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Ancient place names

Pass on "yin"

Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province.

Zheng code: EACY, u: 9 1 1e,: DBB4.

Number of strokes: 13, radical: Li.

The mystery of "Yin"

■ Ancient geographical and cultural symbols

In 222 BC, that is, in the twenty-fifth year of Ying Zheng, Wang Jian, the king of Qin, led the troops to pacify the Jiangnan area under the jurisdiction of Chu, surrendered the monarch of Baiyue, took Wu and Yuedi as Huiji County, and set up a county to govern Wu, which is now Suzhou, Jiangsu; At present, there are three counties in Ningbo: Yinzhou, Zhixian and Hexian. As a result, Yinxian, as a county-level administrative system, officially began to step onto the historical stage. From then on, until 8-23 AD, Wang Mang in the Eastern Han Dynasty "changed Yin to sincerity and called it the sea" (Hanshu Geography), which lasted about 15 years. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty opened the emperor for nine years? Point 589? When it snowed, it was "Chen Ping, and the other three counties of Yao, Yin and Zhi entered the chapter" (Geography of Sui Shu). Until the end of Sui Dynasty, it belonged to Wu Zhou, Yuezhou and Huiji County successively, about 3 1 year. From the fourth year of Tang Wude to the seventh year of Tang Wude, the analysis shows that Zhang Xi 'an County is located in Yinzhou. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was called Jixian County, which was subordinate to Yuezhou and Mingzhou successively, accounting for about 283 years. Since Kaiping in the Five Dynasties for three years, Maoxian County has been changed to Yinxian County, and it has not changed. 1958, 65438+February to 196 1, 65438+February, the organizational system of Yinxian county was abolished and it returned to Ningbo for 3 years. After that, the organizational system of Yinxian County was restored until the establishment of Yinzhou District in 2002. It can be seen that the time when Yin was not named after Yin was only about 332 years. When Ying Zheng, King of Qin, established Yinxian County, it generally included Fenghua, Ninghai and Xiangshan counties and the south of Yinxian County. Now Baidu in Fenghua is the county magistrate. Therefore, Song compiled "Four" saying: "Fenghua is in Yinxian County and Huiji County. There is Yin Cheng in Dongbaidu of this county, Guangfu Courtyard at the foot of the mountain, and Old Yunyin Courtyard, namely Gu Yin County. " The geographical scope of Yinxian has been adjusted and changed from time to time, but the basic area is stable in Ningbo today. To sum up, up to now, the history of establishing a county in Yin County is as long as 2230 years, and the total age of a county (state) with "Yin" is about 1898. Therefore, Yinxian is one of the oldest counties in China. As a unique symbol of regional culture, the word "Yin" is the "root" and "line" of economic and social development and cultural inheritance, and it is a sign of mutual recognition and recognition for more than 2,000 years.

The word "sound" is ancient and unique, which often causes confusion and mistakes in pronunciation and recognition among foreigners. It is usually mistaken for "yin" and "diligence", which of course brings some cognitive confusion to the external image of Yinzhou. Therefore, when the county was zoned five years ago, some people also proposed to take this opportunity to change Yinxian into Mingzhou District, Siming District and even Dongqian Lake District for easy identification. However, the leaders in charge of Yinxian pushed around the crowd and reached a consensus that without the word "Yinzhou", it would be more difficult for future generations to understand the rich and splendid history and culture, so they decided to choose "Yinzhou" as their choice.

■ Different opinions explain the name.

Humans always like to explore the past of raising their hometown. Because of this, there are many attempts to explain the origin of the name of "Yin" county from ancient times to the present. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been many exegesis in the local chronicles of Siming (Yinxian), which have been studied by famous scholars in Yin Ji. In the Republic of China, Nine Records of Records of Records of Yinxian County were compiled, which collected all kinds of Yin interpretation theories in previous dynasties. Sha Menghai, a famous calligrapher of the Shang Dynasty, also wrote Yin Zi Shuo in 1950s. For details, please refer to the old local chronicles and the new county chronicles, so I won't go into details. The summary is as follows: 1. The theory of "Hongshan". The Eastern Han Dynasty's "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" records: "There are pansy mountains in the county, so Jiayi is Yin". There have always been two opinions about the Jinchi here: Mr. Sha Menghai thinks it refers to the Jinchi in the former Jinchi Township of Tangxi Town, Yinxian County, commonly known as Yinshan; The collection of Fengyi culture compiled by modern people also mentioned Jinchi Mountain, which governs Baidu in Gu Yin County. Above or simply referred to as "Jinshan". The second is the theory of "red corydalis". Gu Zuyu, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, wrote in Yu Fang Minutes of Reading History: "There is a country of violets in summer, named after Honglian Mountain. Violet, the name of grass, Chiayi is yin. " The word "violet" used as a grass name has long been simplified. Viola Viola is now called Viola Viola, commonly known as Viola. The third is "Wang Yin". According to Selected Poems of Danshan in Siming Cave compiled by Zeng Jian in Yuan Dynasty, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Yin to Yongdong to exorcise ghosts and move mountains to block the sea, so the county was named after Wang Yin. This theory originated in Song Dynasty and was popular in Yuan Dynasty. The first one, the most important of the above statements, was held during the Tongzhi period of Yinxian County in the Republic of China.

We have noticed that due to the lack of historical analysis methods, ancient Vietnamese literature and research, and the lack of research on the word "Yin" from phonology, exegetics, etymology, nomenclature and other disciplines, the original meaning of the word "Yin" is biased and the explanation of the name of the word "Yin" is far-fetched. Records of Yinxian published by Zhonghua Book Company 1996 put forward the viewpoint of "Yinzhou, Vietnamese place name, original meaning not tested" in a unique way in the second section of the first part, which made the theory of "Red Purple Mountain" named after Yinxian popular.

■ Yellow land where people live together.

According to the survey, the earliest literature about the word "Yin" is the history book Guoyu Yuyue Merchants around the Spring and Autumn Period, which has a history of nearly 2,500 years. It has "the land of sentence construction, whether there is a sentence in the south (now Zhuji area), Yu 'er in the north (now Jiaxing area), Yin in the east and Taihu Lake area in the west. "The land of' Dongyin' belongs to Guyue in the Spring and Autumn Period and is in the east of Huiji." "Yin", as a place name with a combination of sound and shape, came into being before the county name "Yin", so the original meaning and initial extended meaning of the word "Yin" should have occurred and been deduced in the Central Plains. In Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Tu Bu said "purple, earth, earth, and yellow province". Duan Yucai's Note: "From yellow, loess is sticky. Got it. The pansy part of Shuo Wen Jie Zi says: "Violet, earth. "So, the loess is purple, this is the original meaning, Xu Shen's training is mud, this is the extended meaning. Sha Menghai once quoted this viewpoint in Yin Zi Shuo, which is undoubtedly very appropriate and accurate. Therefore, the original meaning of the word "violet" can be literally translated as "yellow land"; The word "yin" is "purple+city", which can be interpreted as "yellow land where people live together".

As for the word "purple" as the original meaning of the name of Guyin County, it is worth considering. Corydalis has many pronunciations and explanations. Nouns are interpreted as "earth", "stone" and "cheng" except that loess is the name of grass, vegetable and color. In Kangxi Dictionary, Chinese Dictionary and other language tools, "violet" and "yin" are completely different. The city department of Shuo Wen Jie Zi said: "Yin in Huiji County is the voice of violet", and Duan Yucai noted: "Yin, whose word was originally violet, was later Jiaxu." The paragraph notes only show that the pictophonetic word "Yin" was created by the Central Plains people at that time, and later evolved from the cognitive word "Zi", which was used to name Yin. But can "purple" be equated with the county name "Yin"? Can "shady land, shady mountain and shady water" be directly written as "violet land, violet mountain and violet water"? Is the word "Yin", which originally meant "yellow land where people live together", the origin of the name of Yin County?

■ transliteration of ancient Vietnamese place names

In fact, the original meaning of the word "Yin", which was later named as the county name, is as difficult to elaborate as the county names of Wu Gou, Yu 'er, Gu Mi and ancient Zhang Ju, and all of them are transliteration of ancient Vietnamese. This is just as Chen Qiaoyi, a professor at Zhejiang University, said in the preface of "Interesting Talk about Xiaoshan Dialect" (Local Records Publishing House, 2004 edition): "The Guyue people are a tribe with only language but no writing. The ancient Vietnamese words left now have been translated into Chinese. " Of course, this Chinese translation should be quoted. There was no Chinese statement about the Chinese nation when Gu Yue people were there.

Indeed, the surrounding areas of Yin Di were regarded as distant "barbarians" and "barbarians" by the civilized Central Plains at that time, just like primitive humans or some ethnic minorities without their own characters. "Yin" is only the phonological cognition of the ancient Yue people to their place of residence. Because there is no written record to verify, it is difficult to understand its original intention now. At that time, the literate people in the Central Plains recorded with the existing "sound", so it was a phonetic symbol. Otherwise, at that time, the history of civilization in Yin Di has been synchronized with the Central Plains, and the cultural exchange between Yin Di and the Central Plains has been written and barrier-free. Isn't that ridiculous? Chen Qiaoyi added: "It is precisely because Vietnamese was translated into Chinese that Han people who later entered this area often looked for literary meaning and explained Vietnamese with Chinese meaning. For example, the legend of Han people used Yao to release it and Shun to release it to Shangyu. " Later generations, constrained by knowledge and homesickness, as well as folk factors, often interpret the transliteration words in ancient Vietnamese with the meaning of "Han". In this way, there will be various localized self-justification. Mr. Sha Menghai's "Yin Zi Shuo" spared no effort to prove that the name of Yin County originated from his hometown "Red Purple Mountain" and belongs to this category. In Yue Jue Shu compiled by Yuan Kang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xue Zhu said that he was the sword of Yue Wang. There are "Red Violet Mountain erupts, and if the wild stream dries up copper", there are also red violet tin mentioned in Warring States Policy and Wu Yue Chun Qiu, which have certain influence on the ancient history and culture of Shaoxing County and China, but it is definitely not the reason why Yin County got its name. However, apart from the local chronicles of Yinxian County in the Song Dynasty, several places in Jinchi Mountain in Gu Yin County (including Fenghua now) were not mentioned in the important historical documents of China before the Eastern Han Dynasty, and there was no evidence. How did the dynasties far away in the Central Plains know about them and name them after them? In addition, red-violet is grass, because grass lives on the mountain, and because the mountain lives in the county, I'm afraid it's just a question of looking forward to life.

The Vietnamese word "Han" has been translated into many vivid fairy tales created by later generations, providing imaginative materials. The theory of "Wang Yin" named after Yin County is also an example. Poems of Danshan Mountain in Siming Cave, which was written by Taoist priests after the Song Dynasty, has been a public opinion. Ming people have the saying that "summer is the country of violets". Qian Daxin thought, "It's not true, it's a painter." The vivid myths, stories and legends derived from the translation of the word "Han" in Vietnamese have made the good people of past dynasties do their bidding, created various place names, temples and so-called impressions, and inspired the poetry of many literati, thus producing many influential historical documents and literary works, such as Wang Shun Temple and Wangtan Town in Shaoxing County. Nevertheless, the above-mentioned material and intangible cultural heritages are ancient people, ancient events, historical sites and ancient books, which have been circulated for a long time and have certain influence. They have been deeply integrated into the long river of local economy, society and history and culture since ancient times, so they have certain value in history, geography, toponymy, sociology, folklore and even literature.

Li Ciming, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, also said in the Diary of Yue Maotang (July 13th, the eighth year of Tongzhi): "Yao, Ji, Yu and Shu are just famous counties in dialects, and their meanings are meaningless. Please elaborate." However, the famous Yinxian County is not like this, so the interpretation of Yinxian Annals 1996 is obviously correct, that is, it is a transliteration of ancient Vietnamese place names and becomes a proprietary county name. As a county name, the word "Yin" should be clearly expressed as: "Yin, the transliteration of ancient Vietnamese place names, the original meaning is not tested."

■ Homophonic "Yin"

Chinese dictionaries say that "Yin" is connected with "Yin", such as "Yin E", which is the same as "Yin Lu" and "Yin E". Wei Boyang in the Han Dynasty said, "Tong Canqi" in the Book of Changes: "In case of chaos, power builds the foundation. Manage Yin and Er, and concentrate on becoming a body. " He rolled down again and said, "in the place of sex, set yin and e." Love is the main business, building walls and battlements. The castle is complete and the characters are safe. " Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu" in the Han Dynasty: "In the spirit of the other, there is no infinity." The meaning of "Yinzhi" here is interpreted as edge, boundary, extended to form, and later interpreted as air and so on. Taoism believes that "Yin Yi" is fate, and "Yin Yi" is to cultivate one's own mind and make it full of pride and endless vitality, which is a way of keeping in good health. Dong Qichang, a painter in the Ming Dynasty, said, "Reading thousands of books, walking on Wan Li Road, getting rid of the dust and turbidity in your chest, and naturally camping in the hills and valleys, setting up a shade, and writing essays are all vivid scenery. "This illustrates a truth, there is spirit in the heart, and landscape painting can have spirit and shape.

Then, why should "cause" use homophonic as the explanation of "infinity" and "margin"? "East in Yin" in Guoyu is often called "East in Yin" in ancient literature. Although there are many explanations of "Dongyin" in later poems, Shi Hao's book "Shang Feng is really hidden, the banquet is clear and noble, the town is in Dongyin, and it is closely arched in the imperial city" refers to "Mingzhou" here. However, considering that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period when Guoyu was compiled, the ancient Yin people, like other ancient Yue people, were regarded by the Central Plains people as the "southern foreigners" with their tongues (Mencius on Teng Wengong and Dongyi), and Yin was far away from the East and reached the giant sea (East China Sea). The reason why the Central Plains people used Yin as a homonym to communicate with infinity was because "East exists" In other words, the Guyue people claimed that their place of residence was "Yin". Does it mean "edge"? Of course, this is just nonsense and speculation, which seems to belong to the kind of localization. The ancient Vietnamese language has a language but no written record, which makes the original meaning of the "Yin" place where the ancient Vietnamese claimed to live likely to become an eternal mystery.

■ Rare surnames with vague age.

"Yin" is also a surname, and we Yinxian people only know it in the last six years. Mr. Jin Haiteng, the former county magistrate of Yinxian County, first found out when he received Taiwanese businessmen. Later, Mr. Cheng Gang, then secretary of the county party Committee, asked Xu Jianfei, Bao Jianjun and Xu Ming of Yinxian Daily and Cultural Bureau to interview and inspect. After the publication of the article "Looking for People with Yin surname", it caused a sensation in Yinxian and even Yongcheng. Last year, Zheng Chuanjie, a teacher of Yinzhou Vocational High School, wrote an essay "Talking about Yin outside Yin", which introduced the Yin family and related scenery in Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces in detail. Their understanding of this surname is basically limited to the introduction of the local Yin family and the relevant information obtained by online search. For example, the record of "Yin Ren" in "Chaozhou Prefecture Records" says: The word is simple and good, and he was a coastal defense expert in Chaozhou Prefecture and settled in Longxidu, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province. He was originally an official in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. According to Nan 'an County Records, Yin Pingshan was born in Hou Jing Village, Nan 'an, Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty, and there were four men and one woman, which is the legendary Yin Xiangu. In addition, it is considered that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Ming Dynasty is the characters in the novel, but the author's surname Yin should not be groundless. Yin's surname was changed from Jin's, and later generations changed their surnames because they were ashamed that Dr. Chu and Shanxi merchants framed Qu Yuan. The later version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms changed the "seal" to "golden elephant", which I am afraid agreed with this statement, but it is also an absurd change.

According to the author's textual research, there is an entry of "Yin's family, see" Shi Yuan "in" Wan's Genealogy "compiled by Ling Di in Ming Dynasty. Looking up the Garden of Surnames, volume *** 10, it has always been generally believed that the author was a famous mathematician, astronomer, historian and thinker in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, and He Chengtian (370-447) was a native of Tancheng, Shandong. At present, there is only the book Xing Yuan compiled by Wang Renjun in Qing Dynasty 1 volume (see Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House's Three Sequels of Han Yushan's House Collection). But this book can't be found in the records of Sui and Tang Dynasties, only He wrote it, which most people in Song Dynasty think was written by He Chengtian. Only Chen's book records have solved this problem, and Li's surname ranks first in the book "Shi Yuan", which is considered to be a biography of the Tang Dynasty or before. This shows that the appearance time of Yin surname was at least in the Tang Dynasty or the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it may also be in the Wei and Jin Dynasties or even earlier. In this way, the history of Yin surname is 1500 years. In addition, Yin surname is rare, at least before He Chengtian finished compiling this book. Therefore, consulting the existing literature, the well-known Yin family first appeared in Fujian and Guangdong, and it was the earliest in the Song Dynasty. The Records of Fujian compiled in the second year of Qing Qianlong recorded the Yin family, namely "Yin Kangcheng" in Xupu County, Fujian Province. The reading secretary recorded his comments on the teacher in Yue Maotang, and Kang Yin was regarded as the master of Liu Xin and Ban Gu in The Essentials of Law, Volume IV. Therefore, because of his age but profound knowledge, he was given Jinshi treatment and became the special name of Wei Jingbang in the eleventh year of Song Dynasty, and later became the magistrate of Liancheng County, Fujian Province.

"Shi Yuan" records "Yin, county name, taking land as surname". Yin family is named after Yin county, just like Mao family and Jia family. "Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames" written by Deng in the Song Dynasty said: "In trade, the Yue people took the county as their surname, and Mingzhou traded with the county. There was trade in the Eastern Han Dynasty. " "Sentence Zhang Jia," Warring States Policy "is even more ambiguous, taking the city as the surname." It shows that Yin surname is as old as two surnames in the same area. At the same time, it is also possible that an ancestor changed his surname to Yin, or left his hometown, or changed his surname to commemorate his hometown, or changed his surname because of his important experience as an official. These are still unknown, because there is no record of Yin in the literature. The exact date of the birth of this geographical and cultural surname is still unknown.

In the Song Dynasty, there was Yinjiang River in Fujian, which was later renamed Tingjiang River. In this era, the appearance of the series of names such as Yinjiang, Yinkeng and Yinhefang will definitely have a causal relationship with Yin Shi and Yinxian. The hall number of Yin's birthplace in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province is "Nanyang Hall", which indicates that the ancestors who brought glory to the local Yin family lived in Nanyang. The old "Yin Gong Temple" in Xianxi Village, Anbu Town, Chaoan County, Guangdong Province, and the "Bianliang Old Residence" behind the gatehouse indicate that Yin's ancestors can be traced back to today's Henan. According to the 1990 edition of annals of Abe, Yin has lived in Shachi, Wenchi, Abe since the Song Dynasty, and has since become a prosperous family, including Xitouyin, Longzaiyin, Xianxiyin and Guanliyin, all of which have ancestral temples, and Shachi has also built a large ancestral temple "side hall". According to Feng Genealogy and other records, Yin Huaijing became a local tycoon in Abe during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Yin people in Fujian and Guangdong all believe in the same strain and think that Yin county is their own root, but so far there is no strong circumstantial evidence in the literature. At present, there are many Yin families in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Hongkong and Southeast Asia, with a preliminary estimate of about 654.38+10,000 people. Although there are not many prominent people, they all have different feelings for Yinxian, and they all want to go to Yinxian to worship their ancestors. This is worthy of our Yinxian people's comfort and concern, and it is also the need to strengthen the research on Yinzi and Yin Shi and fulfill their dream of seeking roots.