The explosion of hydrogen bomb is due to the nuclear fusion reaction of nucleus, which produces huge energy fluctuation. In fact, the reason why the sun burned for 654.38 billion years was also caused by nuclear fusion. Then why does the hydrogen bomb explode in an instant, while the sun can last for nearly 654.38+0 billion years?
In the 1940s, the world's science and technology reached a new height, and nuclear weapons appeared at that time. Hahn and Strassman were the first scientists who put forward the idea of nuclear fission. They published a paper on the phenomenon of nuclear fission of uranium atoms in early 1939.
So a few weeks later, many scientists in the world began to confirm this view step by step. Some people think that the conditions for this nuclear fission reaction can be created, thus providing more powerful energy for human development.
Many of the most advanced technologies in history were first used in the military, and nuclear fission was not included. However, before World War II, the manufacture of atomic bombs was influenced by political conditions and social factors and did not continue. However, in 1940, Germany captured France, so advanced countries such as Britain and the United States re-emphasized the research on nuclear weapons.
At that time, many scientists were worried that once the German fascists took the lead in mastering nuclear fusion technology, it would bring very serious consequences to the people of the world. Even Einstein finally wrote to President Roosevelt, saying that the atomic bomb experiment was imminent.
It was not until 1942 that the United States launched the secret plan of "Manhattan Project Area". The US government spent nearly 600,000 people and invested more than 2 billion dollars, so in the late World War II, the United States became the first country in the world to produce an atomic bomb.
However, the Soviet Union was invaded by the German fascist army in 194 1 and the atomic bomb manufacturing plan was officially launched. It was at this time that the spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei was discovered by Soviet physicists гнннаааааааааааааааааааааа1072 However, with the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union did not conduct atomic bomb research until 1943 under the leadership of kurchatov.
Because the Soviet Union built an atomic bomb in 1949, Americans began to seek more powerful weapons. So in1950,65438+10, US President Truman called for speeding up the manufacture of hydrogen bombs, and countries around the world began to focus on hydrogen bombs.
In the end, the United States produced a hydrogen bomb in the 1950s, followed by Britain and France, which conducted atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb experiments in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. The research history of hydrogen bombs in China can be traced back to 1967. Only two years after the completion of the atomic bomb, we produced the hydrogen bomb, which made all countries in the world sit up and take notice.
The explosion of atomic bomb comes from the collision and cracking of nucleus, while the explosion principle of hydrogen bomb comes from the fusion of nucleus. The former is nuclear fission to produce energy, and the latter is nuclear fusion. Judging from the explosion intensity, nuclear fusion is much more powerful than nuclear fission.
The nuclear fusion of hydrogen bombs will explode because hydrogen bombs will fuse deuterium and tritium, two homologous elements in hydrogen, to form nitrogen, which will explode and release huge energy fluctuations. There is only one proton in the nucleus of hydrogen atom and one neutron in the nucleus of deuterium atom, so once deuterium atom meets tritium atom fusion, the energy of helium atom will be less than the sum of tritium atom and deuterium atom.
In fact, under normal circumstances, there is no way for two nuclei in matter to merge, because both nuclei are positively charged inside, and once they meet, they will repel each other. But hydrogen is different, because there is only one proton in the nucleus of hydrogen atom, so the positive charge of hydrogen nucleus is often smaller than that of other nuclei.
As long as they are in a high-temperature environment, they can merge with each other, because once the environmental temperature rises, the movement speed of atoms will also accelerate. Therefore, if two nuclei are to be integrated, the motion speed of the two atoms must be accelerated to a very high level. After repeated experiments by scientists, it is found that this theory can be completed when the temperature reaches 65.438+0 billion degrees Celsius.
Because at the ambient temperature of 1 100 million degrees Celsius, atoms will degenerate into plasma, and at this time, atoms will leave their original orbits, so the distance between nuclei will be reduced. When this distance reaches 1 * 10 (- 15) meters, a powerful nuclear force will appear.
So how do we make a high temperature of 1 100 million degrees Celsius to make a hydrogen bomb? In fact, there is an atomic bomb in the hydrogen bomb. When an atomic bomb explodes, it will produce a temperature as high as 1 100 million in an instant, thus providing conditions for the nuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen bombs. Therefore, it is precisely the contribution of the atomic bomb in the body that will make the hydrogen bomb ignite and explode instantly.
According to relevant research, in fact, the burning of the sun is different from the burning of matter we see in our daily life. Nuclear fusion reaction similar to hydrogen bomb explosion has been going on inside the sun, so the sun can emit heat and light.
The reason why the sun can continue to burn for nearly 654.38+000 billion years is mainly caused by two factors, unlike the instantaneous explosion of hydrogen bombs. One is that the fuel of the sun itself should be sufficient, and the other is that the reaction speed of nuclear fusion should remain stable.
The sun is the planet with the largest mass and volume in the solar system, while the mass of the earth inhabited by human beings only accounts for 0.0003% of the solar system, and the volume of the sun is more than 6.5438+0.3 million times that of the earth. So the sun itself has a lot of hydrogen, which can support it to burn continuously.
The sun, like other planets in the universe, under the action of internal high temperature and pressure, almost 600 million tons of hydrogen will undergo nuclear fusion every minute, and 4.2 million tons of matter will become energy, which will gradually expand from the center of the sun to the surrounding areas, thus reaching the surface of the sun.
If humans want to collect the energy released by the sun in one minute, it will take almost 1 ten thousand years. The central heating area of the sun often produces a sustainable fusion reaction, which will form a huge pressure from the outside to the inside.
The internal nuclear fusion often produces stronger tension, which makes these two forces converge and reach a balance, so it is precisely because of this state that the sun can burn for 65.438+0 billion years.
When nuclear fusion occurs in the sun, proton-proton reaction chains often appear. If this kind of reaction chain wants to play a role, it must complete the first stage of nuclear fusion reaction between protons, and the sun will also generate energy in the process of generation.
Due to the positive charge between protons and the repulsive force between them, it is difficult to continue the nuclear fusion reaction. So how does the sun merge? In fact, this is mainly because there is a "weak force" on the sun, which can change the state of protons to a certain extent, thus making the reaction of solar nuclear fusion possible.
But it is not enough to rely on the weak force of the sun itself, because the probability of protons colliding with each other on the sun is not great, so the density of protons on the sun must be greater. At the beginning of BIGBANG, there was a lot of hydrogen in space, so the amount of hydrogen carried by the sun after its formation was very large.
It is the huge amount of hydrogen and the weak force on the sun that makes the speed of solar nuclear fusion in a slow state, and at the same time it will not consume the amount of hydrogen quickly, so the sun can continue to burn.
The discovery of nuclear energy is not only beneficial to mankind, but also has potential crisis. Nuclear power generation can use uranium to complete the nuclear fission chain and generate heat, and also heat water to high temperature and high pressure. Judging from the heat generated by nuclear reaction, it is much higher than ordinary fossil fuel and requires less fuel than thermal power generation.
Nuclear power plants only need to consume 80 tons of nuclear fuel every year, which can be transported in two standard containers. If it is replaced by coal, it needs nearly 510.5 million tons, which needs to be loaded by 20 tons of trucks and can be transported by 705 trucks. If it is natural gas, it needs to consume 6.5438+0.43 million tons, which is almost 200,000 barrels of household gas.
Moreover, nuclear power generation will not emit a lot of pollutants into the atmosphere like those of fossil fuel power plants, so it will not produce too much air pollution.
However, there are many failures in the history of nuclear power generation. A radioactive material leak occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan. At that time, the Japanese government evacuated all residents within 20 kilometers around the nuclear power plant.
With the aggravation of pollution, people demand safe shelter, so it is difficult for the government to supply biological necessities. Finally, the Japanese government apologized for this incident and urgently stopped the 14 new nuclear reactor project to conduct a comprehensive inspection of its energy policy.
The second major nuclear reaction leak occurred in Chernobyl at the end of last century, when many residents were exposed to different degrees of nuclear radiation. Once radioactive substances enter the human respiratory system, they will cause internal radiation reactions in the human body, leading to dizziness, bleeding, and even cancer and neonatal malformation, and these diseases will be inherited. The more severe the radiation, the greater the pain.
The Chernobyl nuclear leak cost the former Soviet Union almost $200 billion to control it, but with the air drifting, many European countries at that time, such as Belarus and Sweden, were polluted to varying degrees.
About 93,000 people were killed in this incident, and 270,000 people became ill. So far, the local government has only closed the Chernobyl plant, which can only last for 100 years. /kloc-how to solve these nuclear pollution after 0/00 years? This is still a problem.
Nuclear energy is also a new energy source, but while we enjoy it, we should also be vigilant against it to prevent the recurrence of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, so I think: nuclear energy is both an angel and a devil. Only by perfecting the detection system and preparation measures about nuclear reaction can we use it safely.