I).
(2) Key historical concepts. Refers to the concept that constitutes or is associated with major historical concepts, generally refers to the subdirectories of teaching materials, and also includes some important historical figures. For example, under the concept of "the rise and fall of the Western Han Dynasty", there are a series of key historical concepts such as "the policy of recuperation in the early Han Dynasty" and "the governance of cultural landscape". Combining major historical concepts with key historical concepts to construct basic clues of historical knowledge is an important part of preparing for the exam, and should be fully mastered according to the connotation and extension requirements of historical concepts.
(3) General historical view. It is an auxiliary historical concept that supports the key knowledge of teaching materials under the key historical concept. Such as the "Yong 'an organizational system" and the "Northern Expedition" in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. This historical concept can be mastered according to the details described in the textbook, but we should think more about the extension of the concept.
(4) The concept of secondary history. It refers to many small concepts scattered all over the textbook, including quotations and notes. The concept of middle school history is often historical proper nouns, names or sentences in textbooks. Such as "Coupling Farming" and "Wang Wu Liu Bi". This kind of concept generally requires accurate historical records, one-sentence evaluation and no complete analysis.
Theoretical concepts refer to some concepts contained in dialectical materialism and historical materialism, as well as some concepts unique to historical disciplines. Such as productivity and relations of production, class and country, ethnic relations and international relations. Many concepts have to rely on what they have learned in political science. For example, the principle of internal and external causes can guide the analysis of the background (cause) and result (cause of success or failure) of historical events; The principle of contradiction particularity can guide the concrete analysis of historical events according to historical conditions and specific problems, rather than empty talk. However, compared with political science, the theoretical concept of history discipline has its special requirements in understanding and application.
First, the role of theoretical concepts in history discipline lies in "guidance" rather than actual "application", that is, understanding should be thorough and comprehensive, and answering questions does not require answering conceptual principles, but only requires organizing historical materials under the guidance of conceptual principles.
Second, the concept of historical theory should pay attention to its "historicity". For example, the concept of "ethnic relations", political science is about ethnic relations in contemporary China, which is very helpful to understand and master the development and evolution of ethnic relations in new China. The ethnic relations in the ancient history of China mainly refer to the history of the gradual integration, development and formation of the Chinese nation with the Han nationality as the main body, in which the friendly exchanges between ethnic groups are the mainstream of ancient ethnic relations. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contradiction between western colonial aggression and the Chinese nation was added. The ethnic relations in modern China are firstly the relations between the imperialist foreign aggression and the Chinese nation, and secondly the relations within the Chinese nation. The ethnic relations in modern China revolved around two themes: saving the nation from extinction and realizing modernization, with patriotism as its core content. Ethnic relations in world history are first manifested in the process that the western capitalist powers gradually reduced Asia, Africa and Latin America to colonies and semi-colonies, and the national liberation movement of the colonial and semi-colonial people caused by it. Secondly, some big countries trample on the rights of weak countries and nations, such as the arbitrary division of European territory by the Vienna system and the national movement caused by it.
It is necessary to master theoretical concepts, first, to understand the principles, second, to analyze historical things and historical phenomena based on and using the mastered principles, and third, to draw some historical understandings based on the principles. For example, according to the analysis of the historical facts that imperialism destroyed the Revolution of 1911 and the Second Revolution in the college entrance examination 1993, candidates are required to come to such a rational understanding: to win the revolutionary struggle in modern China, it is necessary not only to overthrow the reactionary ruling class at home, but also to overthrow the imperialist aggression.