1. Medicinal plant ecology and its research objects and main contents: a science that studies the relationship between medicinal plants and the environment by using the principles and methods of plant ecology. 2. There are medicinal plants 10 families and endemic plants 10 species in China. 1 Compositae: Flos Chrysanthemi, Flos Carthami, Inula, Flos Farfarae, Radix Asteris, Radix Rhapontici, Eupatorium, Fructus Arctii and Fructus Xanthii. Dandelion and Ophiopogon japonicus (Eclipta prostrata) belong to two Leguminosae: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza glabra Fisch., Astragalus mongholicus and Astragalus mongolicus Fisch., and three Ranunculaceae: Aconitum (Aconitum), Aconitum kusnezoffii (Aconitum kusnezoffii), Aconitum fulvum (Aconitum fulvum) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Labiatae: Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Scutellariae Radix, Herba Pogostemonis, Herba Pogostemonis, Herba Leonuri, Herba Menthae, Herba Lycopi, Herba Pogostemonis, Herba Schizonepetae and Prunellae Spica, Rosaceae: Mume Fructus, Apricot, Peach, Mume Fructus, Fructus Chaenomelis, Loquat, Rosa laevigata, Rose and Crataegus pinnatifida. Umbelliferae: Angelica sinensis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis, Radix Peucedani, Rhizoma Ligustici, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Notopterygii Rhizoma, Coral (Radix Glehniae), Radix Codonopsis, Ferula Sinkiangensis, Radix Peucedani, Fructus Cnidii and Fructus Foeniculi. Polygonaceae: Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Rhizoma bistortae, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum cuspidatum. Araliaceae: Acanthopanax senticosus, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Acanthopanax trilobata (Acanthopanax japonicus) and Acanthopanax giraldii; Liliaceae: Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria thunbergii and Lilium, Shandan, Polygonatum sibiricum, Polygonatum odoratum, Asparagus, Anemarrhena rhizome, Paris polyphylla, Ophiopogon japonicus, Paederia Japonica 10 Magnoliaceae: Endemic species of red lotus: 1 Radix Aquilariae 2 Tianmushan 3 Cordyceps 4 dal. The quality of medicinal plants refers to the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, which is directly related to the quality of Chinese herbal medicines and their clinical efficacy. To evaluate the quality of medicinal plants, two indicators are generally used: one is chemical composition, which mainly refers to the quantity of medicinal components or active components, and the content of harmful substances such as chemical pesticides and toxic metal elements; Second, physical indicators mainly refer to the appearance of products, such as color (overall appearance and cross section), texture, size, uniformity, shape, etc. The quality connotation of representative Chinese herbal medicines is: clear medicinal properties (pharmacodynamic spectrum), relatively stable chemical composition group and proportion of each component, relatively narrow overall change range, good character quality, and the most important thing is the overall stability and uniformity of chemical composition. In the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines, the scientific research of Chinese herbal medicines in various disciplines is an effective tool to expose the authenticity of Chinese herbal medicine research objects. We must ensure the systematic existence of the object of traditional Chinese medicine, and we must not divide Chinese herbal medicine into pieces to study. Before the exact scientific research results prove that TCM is wrong in evaluating the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, it should be considered that TCM's understanding of the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines is correct. 4. GAP cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines and its main contents? GAP (short for Good Agricultural Practice for Medicinal Plants and Animals) is to ensure the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, control various factors affecting the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, and standardize all links and even the whole process of Chinese medicinal materials production, so as to achieve the goal of "high quality, stability and controllability" of Chinese medicinal materials. 5. Ecological effects of light on medicinal plants. Illumination Most green drugs have plants, which must be photosynthesized under continuous illumination to produce organic matter and accumulate effective components, such as lipid tip, protein, nucleic acid, volatile oil and glycosides. However, various medicinal plants have different requirements for light intensity, such as mint, chrysanthemum, yam, Ligusticum chuanxiong, salvia miltiorrhiza, white peony root, rehmannia root, divaricate Saposhnikovia root, corydalis tuber, etc., all of which should be planted in sunny environment, and are called sun plants. Ginseng, notoginseng, coptis root, Polygonatum odoratum, etc. Should be planted in a cool environment, known as shade plants; There are also many medicinal plants, such as Fritillaria, Radix Curcumae, Lily, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ginger, Codonopsis pilosula and Atractylodes macrocephala, which can grow in sunny or slightly cloudy environment and are called mesophytes. Therefore, under the condition of abundant sunshine, photophilic plants can make branches grow full, stems thick, leaves thick and dry matter accumulate more. If the light is insufficient, the stems are slender, the leaves are yellow and prone to lodging, which will affect the yield and quality of medicinal materials. However, medicinal plants that like shading are not resistant to direct glare. Therefore, artificial cultivation must set up a shed to adjust the shading degree in order to grow and develop normally. Ecological effects of temperature on medicinal plants 2. Temperature medicinal plants need a certain temperature from seed germination, emergence, growth, development to flowering and fruiting. Different kinds of medicinal plants have different requirements for temperature. For example, the subtropical medicinal plant Amomum villosum likes high temperature and the suitable growth temperature is 22-23℃; Another example is Jilin ginseng, which is cold-resistant and won't freeze to death under the cold condition of -40℃ in winter, but it can still maintain its vitality. Generally, medicinal plants cannot grow below 0℃, but above 0℃, their growth will accelerate with the increase of temperature, and above 35℃, their growth will gradually stop or even die. The optimum growth temperature is about 25℃. 7. Ecological effects of water on medicinal plants. Water is the most important in plant life activities. Because water is an important part of plant cell protoplasm, it is the most abundant in plants, accounting for about 80%-90% of the total weight of plants. Too much or too little water is not conducive to plant growth and development, and even leads to death. Different kinds of medicinal plants have different needs for water. Such as licorice, ephedra, aloe, Sedum, etc. There are developed roots or stems and leaves that are fleshy, developed parenchyma and can store a lot of water, which is called xerophyte; Another example is lotus root, Euryale ferox, Alisma orientale and so on. Because of its simple conduction tissue and weak absorption ability of roots, it is called aquatic plants. However, medicinal plants such as Coptis chinensis, Asarum, Begonia and Pteridium aquilinum have poor drought resistance, and lack of water affects their growth and development, so they must be cultivated in wet or humid environment, which is called wet plants. Most medicinal plants should grow in moderate dry and wet environment, such as Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Carthami Flos, Radix Rehmanniae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, etc. It is called a mesophyte, and the roots, stems, leaves and so on of Ceratophyllum. They all grow underwater, which is called submerged plants. Therefore, in the production of tuxedo medicinal plants, it is necessary to master the adaptability of various medicinal plants to water, that is, the same medicinal plant has different requirements for water at different growth and development stages. 8. Ecological effects of soil on medicinal plants. Soil is the place and foundation for the development of medicinal plants. The most basic characteristic of soil is fertility, so it can continuously supply water, nutrients, air and other nutrients needed for plant growth. Soil consists of solid and liquid. A complex organic whole composed of gas and three-phase substances, and the solid part is the "skeleton" of soil. According to the difference of soil viscosity and sandy degree, soil can be divided into clay, sandy soil and loam. Soil pH value is one of the important properties of soil. Usually expressed by pH value. The simple determination method is to dissolve a proper amount of soil water into soil solution, determine it with a variety of litmus test papers, and then compare it with the colorimetric plate. Alkaline soil with pH greater than 7 has astringent taste; The place where the pH value is less than 7 is acidic soil, which tastes sour; Neutral soil with pH equal to 7 is neither astringent nor acidic. Most medicinal plants like to grow in neutral or slightly acidic or alkaline soil; However, a few medicinal plants, such as Magnolia officinalis, Gardenia and Cinnamomum cassia, like to grow in acidic soil; Lycium barbarum, jujube and licorice should grow in alkaline soil. 9. The relationship between the quality formation of genuine medicinal materials and environmental conditions. The so-called genuine medicinal materials refer to medicinal materials with suitable origin, excellent varieties, high yield, exquisite processing, outstanding curative effect and regional characteristics formed by some medicinal biological varieties under the comprehensive action of specific environment and climate. It is a conventional and ancient concept of drug standardization, which controls the quality of medicinal materials by producing, processing or selling in a fixed place of origin, and is an ancient cognition and evaluation of the curative effect of medicinal plant resources. The names of authentic medicinal materials are often preceded by place names to show their authentic origin. Such as "White Stripe Party in Longxi", "Astragalus membranaceus in Longxi", "Eight Flavors in Zhejiang" and "Four Great Huai Drugs", all of which are well-known genuine medicinal materials. The geographical environment is very complicated, and the soil, water, climate, sunshine and biological distribution are not exactly the same. Therefore, the quality of the drug itself, that is, the therapeutic effect, is significantly different. The first is the genetic level. The genetic level is to study the genuineness of Chinese herbal medicines from the perspective of the correlation between species genetic variation and natural environment. At present, there are different views on the genuineness of medicinal plants: one holds that genuineness is determined by genetic factors, and the other holds that genuineness is influenced by genetic factors and geographical environment, but genetic factors are dominant. There is also a view that authenticity is mainly determined by the ecological environment. From the ecological point of view, the long-term environmental evolution and the coexistence of spatial heterogeneity determine the genetic genes of species, so the study of genuineness from the perspective of the correlation between genetic genes and environment is the basis for explaining genuineness. The second is the level of ecological environment. Study the habitat characteristics of genuine medicinal materials at the ecological environment level, including geological environment, soil environment, atmospheric environment, water environment and community environment. At present, the research on soil environment and genuineness has been widely carried out. Zhang Zhongyi and other experts compared the geological background system (GBS) and soil physical and chemical conditions of the same honeysuckle in five different producing areas, and found that the genuineness of honeysuckle was restricted by GBS, and it was distributed in neutral or alkaline sandy soil areas with warm temperate and semi-arid climate in mainland China. Zhao and other experts have comprehensively studied the physical properties, organic matter and mineral elements of the soil planted with genuine and non-genuine angelica, and think that the ecological environment is

The main factors that form the genuineness of Angelica sinensis. It is worth noting that at present, at this level, the community environment in which genuine medicinal materials grow is often ignored. The community environment in which plants grow (including community composition and community structure) is the key factor of plant growth, which determines the survival, diversity, succession and variation of species. Many studies show that the quality of the same kind of artificially cultivated medicinal materials is lower than that of wild genuine medicinal materials, and it is prone to pests and diseases. One of the important reasons is that artificially cultivated medicinal materials are often cultivated in a single large area, ignoring the influence of wild community microenvironment and plant allelopathy on the genuineness of medicinal materials. Therefore, it is an important content to study the best community environment for the growth of genuine medicinal materials, and attention should be paid to the ecological environment (geology, topography and gas) when investigating medicinal plant resources.

Climate, soil, community composition, community structure, etc. The third is the level of intraspecific diversity. "Intraspecific quality variation is sometimes greater than interspecific difference" is the core idea of modern Taoism. Feng Xuefeng and other experts conducted a preliminary study on the genetic diversity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi population at the molecular level. The results showed that the genetic variation among populations of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi accounted for 18.83% of the total variation, and the variation within populations accounted for 8 1. 17%, and the intra-species difference was far greater than the inter-species difference. Explanation: 1 Ecological factors, minimum factors, environmental factors and limiting factors Ecological factors refer to various environmental factors that directly or indirectly affect the growth, development, reproduction, behavior and distribution of organisms. All ecological factors work together to form the biological ecological environment. Classification of ecological factors. P 1 1 classification: climatic factors, soil factors, topographic factors, biological factors and human factors. Minimum factor: every plant needs some kind and a certain amount of nutrition. If one of the nutrients is completely deficient, plants cannot survive. If the amount of this nutrient is small, the growth of plants will be adversely affected, which is the law of minimum factor. Environmental factors: environment refers to the space outside a specific biological individual or group, and the sum of all things that directly or indirectly affect the survival of the biological individual or group. Various factors that constitute the environment are called environmental factors limiting factors: generally speaking, they refer to biological or abiotic factors that limit the growth and development of insects and population growth. The survival and reproduction of organisms depend on the comprehensive action of various ecological factors, among which the key factor limiting the survival and reproduction of organisms is the limiting factor. Also known as the dominant factor. Any organism is always affected by many factors at the same time. Each factor does not act on the body in isolation, but many factors work together. Therefore, any living thing always lives in a complex network intertwined with various ecological factors. But in any particular ecological relationship, under certain circumstances, a certain factor may play the biggest role. At this time, the survival and development of living things are mainly limited by this factor, which is the limiting factor. For example, in arid areas, water is the limiting factor; In cold areas, heat is the limiting factor; In the part of the ocean where light energy reaches, mineral nutrition is the limiting factor, such as 2 convergent adaptation to life form, divergent adaptation to ecotype, convergent adaptation to life form, p 16 Different kinds of organisms, living in the same or similar environmental conditions, often form the same or similar adaptation ways and means, which is called convergent adaptation. Different kinds of organisms are formed by natural or artificial selection, and the species groups with similar morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics are called life forms. Differential adaptation and ecotype. P 17 A group of closely related biological organisms have formed different ways and means of adaptation because they live in different environmental conditions. This adaptation is called divergent adaptation. Through natural selection or artificial selection, genomes with different ecological, morphological and physiological characteristics formed by biological differentiation and adaptation are called ecotypes. (Climate ecotype, soil ecotype, biological ecotype) 3 Long-day medicinal plants, short-day medicinal plants Long-day medicinal plants. Sunshine must be longer than a certain critical day length (generally greater than 12 ~ 14 h), or the dark period must be shorter than a certain number of hours to form flowers. Such as safflower, angelica, burdock, radish, aster, hibiscus and pyrethrum. Short-day plants The sunshine length is only shorter than the required critical day length (generally below 12 ~ 14 h), or plants that bloom after a certain number of hours in the dark period. Such as perilla, chrysanthemum, andrographis paniculata, xanthium sibiricum, hemp, gentian, etc. 4 niche, habitat niche. P 18 refers to the spatial and temporal position of population in natural ecosystem and the functional relationship between related populations. Includes three meanings: 1. Temporal and spatial position and functional relationship of species in a specific biological community. The position of species in the gradient of environmental change. Niche principle of the relationship between species and other populations in a community. P 19 niche principle: competitive exclusion, limited existence, long-term existence, generalization and specialization. Habitat (Biotope Greek bios = life+topos = location) refers to the living environment of individuals, populations or communities, including necessary living conditions and other ecological factors acting on organisms. Habitat refers to the concept of environment in ecology, and habitat is also called habitat. Habitat is formed by both biological and abiotic factors, and the description of a biological community habitat usually only includes abiotic environment. In order to avoid confusion, it is important to determine these two uses of habitats. 5 critical water demand period, maximum water demand period? Critical period of water demand The critical period of water demand refers to the period when medicinal plants are most sensitive to water in their lifetime (biennial plants) or annual growth period (perennial plants), which is called critical period of water demand. The lack of water in this period led to the loss of medicinal materials' output and quality, which could not be compensated in the later period. The maximum water demand period of plants refers to the period when the water demand of plants is the largest.

Water critical period is the most sensitive and fragile period for plants to lack water, which is called water critical period. Generally, the critical period of plant water is the growth period of new branches, flower bud differentiation period and fruit expansion period.

The critical period of water demand is called the critical period of water demand because the temperature rises sharply, the branches and leaves grow rapidly and vigorously, and the water demand is the most. If the water supply is insufficient during this period, the growth will weaken or even stop at an early stage. 6. Briefly describe authentic medicinal materials. Authentic medicinal materials refer to medicinal materials produced in areas with specific natural conditions and ecological environment. Due to centralized production, there is a certain emphasis on cultivation techniques and harvesting and processing, so it has better quality and better curative effect than similar medicinal materials produced in other regions. Authentic, is authentic, is authentic and reliable. Medicinal materials with specific origin, specific varieties, good quality and good curative effect; Among Chinese medicinal materials, the medicinal materials with good quality and good curative effect are produced by specific germplasm, specific origin and unique production technology or processing method. 7. Briefly describe the law of ecological factors. The law of P 13 ecological factors: comprehensive action (action is not isolated, but always comprehensive). Interaction (mutual connection, mutual promotion and mutual restriction). Leading role (with several or several leading and decisive roles). Direct and indirect effects; Stage effect (. Different stages of biological growth and development have different requirements for ecological factors, which have stage characteristics); Irreplaceability and limited compensation function. 8. What types of medicinal plants can be divided according to temperature requirements? Cold-tolerant medicinal plants can generally tolerate the low temperature of -2 ~- 1℃, and can tolerate the low temperature of-10 ~-5℃ in a short time, and the optimum assimilation temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. Such as ginseng, asarum, lily, Fritillaria, rhubarb, notopterygium, Schisandra chinensis, Allium macrostemon, asparagus and acanthopanax senticosus. Especially rhizome medicinal plants, the aboveground parts die in winter, and the underground parts can still withstand the low temperature below 0℃ or even-10℃ in winter. 2? Semi-cold-tolerant medicinal plants can usually tolerate the low temperature of-1 ~-2℃ for a short time, and the optimum assimilation temperature is 17 ~ 23℃. Such as radish, Radix Isatidis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Fructus Lycii, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and mustard. It can overwinter in the open air in the south of the Yangtze River and grow in the open air in winter in all parts of South China. 3? Thermophilic medicinal plants need high temperature for seed germination, seedling growth, flowering and fruiting, and the optimum temperature for assimilation is 20 ~ 30℃. When the flowering temperature is lower than 10 ~ 15℃, it is not suitable for pollination or fruit dropping. Such as Belladonna, Fructus Aurantii, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Flos Lonicerae, etc. 4? The growth and development of heat-resistant medicinal plants need high temperature, and the optimum temperature for assimilation is about 30℃, and individual medicinal plants can grow normally at 40℃. Such as areca nut, Amomum villosum, sappan wood, loofah, Siraitia grosvenorii, concanavalia, wax gourd, pumpkin, etc. The harm of drought to medicinal plants is briefly described. P96 1. Drought will destroy the protoplasm structure, cause cell death and plant dryness. Drought makes cells short of water, swelling pressure disappears, and medicinal plants wither. 3。 Drought makes stomata close, transpiration weaken, gas exchange and absorption and transportation of mineral nutrients slow down. Drought inhibits the growth and development of medicinal plants, and can also weaken the ability of medicinal plants to resist pests and diseases. 10. What are the characteristics of aquatic medicinal plants? Except for aquatic medicinal plants, which need a certain water layer, other medicinal plants mainly rely on roots to absorb water from the soil. Under the condition of suitable water content, the soil has deep roots, reasonable configuration and good growth; In moist soil, the root system is underdeveloped, mostly distributed in shallow soil, prone to lodging and slow growth, which is easy to cause root respiration obstruction, breeding diseases and causing losses; Under drought conditions, the roots of plants will go deep into the soil until they reach the depth of the soil. Therefore, in the process of medicinal plant cultivation, it is necessary to strengthen field water management to ensure the normal growth and development of roots, so as to obtain high-quality and high-yield medicinal materials. 1 1 ways and characteristics of pollution of medicinal plants 1 pollution during the treatment of seeds and seedlings 2. pollution of the growing environment of Chinese herbal medicines, including soil, water, pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive substances, atmosphere, etc. 3. Pollution in the process of processing in the place of origin, including the pollution of harmful substances in packaging materials such as auxiliary materials, processing machinery and drying places. 12. Some problems in the utilization of medicinal plants. P256 1. Excessive consumption of wild medicinal plant resources. 2。 Loss of genetic resources in medicinal plants. The disorderly development of medicinal plant resources. This elective course, such as medicinal plant resources, is seriously polluted and miserable. PPT does not allow printing test books, and can only be used as a hobby. Let's enjoy ourselves.