In recent years, with the increasing national investment in education, colleges and universities have expanded their enrollment and expanded their new campuses. With the development of the new campus, supporting facilities for education, culture and sports are essential, and many colleges and universities are considering building swimming pools. Taking Xi 'an as an example, Xi Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, xidian university and Xi Institute of Physical Education are all designing or building swimming pools. Swimming pool is the most complicated sports building, and water treatment is the most important one. Combined with the design scheme of swimming pool in Xi 'an Institute of Physical Education, some personal opinions on circulation mode, filtration mode and disinfection mode are put forward.
1, cycle mode:
Judging from the current domestic swimming pools. There are only three ways of circulation: countercurrent, downstream and mixing.
1.65438+ Generally speaking, the diameter of the outlet at the bottom of the swimming pool is 40-50ram, and the spacing is 3×2.5m m. Because the outlet is at the bottom, the water circulates upward from the bottom, and the sediment at the bottom of the pool and the floating objects floating on the water surface are easily discharged from the overflow grooves on both sides with the movement of water. There are almost no dead ends, and the three-dimensional cycle is realized. In recent years, most newly-built swimming pools have adopted this circulation mode. For example, the 1996 Barcelona Olympic Games, the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the Water Cube of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Swimming Gymnasium and the China Swimming Training Hall for the Disabled all adopted the countercurrent circulation mode.
1.2 downstream: the water inlet and the water outlet are located on both sides of the short side of the swimming pool, with one side being the water inlet and the other side being the water outlet. The pipe diameter of the inlet and outlet is generally 70-80 mm, and the circulating pump pumps the water from the outlet side to the balance water tank, then enters the filtration and disinfection system from the balance water tank, and enters the swimming pool from the inlet side after filtration and disinfection. The advantages of this circulation mode are saving pipeline and simple circulation system. The disadvantage is that the sediment and floating objects in the water are not easy to be discharged, and there are some dead water areas. In the past, most older swimming pools and outdoor swimming pools used this circulation method.
1.3 hybrid: It is a combination of the above two methods, which is rarely used at present.
1.4 conclusion: by comparing the above three circulation modes, we can see that countercurrent circulation has incomparable benefits. Due to the large number of college students and frequent use of swimming pools, there are relatively many floating objects and sediments in the water, so it is more beneficial to discharge floating objects and sediments by countercurrent circulation. Personally, I think that the design of university swimming pools should consider adopting countercurrent circulation as much as possible. Although countercurrent circulation has many advantages, the real purpose of countercurrent circulation can only be achieved if the swimming pool is filled with water according to the design. As we all know, swimming pools in colleges and universities are mainly used for swimming teaching and training, and can undertake college-level competitions. For example, the water depth of teaching and training is 1.3- 1.5 meters. According to the latest specifications, the water depth of the competition is 2 meters (the requirements for non-Olympic Games and World Championships are lower). So how to give consideration to both when designing countercurrent circulation? Let's take a look at how the swimming pool of Xi Institute of Physical Education solves this problem. The swimming pool of Xi Institute of Physical Education also focuses on teaching and training, but it also takes into account some competitions (the level of competition requirements is relatively higher than other institutions) and opening to the outside world. The water depth is designed in two situations: the teaching and training water depth 1.3- 1.5m, and the competition water depth is 2m. In the earliest plan submitted for approval, the water depth is 2.4 meters. Through talking with the engineers of the design institute, we know that the previous water depth design was 2.4 meters according to the relevant specifications. The design of water with a depth of 2.4 meters is based on the fact that Xi Institute of Physical Education is a professional college of physical education and the museum is a comprehensive swimming pool, which can not only host swimming competitions, but also water polo and synchronized swimming competitions. However, judging from the characteristics of Xi Institute of Physical Education and Northwest China, water polo and synchronized swimming have not yet been developed. Even if there are occasional competitions, Shaanxi Diving Swimming Pool can completely undertake water polo and synchronized swimming competitions, and there is absolutely no need to repeat the construction of the swimming pool of xi Institute of Physical Education. Therefore, according to the latest specifications, only swimming is considered, and the design is changed from 2.4m to 2m and1.3-1.5m. When teaching, training and opening to the outside world are normal, the water depth is1.3-1.5m. However, the water in the swimming pool cannot enter the overflow pool, so it is impossible to carry out countercurrent circulation. How to solve this contradiction? After repeated consultations with designers, an overflow trough was added at the depth of swimming pool 1.3- 1.5 m for normal teaching and training and recycling when opening to the outside world. When there is a competition, the water depth is increased to 2 meters, and the overflow grooves on both sides of the pool are used for circulation. In this way, teaching and training, opening to the outside world, and hosting competitions can all adopt countercurrent circulation, which does not violate the relevant norms.
Equipment layer 1.5: Early natatorium designs all had equipment layers. This has brought a lot of investment in civil engineering and a lot of waste of area. In fact, we can completely remove the equipment and add layers. When countercurrent circulation is adopted, the water inlet pipe of swimming pool can be completely distributed on the structural layer of swimming pool. Specifically, the structural layers at the bottom of the swimming pool are leveling layer, waterproof layer, pipeline layer, cushion layer and leveling layer, waterproof layer and swimming pool brick. Removing equipment and adding stories can greatly save civil engineering investment. Xi Institute of Physical Education is a comprehensive swimming pool, which is located on the fourth floor. In previous construction plans, equipment was added to the third floor. After consultation with the designer, it is decided to dismantle the equipment floor and lay the water supply pipeline according to the above scheme, saving the construction area of the first floor by about 3300 square meters. When other colleges and universities build swimming pools in the future, whether it is the swimming pool on the first floor or the comprehensive gymnasium, water supply pipes can be laid in this way. The benefits are obvious.
2. Filtering methods: At present, there are the following filtering methods at home and abroad:
2. 1 sand cylinder filtration: quartz sand is laid in the pressure cylinder with a thickness of about 900- 1200ram. When the water to be filtered passes through the filter layer, the suspended matter contained in the water flows into the tiny gap of the upper filter material, which is adsorbed and mechanically blocked, and the suspended matter is intercepted by the surface of the filter material. At the same time, these intercepted suspended substances overlap and bridge each other, forming a film on the filter material layer, and the film continues to filter. This filtering method has a history of nearly 100 years, with mature technology, convenient use and simple management. The pressure cylinder is made of carbon steel, wound FRP and stainless steel. This filtering method also has great defects. Because of the large gap in the middle of the filter material, the filtration accuracy is general (about 15 m). When there are many dirty things in the filter material, backwashing needs to consume a lot of water and add flocculant. The computer room occupies a large area, with large space and heavy equipment.
2.2 Diatomite filtration: Diatomite is a kind of biogenic sedimentary rock, which is widely distributed in China and has low price. Its characteristic is that diatomite has a porosity of 90%, strong adsorption and is not easy to dissolve in acidic substances. People use it as a filter material. In the past, it was widely used to filter drinks, alcohol and tap water, and in recent years it has been applied to swimming pools. Diatomite filtration has the following characteristics: high efficiency; The filtration turbidity reaches 0.5 degrees, and microorganisms, protozoa, Giardia, bacteria and the like with 1-2 microns can be filtered out. , and ensure the water quality of the swimming pool when it is running at full load. No other chemicals are added to the pool water, so the running cost is low. The machine room has small floor space, low requirements for the height of the machine room, light running weight and low requirements for the equipment foundation, especially the plate filter, which has small floor space and light weight. Mature technology, reliable use, simple operation and investment almost as deep as sand pool filtration. For example, the Asian Games in 1994, the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988 and the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 all used diatomite filtration technology.
2.3 Integrated water treatment equipment: In recent years, integrated water treatment equipment has been more and more used in swimming pool water treatment. At present, it is also produced in China, but the effect is still good. French "Desler" and other famous brands. Belonging to integrated processing equipment. Its filtering principle is that vacuum negative pressure is generated by the operation of motor and water pump, and unfiltered water in the swimming pool is sucked into the filter from the right water inlet (water enters the interface, which can deal with suspended solids on the water surface). After membrane filtration, it returns to the swimming pool through two water outlets (left 1, front 65438), and the water in the whole swimming pool forms a large three-dimensional circulation clockwise, which is completed in the swimming pool water body with little energy loss. Advantages of "Daisile" filtration system: no computer room, saving land area and civil decoration costs; No pipeline, no water leakage, greatly reducing energy consumption; The cleanliness of the water is very high (the water quality test report proves that it meets the drinking water standard). Three-dimensional circulation, running water does not rot, do not change water for at least one year, just clean the filter membrane regularly. This cycle is fully automated. It should be said that this water treatment method is the direction of swimming pool water treatment in the future, but from the actual use, it is in good condition in small swimming pools, and it needs to be tested in practice in standard swimming pools.
2.4 Suggestion: Through the analysis of the above filtration methods, it is considered that the sand pool filtration and diatomite filtration with mature technology are the best choice of water treatment facilities. Considering that the new national swimming pool water quality standard will be implemented soon, and the turbidity of water quality will be increased from ≤5 degrees to ≤0.5 degrees, diatomite filtration technology with higher filtration accuracy, especially plate diatomite filter, is still used as water treatment facilities. The main reason is that after practice, the technology is more mature, the filtration accuracy is higher, the floor space and space of the equipment are smaller, the weight of the equipment is smaller and the running cost is lower.
3, disinfection method:
The traditional disinfection method of swimming pool is to add chlorine and chlorine compounds to achieve the purpose of disinfection, mainly including liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, bleach, trichloroisocyanuric acid and so on. The above chemical disinfection is characterized by good disinfection effect, long disinfection time, wide sources, low cost and convenient use. However, it also has great disadvantages: it has a strong pungent smell, which seriously stimulates people's respiratory system and causes damage to people's oral mucosa, ear, nose and throat. Derivatives in water, such as chloroform and chloroform, have carcinogenic effects, and some acidic substances produced after reacting with water have strong corrosive effects on ventilation pipes and grid structures of buildings, which are not convenient for transportation and storage. Ozone is by far the fastest and most effective disinfectant. Its disinfection effect is several hundred times that of chlorine, and it is fast. At the same time, ozone is also a strong oxidant, which can not only kill bacteria and Escherichia coli, but also kill viruses. It can oxidize the organic matter in the pool water into inorganic matter or other easily adsorbed intermediate substances, so that the pool water is clear and blue, with good transparency, no irritation, no odor, no harm to eyes, skin and hair, and it can make the air around the swimming pool fresh and make swimmers feel comfortable. The flocculation of ozone will not lead to the increase of harmful substances and salt content in the pool force. It can oxidize the organic matter in pond water, remove the organic source of chloroform (THM) and limit the concentration of organic matter and inorganic matter.
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