Cultivation techniques of mushrooms
Mushrooms have as many as 36,000 genders, which germinate from mature spores into hyphae. The hyphae are multicellular, with septa, elongated growth at the top, white, slender, fluffy and gradually filamentous. Mycelia combine with each other to form a dense mass called mycelium. After the mycelium saprophytes, the thick brown culture turns light brown. The fruiting body of a mushroom is like an open umbrella when it matures. It consists of cap, stalk, fold, ring and pseudomycorrhiza. Most mushrooms can be used as food and medicine, but poisonous mushrooms will do harm to human health.
The names of mushrooms vary from region to region, but one kind of mushroom is more common. [2] Mushrooms are rich in essential nutrients such as amino acids, minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides, etc. It is a kind of nutritional health food with high protein and low fat. Regular consumption of mushrooms can promote the absorption of nutrients from other foods. Spring health is very suitable for eating mushrooms to supplement the body's nutrition.
The growth environment of mushrooms
Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes, Agaricus and Agaricus, and are the most widely cultivated edible fungi in the world, with the largest output and consumption. Mushrooms like cool and humid environment, such as deep forest, artificial cool and humid environment.
The temperature range of mushroom mycelium growth is 4-32℃, and 20-25℃ is the most suitable. At 20-25℃, the mycelium grows fast, dense and strong. Above 25℃, mycelium grows fast, but it is sparse and weak. If it reaches above 30℃, the mycelium will suffer and its viability will decrease. Below 15℃, the mycelium grows slowly. Can tolerate the low temperature of 0℃ in winter. The temperature range of fruiting body growth is 5-25℃, and the optimum temperature is 14- 16℃. When 14- 16℃, the fruiting body grew faster, the stipe was stout, the meat was thick, the quality was good and the yield was high. Above 18℃. Although the fruiting body grows fast, the stalk is slender, the skin is thin and easy to open, and the quality is poor Below 12℃, it grows slowly in solid. After fruiting, if it is exposed to high temperature above 23℃ for several days, it will cause mushroom death and reduce the viability of mycelium. When the room temperature is lower than 5℃, the fruiting body stops growing and the mycelium grows very slowly. The suitable temperature for mushroom seeds to disperse spores is 65438 08-22℃. When the temperature exceeds 25℃, the spores will not disperse even if other conditions are suitable. Generally, spores can fall off after about 2 days of culture, and can be separated when the spores in the cultured blood are dark coffee brown. The suitable temperature for spore germination is 23-25℃. If the temperature is too high or too low, the germination time will be prolonged or even not germinated. Mushrooms are saprophytic fungi, which cannot use solar energy for photosynthesis, and rely entirely on nutrients in the culture medium for growth and development. Among nutrients, carbonaceous substances are the most important, followed by nitrogenous substances and inorganic salts.
Mushroom mycelium can adapt to a wide pH range and can grow between pH 5 and 8.5, and neutral acid (pH5-8.5-7.0) is the best growth. But this acidity is also most suitable for many miscellaneous bacteria, especially mold. If it is adjusted to neutral alkalinity (pH7.0-7.5), the growth of miscellaneous bacteria can be inhibited, the mycelium of mushrooms can grow normally, and the gradual acidification of the culture medium can be delayed with the continuous growth of mycelium. In addition, mushroom mycelium and fruiting body do not need light. Direct light will make the hyphae pale yellow, affect the growth of hyphae, and also make the fruiting body yellow, harden the surface and deteriorate the quality.
Mushrooms often lack oxygen in their growing environment. Because hyphae constantly absorb oxygen during breathing. Carbon dioxide is released, and the continuous decomposition of culture materials in the mushroom house also releases carbon dioxide, so that in the environment where mushrooms grow, carbon dioxide is easy to accumulate and oxygen is scarce. If the mycelium is poorly ventilated in the culture medium, it will gradually degenerate. If the fruiting body is not well ventilated, the small mushrooms will turn yellow and die, and the growing fruiting body will grow slowly or even die. Mushrooms will not sporulate or germinate under insufficient oxygen at maturity and umbrella opening stages. Therefore, in the process of mushroom growth and development, ventilation should be strengthened to ensure adequate oxygen.
Cultivation techniques of mushrooms
Farming season
Mushrooms in Weibei dry zone have large temperature difference, low air humidity and rapid seasonal changes, so they can be planted in advance, and the time is arranged from mid-August to early September. Guanzhong Plain is arranged from the end of August to the middle of September. Of course, mushroom farmers with caves and fruit pits can pile up wheat straw for fermentation after harvest, sow it at the end of July and harvest it in late August. After harvesting the corn stalks, when the corn stalks are completely dried, the second round of sowing can be carried out. The cut corn stalks and cow dung are used for sowing at 65438+2- 1 month, overwintering, and the mushrooms begin to grow in March in spring and end before the end of May. The yield and quality are similar to those of wheat straw.
Preparation of raw materials
The main ingredients of Agaricus bisporus cultivation: wheat straw, corn straw and cow dung. Accessories; Oil residue, phosphate fertilizer, lime, gypsum, urea. The wheat harvest begins in June, and the wheat stalks are put away and piled up in the open space far away from the sowing shed. There is no need to crush when stacking: when collecting corn stalks, they can be crushed and used when drying in the sun in June 5438+065438+ 10, or they can be cut into two sections for fermentation; Cow dung should be pulled back to cool and semi-dry and mashed in advance, and then piled up into a pile with a width of 2 meters, a height of 1.5 meters and an unlimited length, naturally fermented and the temperature raised to 75℃. /kloc-turn the pile once every 0/5 days, exchange the position inside and outside, and let it ferment naturally. Cow dung can also be dried, mashed and stored for later use.
In addition, chicken manure and pig manure can also be added for culture. You can't mix clods with manure.
Oil residue: vegetable oil residue is the best, and cotton oil residue can also be used.
Bean straw: It is best to add a small amount of bean straw to the fermentation material.
Prepare phosphate fertilizer, urea, gypsum and lime.
1. Before pre-wetting the pile, sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the wheat straw pile, wet the wheat straw with a water pipe and let it soften for three days, or directly pour lime water on it.
4. When building a pile, pull all the weighed auxiliary materials to the front of the pile, first sprinkle a layer of lime on the ground and spread a layer of hay on the surface, with a thickness of about 30 cm, a width of 2.3 m and a length of about 28 m 1 mu. Stack 5-6 layers, one layer of 25-30cm wheat straw, sprinkle a layer of lime on it, spread a layer of cow dung, sprinkle a layer of oil residue, phosphate fertilizer and gypsum (1/2), respectively urinate on the upper two layers, mix auxiliary materials, sprinkle a little on each layer in 6 portions, and then spread the materials. Build a pile of such a layer of forage and a layer of accessories. Start watering after sprinkling, and water the surface of the material once. The periphery of the material should be vertical and tidy. Make a pile in the same way, the total height is 1.5m, and the top is turtle-backed. Cover with film for fermentation.
[14] After the first 6 days, the temperature in the reactor reached 70-7℃, and the reactor can be turned over after it stabilized. The method of turning the pile is: start from one side of the pile, focus on building a new pile on the other side, and insert a wooden stick or bamboo pole, that is, turn the pile. When turning the pile, the top material of the pile should be put aside and then sandwiched, the outer material should be placed on the inner layer, the inner material should be placed on the outer layer, and the lower material should be stacked on the upper layer. When flanging, the culture material should be shaken loose, and the culture material should be stirred evenly to eliminate the waste gas in the material and increase the fresh air. Spray the remaining lime and gypsum in layers. When the substance is dry yellow and white, it means that the water is insufficient. Sprinkle water when stacking materials to replenish water. Erect a wooden stick every 50 cm. After folding the stick, shake it and pull it out, which means adding a lot of pores. Uncovering the film every other day to discharge waste gas is also beneficial to the temperature rise. In about 3 days, the temperature can be raised to above 70℃, and it can be kept for 2 days, and the second turn is made.
2. After the first humidity adjustment, add auxiliary materials and vent holes, and the temperature of the material will rise rapidly, and it will take about 5-6 days to turn over the pile. Just turn over the pile in the same way. At this time, you can turn over the pile from one end, arrange the wooden stick to leave a vent hole, and then cover it with a film. After five days, turn over the pile for the third time in the same way, and spray dicofol around after turning over.
5. After the fourth and third times, the material has rotted, and the standard after maturity is brown-red wheat straw. When the hand is pulled, it will break, and the material will not touch your hand. At this time, the fourth turning is to spray deodorant or formaldehyde and acaricide on the upper edge of the material surface. Check the pH value, which is 8-8.5. After turning over, you can prepare the cold material for sowing in two days.
[6] When the material can be sown after the fourth pile turning, the key is to recognize the maturity of the material. Compost should be evenly decomposed, with reddish brown color, soft and elastic straw, which can be broken by hand, without ammonia smell, peculiar smell, sticky and black, and loose materials. The PH value is 7-8. There must be no raw materials, or there will be ghostly fungi in culture.
Specific practice: spread the pile out and exhaust the waste gas, which can be opened outdoors in cold weather or directly into the shed. According to the requirements of shed opening, different sheds, different venues, rows, distances and thick wastes are different.
Ingredients and compost
Formula of culture medium: dosage per mu
1 .5000 kg of wheat straw, 200 kg of boron fertilizer, fresh cow dung 10 m3, 40 kg of urea, 500 kg of cottonseed hull, 200 kg of oil residue, 250 kg of lime, 200 kg of gypsum, and the PH value is about 8.
2500 kg of corn straw, 2500 kg of wheat straw, 6 m3 of fresh cow dung, 500 kg of cotton skin, 200 kg of oil residue, 200 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 200 kg of gypsum, 40 kg of urea and 250 kg of lime.
3. Accumulation: According to its own geographical environment, whether it is greenhouse, big bow shed, field or cave cultivation, accumulation fermentation is built near the cultivation site with convenient water and electricity.
The composting fermentation steps are pre-wetting, composting, first composting, second composting, third composting, fourth composting, and de-composting for about 28 days. It has been described above.
Selection and opening of greenhouses and open spaces
Mushrooms can be cultivated in existing greenhouses, large bow sheds and small and medium-sized sheds. If you want to build a shed, in the field where wheat has been harvested, the bow shed runs north and south, and the greenhouse runs east and west. Use old film or black film in greenhouse, and add straw curtain. Generally, the shed is 30-50 meters long.
1. Open the greenhouse as follows
① Straight edge: Generally, three rows and two walkways (4m shed) or four rows and three walkways are used for paving in the shed. Pay-off shall be paved with 60cm on both sides, 1.2m in the middle and 70cm in the walkway.
② Horizontal border: Leave 70cm wide ditches in the center of the shed as horizontal border, with 80cm- 1m for each border, and the gap between ditches is 40cm. After that, calculate how many borders the shed can make. No matter which method is used to open the border, the border should be leveled in advance, weeds should be pulled out, and the soil in the shed should be watered once a day before paving, and the humidity is appropriate, so that the soil in the shed can be squeezed into pieces by hand, and then it can be spread, and 25 kilograms of lime can be sprinkled on each mu of land.
3. The open ditch method is straight ditch, with a width of 1m, a straight width of 70 cm (soil is taken from both sides of10 cm), a ditch depth of 20cm, and an underground ditch with a distance of 20cm from the ground. Fill the soil with water, then lay the line, lay it, cool it and discharge the waste gas.
broadcast
Sowing should be carried out in sunny and cloudy days, not in rainy days, because the material will increase the water content after being wet by rain, which is easy to be infected with miscellaneous bacteria. It is sunny at noon, and it is not suitable to sow when the sun is strong, so as not to kill the strain.
1. Spreading: Take the fermented compost out of the pile, put it on the bed sprinkled with fresh lime, let it cool to below 30℃, then shake the compost evenly and spread it on the bed with turtle back. The compost thickness is about 20 cm, and the compost thickness is uniform. Sow while sowing materials.
2. Sowing methods include sowing, hole sowing and layer sowing. Regardless of greenhouse cultivation or open field cultivation, wheat seeds should be sown in layers.
Use 1.5-2 bottles of seeds per square meter. The strain requires thick white mycelium, no yellow water, no atrophy, no mixed bacteria and no mites. First, wash the strain bottle in 0.2% potassium permanganate aqueous solution, disinfect the surface before use, break the strain bottle, put the seed block into a clean basin, break it by hand, take two-thirds of the strain and sprinkle it on the material surface, then grab the culture material with a fork or hand, let the strain block fall into the material layer, level the material surface, then evenly sprinkle the remaining one-third of the strain on the material surface, and finally use a board or basin. The thickness is about 4 cm. Special attention should be paid to: the area should not be too large when sowing, and how much soil should be covered. In addition, the greenhouse can be covered with soil after 7 days of sowing.
Mushroom Covering and Management
1. Covering time should be covered immediately after sowing, which is beneficial to the growth of heat preservation and moisture retention, and can also produce mushrooms early. Generally, mushrooms begin to grow about 25 days after sowing. If the material is wet, it can be covered with soil after 7 days of sowing, so that on the one hand, the water can be evaporated, on the other hand, the mycelium growth of the strain block can be seen. After sowing, it can be covered with film or straw curtain.
2. The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus must be covered with soil, and it is impossible to grow mushrooms without covering soil. The greenhouse and open field are cultivated evenly, and soil is directly taken from the aisle. First, break the excavated part of the walkway, sprinkle a little phosphate fertilizer, slag and lime powder on it and mix well. The maximum size of soil particles shall not exceed 2 cm, and the soil moisture shall be kneaded into a flat shape by hand and kneaded into a ball shape without sticking to hands. Cover the soil when sowing. If you sow in the open field, you can directly cover it with a plastic film and a straw curtain. The frame should be turtle-shaped, and the soil around the material surface should be tightly covered, with a uniform thickness of about 4 cm. By the way, a ditch is formed in the walkway, which can drain water, humidify, ventilate and moisturize.
3. Management of greenhouse sowing after plastic film mulching. After covering the soil, the surface of the material can be covered without straw curtain. In order to prevent the soil surface from losing water quickly, a plastic film can be covered. Don't uncover the film for the first three days, then uncover it once a day, and ventilate for 30 minutes each time to increase the fresh air in the bacterial bed. If the soil surface is dry and white, you can spray the surface with a sprayer. If the hyphae under the film have been on the soil for about 15 days, the film can be uncovered to increase the humidity, so that the aerial hyphae can lodging and thicken, and grow linearly and horizontally, so that the hyphae in the soil can not reach the soil surface because of the dryness of the soil layer, and can be managed flexibly according to the soil conditions of the hyphae. The distance between mycelium and topsoil is 1 cm, and all substances are white. Can enter the mushroom production period management.
Mushroom production management
When the temperature drops below 20℃ and stays above 13℃, the mycelium full of substances will soon produce mushrooms. At this time, the key is to keep the soil moisture. Check whether the mycelium in the soil layer is about 1 cm away from the ground surface, the edge of the mycelium is low, the fruiting is slow, the mycelium is on the surface layer, the fruiting density is small, and it is easy to become thin-skinned mushroom with low yield.
1. Mushroom growth promotion is to induce hyphae to kink and form primordium. The main method of mushroom promotion is water, which is called mushroom water. When the mycelium grows to 1 cm above the soil surface, spray heavy water once, with water of .5-2.5 kg per square meter. Water can be sprayed according to the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil, and it should be sprayed below 20℃ in the morning or afternoon. Increase the ventilation after spraying water. Air holes should be opened on both sides of the greenhouse, and both ends should be exposed, 1-2 times a day, 30 minutes each time. After spraying water, if the temperature is appropriate, a large number of original white spots will be formed in the soil. At this time, water spraying can no longer be used to avoid the death of the original base, and attention should be paid to heat preservation and water management.
4. Management of fruiting body growth time. After 2-3 days, the primordium formed by water spraying will differentiate into mushroom buds. When they grow to the size of soybeans, spray heavy water once to increase soil moisture and meet the water needed for the growth of fruiting bodies. This time, the water is called mushroom water. Spraying water depends on the weather, soil moisture and the size and number of mushroom buds. On sunny days, the soil is dry and white, there are many mushrooms, mushroom buds are big, and the amount of water sprayed is large. Spray water with a sprayer or pour water with a watering can. Rainy days and cloudy days, the soil is wet, there are few mushrooms, and the mushroom buds are small, so spray less or no water. When the mushroom surface is smooth, white and without scales, it means that the water is insufficient, and it is necessary to spray water in time to increase the humidity. The soil moisture of the mushroom can also be squeezed flat and round without sticking hands, and the mushroom cover can be harvested about 5 cm.
Collection and management of mushrooms
1. Harvest When the mushroom buds grow to 3-5 cap diameters, the membrane is not broken and the folds are not exposed, they should be harvested. Generally, it can be harvested in 5-7 days at a suitable temperature. When harvesting, pick the big ones and keep the small ones, and take turns picking, taking care not to hurt the young mushrooms around. For clustered mushrooms, cut the big mushrooms with a knife, leaving the small mushrooms to continue to grow. Stem 1 cm, the incision should be smooth and not broken. When cutting roots, put open mushrooms and deformed mushrooms together, put standard mushrooms together and carefully put them in plastic baskets or barrels. At the same time of harvesting, clean up the dead mushrooms and sick mushrooms on the mushroom bed, and fill the mushroom foot pit with soil.
4. Tidal transfer management After harvesting each batch of mushrooms, thoroughly clean up and remove the residual roots and dead mushrooms on the grate bed, repair the cover soil, fill the foot pit of Pleurotus ostreatus, spray insecticide, cypermethrin and acaricide once, and then spray heavy water once, which is called tidal transfer. After 3-5 days, the next wave of mushrooms formed again. Some mushroom beds produce mushrooms continuously, generally 4-5 tide mushrooms, and the nutrition is basically exhausted. Before the Spring Festival is frozen, if you sow early and in early September, you can sow 2-3 crops before 65438+February, then only 1 crop, and sow 3 crops after March in spring. Guanzhong area has a dry climate, high degree of artificial management and obvious mushroom tide times. In the humid areas of the south, mushrooms are constantly produced, and there is no obvious tide. The quality of autumn mushrooms is better than that of spring mushrooms.
Overwintering management
When the temperature is lower than 10℃, few mushrooms grow. At this time, stop spraying water and do a good job in wintering management. Its practice is: cover the bed with a layer of grass curtain or film, keep warm and moisturize, remove the cover 1-2 times a week, and ventilate 1 hour at noon. If there are mushrooms on the bed, harvest them in time, check that the soil on the bed is not too dry and keep the soil in a slightly wet state.
Mushroom management in spring
A list of the coolest mushrooms in the world (20) After corn stalks are harvested every winter, they can be sent out for planting in11-65438+February. Mushrooms grow in winter before winter and spring. These mushrooms are also called spring mushrooms. The temperature of autumn mushroom in spring is above 12℃, that is, in mid-March, it will enter the management of spring mushroom. At this time, uncover the film, spray insecticide once, then spray 1 time heavy water, drench the soil and fill the walkway with water. If the soil is dry, it can be flooded twice until the soil penetrates. In spring, the temperature rises quickly and mushrooms grow fast. You need to pick it twice a day in May to avoid picking big mushrooms. After the last two mushrooms come out, they can be sprayed with nutrients and most of them to increase the yield and quality.
Mushroom pest control
In the process of mushroom growth, diseases and pests will occur due to inappropriate environmental conditions, or lack of fermentation culture materials, or failure to clean up in time after mushroom picking. Each manager is required to complete each operation strictly, hygienically and adequately. The field in the shed is often sprinkled with lime, the materials must be thoroughly cooked and mixed, and the covering soil should be clean. The water should be sanitary, clean and the air in the shed should be fresh. Once there are flies and nematodes, spray them with mushroom insecticide, beta-cypermethrin or salt water, and spots will appear on the upper surface of mushrooms. More ventilation, less water. Spraying Kangning or Chlorothalonil for early prevention and treatment can completely control the occurrence of pests and diseases.
Mushroom topdressing has a knack.
Generally speaking, the nutrition supply is not timely in the peak and late growth period of mushrooms, which will cause mushroom deformity and seriously affect the yield and quality of mushrooms. Top dressing mushrooms in time can increase the yield of mushrooms. When mushrooms are sown in the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse should be adjusted below 20℃ and kept above 65438 03℃, and the mycelium filled with the material will grow out quickly. Agricultural personnel should keep the moisture in the soil layer. It is understood that mushrooms should generally be watered frequently and watered frequently. Generally, each batch of mushrooms should be topdressing 2-3 times per mu. At the same time, water should be used for topdressing, and the dosage per square meter is 250-500ml. After mushroom fertilization, clear water should be applied once to wash off the fertilizer solution on the mushroom in time, which can avoid the occurrence of mushroom spots and yellow spots in time. The application of fertilizer solution and water can make mushrooms fully absorbed.
In order to effectively increase the yield of mushrooms, timely fertilization should be applied to improve the growth and development of mushrooms. Agricultural workers strengthen the management of mushroom house, choose 150g urea or 250ml ammonia water, add 50kg water, and spray evenly after dissolution, which can make the mushroom body thicker. You can choose Lvbokang 1: 1000 times solution, and spray it evenly every 5-7 days during the development of mushroom fruiting body to the size of mushroom soybean, which can avoid the occurrence of mushroom deformity and disease in time and effectively improve the mushroom yield by 20-30%. Mushrooms were sprayed with phytohormone water, diluted by 65438+l000 times with phytohormone Jindu 1 powder (2g/m2 with l000ml water). Spray once after each mushroom. It can promote the hypertrophy and fruiting of mushrooms, increase the shelf life of mushrooms, and generally increase the yield by 20-30%. At the same time, high-quality decomposed human excrement and urine can be added into mushrooms, and human excrement and urine can be sprayed with 10-20 times of water. After spraying, it can be sprayed with clear water once to promote the normal growth of mushrooms.