Laozi

About 600 BC to 500 BC

the Spring and Autumn Period

Thinker and founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period. Lao Dan, Bo Yang, was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang, Guxian County, Chu (now Lu Yidong). He was a "historian in charge of books" in the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius once asked him for a gift, and then retired and wrote Laozi. When I say Lao Tzu, I mean Tai Shiyun or Lao Laizi. Whether Laozi was written by Laozi has always been controversial. Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". "Tao" is an objective natural law, and at the same time it has the eternal significance of "being independent and unchanging, walking without danger" The book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the disaster is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". "The way of heaven, the loss is more than enough, but the way of man is not, and the loss is not enough"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" . His theory has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its contents are mainly found in Laozi.

Confucius was convinced

5565438 BC+0-479 BC

Lu people in the Spring and Autumn Period

Thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. He used to be an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty. Less "poor", longer, once served as "Commissioner" (accountant) and "farm" (animal husbandry) and so on. Learn from an ordinary teacher. According to legend, Li was invited, learned the truth of being a man from Changhong, and learned the piano from this teacher. Gather disciples to give lectures and engage in political activities. At the age of 50, he was promoted as a shepherd by the governor of Lu, and took photos of the incident. Later, he traveled around Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Qi, Chu and other countries, claiming, "If you are useful to me, what about the Eastern Zhou Dynasty?" Finally, it is useful. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient literature such as poems and books, and edited the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Lu historians, which became China's first chronological historical work. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples, including more than 70 famous (sages). His thought is centered on "benevolence", which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The existing book The Analects of Confucius records the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, which is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.

Deng Xi

545 BC-5065438 BC +0

the Spring and Autumn Period

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a pioneer and a famous legalist. Zheng Guoren. He used to be Zheng's doctor and opened a private school. He used his bamboo punishment (the law written on bamboo slips) to teach people and publicize the rule of law. "People ... know that there are countless litigators" ("Lv Chunqiu? From the phone "). His "ambiguous statement, a word can be established without investigation" has a great influence on later debaters. Hanshu? Deng was recorded in Yiwenzhi, which was written by later generations under a name.

Ceng Zi

505 BC to 436 BC

[Spring and Autumn? Lu]

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Nanwucheng (now Feixian County, Shandong Province) was born. A famous ginseng, the word Yu Zi. Confucius students. Be famous for filial piety. Once put forward "my day three provinces" ("The Analects of Confucius? Learning and ") the cultivation method. People believe that "loyalty and forgiveness" is Confucius' consistent thought, and he also advocates "being cautious in the end (cautious in the death of parents), pursuing the distance (pious in ancestor worship), respecting people's virtue" and "not going to school when committing crimes" Many of his words and deeds are recorded in Dai Dai, and it is said that he also wrote the University. Later feudal rulers honored it as "Zongsheng".

Zisi

483 BC to 402 BC

Warring States period

Philosophers in the early Warring States period. Kong, Ming Ji, grandson of Confucius. According to legend, he was educated in Ceng Zi. Advocating the Confucian moral concept of "sincerity", believing that "sincerity" is the foundation of the world and taking "golden mean" as its theoretical core. Mencius was once employed by his disciples and developed his theory, forming the Meng Si School. Later feudal rulers respected it as "telling the saints". Hanshu? Twenty-three pieces of Zi Si were recorded in Yiwenzhi, which has been lost. It is said that he wrote the existing Book of Rites, The Doctrine of the Mean, Notes on the Table and Notes on the Square.

Mozi

(about) 468 BC to 376 BC

Warring States period

Thinker, politician and founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Mingzhai. Xiangchuan was originally from the Song Dynasty and lived in Shandong for a long time. I studied Confucianism, but because I was dissatisfied with the complexity of etiquette, I set up a new theory and called my disciples to give lectures, which became the main opposition of Confucianism. His theory of "God's will" and "Ming Ghost" inherited the traditional ideology of Yin and Zhou Dynasties, but added the contents of "non-destiny" and "universal love", opposed the Confucian theory of "destiny" and "love for the poor", and held that "adhering to destiny" was a great disaster in the world, and advocated "mutual love and mutual benefit", which should not be divided into relatives and friends. Pursue the spirit of "sticking to the heel and benefiting the world". His thought of "non-aggression" reflected the people's intention to oppose the war at that time, and his thoughts of "non-happiness", "frugality" and "frugality in burial" were aimed at the nobles' "extravagant enjoyment". It also attaches importance to production, emphasizing that "those who rely on strength are born, and those who are not poor in money are not born" ("Mozi? Non-enjoyment "), and put forward" Shang Xian ","Shang Tong "and other political ideas, holding that" officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people have no ultimate foundation ","the hungry get food, the cold get clothes, the workers get comfort, and the chaos gets treatment ",with the educational purpose of" promoting the benefits of the world and destroying the harm of the world ",with special emphasis on hard work and discipline. Mohism had a great influence in the ideological circle at that time, and it was also called "excellent learning" with Confucianism. The existing fifty-three articles of Mozi are the basic materials for studying Mozi and Mohism.

zhuangzhou

(about) 369 BC to 286 BC

Warring States period

Philosophers in the Warring States Period. Mingzhou. Song Guo Meng (now the northeast of Shangqiu, Henan) was born. He used to be a paint garden official in Monti. Born in a poor family, he borrowed millet from Jianhe Hou (official name), but was refused employment with thick coins. He inherited and developed Laozi's viewpoint of "Taoism is natural" and emphasized the spontaneous development of things. He believes that Tao is naturally produced, originated from itself, and was sealed before the beginning of Tao (that is, Tao is unbounded), thus achieving "all things are the same" (that is, all things are the same). He also believes that everything is "motionless, motionless." "The world is nothing more than late autumn, and the mountains are small; The devil hurt the child, and Peng Zu died "("Zhuangzi? The Theory of Everything) advocates the unity of things and me, the unity of right and wrong, the unity of size, the unity of life and death, and the unity of nobility and inferiority, and advocates the spiritual realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything and me are one", which is peaceful and worry-free. For me, Yang imagined beauty. He is the author of Zhuangzi.

xunzi

(About) 365438 BC+03-228 BC

Warring States period

Thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States period. Name, when people respect it as "Qing". Han people taboo Xuan Di, once renamed Sun Qing. Zhao Guoren. He studied in the state of Qi and served as a wine offering for three times. Later, when he arrived in Chu, Chun Shen Jun appointed him as the order of Lanling (now Lanling Town, Cangshan, Shandong), and wrote a book and said that he was the last to teach. Han Fei and Li Si are both students. His theory summarized the academic thoughts of pre-Qin philosophers and developed ancient materialism. For example, he opposed the theory of destiny and superstition of ghosts and gods, and put forward the view of "controlling life and using it". If you think that people can understand objectivity through the perception of "heavenly officials" (senses) and "heavenly kings" (hearts), they emphasize that thinking is better than feeling. It is also believed that "everything is different, so it must be covered with each other", and to get a correct understanding, the mind must be "empty and quiet", which is contrary to Mencius' theory of "good nature", and that human nature is "evil" and "its good is illusory", and only "learning the law with courtesy can be good". His political view is a combination of "rule by courtesy" and "rule by law", adhering to the Confucian theory of "correcting names", emphasizing the name of respect and inferiority, and advocating that "law is king" (following the way of Wen, Wu and Zhou Gong). Economically, it advocates the views of "practicing economy, opening up new sources and reducing expenditure" and "saving workers and peasants" Fu Pian is thorough in reasoning and rigorous in structure, which has had an impact on the rise of Han Fu. Xunzi wrote it.

Dong Zhongshu

BC 179 to BC 104

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25AD)

Philosopher of Western Han Dynasty, master of modern Confucian classics. Guang Chuan (now Zaoqiangdong, Hebei Province) was born. Specializing in the biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram. Once a doctor, Jiangdu Xiang and Jiaoxi Wang Xiang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the wise men and put forward the "three strategies of heaven and man", suggesting that "the subjects of the six arts and the skills of Confucius should be exhausted, so they should not be advanced." Adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it formed a political pattern of "respecting Confucianism alone, deposing hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone", which was followed by feudal rulers for the next two thousand years. Its study is centered on Confucian patriarchal clan system, mixed with the theory of yin and yang and five elements, and integrates theocracy, monarchical power, patriarchal clan system and husband power to form a feudal theological system. His theory is centered on the theory of "the unity of man and nature", which holds that "the monarch is endowed by God", and "Heaven" often expresses its wishes or condemnation to the rulers on the earth with Fu Rui and disasters. He also compared heaven with human resources to demonstrate his concept that "the great source of Tao comes from heaven, the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged". He also put forward the feudal ethics of "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and advocated the circular historical view of "black, white and red". He is the author of Spring and Autumn Annals and Collected Works of Dong Zi.

Yang Xiong

53-65438 BC

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25AD)

One is Yang Xiong. Philosophers, writers and linguists in the Western Han Dynasty. Word cloud. Chengdu (now Sichuan) is a native of Shu County. When he became emperor, he served Huang Menlang. When Wang Mang was a school book, Tianluge was an official doctor. People eat, not drama, but are famous for their articles. In his early years, Yang Chang Fu, Gan Quan Fu and Hunting Feather Fu imitated Sima Xiangru's Fu such as Zi Xu and Shang Lin. Later, Fu Bo wrote "Carving Insects and Seal Carving" and "Forcing a Husband to Do Nothing" and turned to philosophy. Imitating the Analects of Confucius is the law, and imitating the Book of Changes is too mysterious. It puts forward the theory that "Xuan" is the foundation of all things in the universe, emphasizes the necessity of truthfully understanding natural phenomena, and holds that "the living will die, and the beginning will die", which refutes the superstition of fairy magic. In terms of social ethics, he criticized Laozi and Zhuangzi's view of "abandoning benevolence and righteousness" and attached importance to Confucianism. He believed that "human nature is also a mixture of good and evil, and cultivating its good is a good person and cultivating its evil is a wicked person" ("Law? Fix things "). He once wrote dialects, describing dialects in various parts of the Western Han Dynasty, which is an important material for studying ancient languages. Continue "Cang Xie" and compile "Xun Bian". The original collection was compiled in Ming Dynasty, but it has been lost. Yan Qing Kejun's A Complete History of Three Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Six Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties contains four volumes, such as Fu and Zhen, which are the most detailed.

Chong Wang

(Approximately) 27-97

Eastern Han Dynasty

Eastern Han materialist philosopher. The word ren zhong. People from Shangyu (now Zhejiang) in Huiji. Born in an isolated family, he seldom went to Luoyang Imperial College, studied under Ban Biao, and was good at explaining articles without observing chapters and sentences. He worked as a county official and a middle official, and was later dismissed from his post at home, specializing in writing. Xie Yiwu of the same county wrote a letter recommending talents. Emperor Zhang of Hanzhao specially invited a bus sign, but he didn't go because of illness. On the study of "harmony between heaven and earth gives birth to everything, and harmony between husband and wife gives birth to children" (on balance? Nature), that is, the movement of qi produces everything. The "disaster" in nature is the result of the change of "qi" and has nothing to do with personnel. He also believes: "husband is heaven, nature and inaction;" If you send a message to a person, it is promising and unnatural "("Sending a Message "). People's life and spirit are based on "essence", and "essence leads to death" (On Death), which does not recognize that there is a soul that exists independently from the body. His theory of "harmony between man and nature" and the superstitious ideas of disasters, accusations, ghosts and gods that were popular at that time also wrote articles such as Ask Confucius and Stab Mencius, opposing the transformation of Confucian classics into dogma. On the other hand, the article emphasizes the content and advocates that "a hundred articles are harmless to the world"; No, one chapter is useless "(Self-discipline). And advocate popularization, and oppose the worship of the past, simulation and "flashy hypocrisy" (ibid.). He is the author of Lun Heng.

Ji kang

224 - 263

[Three Kingdoms? Wei]

Writers, thinkers and musicians in the Three Kingdoms and Wei Dynasties. Word uncle night. Guo? 9 Luo (now southwest of Su County) people. With the marriage of Wei imperial clan, doctors are scattered in the official, and the world is called scattered in the middle. Advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi, stress the way of health preservation and diet. As one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", it is as famous as Ruan Ji. Because he advocated "not Tang Wu, but thin Kong Zhou", he was dissatisfied with Sima Group, which was in power at that time. He was framed by Zhong Hui and killed by Si Mazhao. Philosophically, it is believed that "the spirit of Taoism is endowed by all living beings" ("Ming Dan Lun") affirms the spirit endowed by all things. He also put forward the theory that "the more famous religion is, the more natural it is", advocated returning to nature and hated the complicated Confucian ethics. Lu Xun called his essays "novel in thought, often against the old theory", and his representative works include Breaking Up with Shanshiyuan and Learning from others is naturally difficult. Poetry is longer than four words, and its style is clear and solemn. There is a poem of resentment handed down from generation to generation. The theory of sound without sorrow and music holds that music itself has no distinction between sorrow and music, and the same music can cause different feelings. He is good at drumming, especially playing Guangling San, and has written Fu Qin, which describes the playing method and expressive force of Qin in detail. He is the author of San Ji in Jizhong, which has been lost. Ji Jikang, compiled by Mr. Lu Xun, is the most detailed literature compilation in later generations.

Wang bi

226 - 249

[Three Kingdoms? Wei]

Wei metaphysician in the Three Kingdoms. The word auxiliary heir is a man, and Wei (now Jiaozuo City, Henan Province) is a man. He was a businessman, a young man with a literary name. He died at the age of 24. He is good at talking about Confucianism and Taoism and can avoid arguing with words. He is equal to Yanhe and Xia Houxuan in advocating metaphysics and speaking freely, and is known as "the voice of the beginning". It is believed that "nothingness" is the ontology of all things in the universe, and "Tao" is also called "nothingness". Although the world is big, "silence to nothingness is its foundation." He also believes that "everything starts from nothing" and affirms that the famous religion (has) comes from nature (has). He also "helped the old into Confucianism" and replaced the declining Confucian classics with metaphysics. His annotation "Yi" emphasizes philosophy and sweeps away the tedious wind of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. He is the author of Zhouyi Annotation, Zhouyi Brief Examples, Laozi Annotation and Laozi Annotation.

Xuanzang

602 - 664

the Tang Dynasty

Commonly known as monk mage, commonly known as Tang priest. Monks, Buddhists and Travellers in the Tang Dynasty, together with Kumarajiva and Zhen Zhen, were called the three great translators of Buddhism in China, and one of the founders of only knowing Sect. The surname is Chen, a famous man. Luozhougou (now Yanshigou Town, Henan Province) is a native. After becoming a monk, I visited famous Buddhist teachers all over the world. I decided to study Buddhism in Tianzhu because I felt that the theories of various factions were different and it was difficult to draw a conclusion. In the third year of Zhenguan (AD 629, the first year of Zhenguan), Emperor Taizong left Liangzhou westbound for Yumenguan and went through all the difficulties to reach Tianzhu. I first learned it from Jiexian in Nalanduo Temple. Later, he traveled to Tianzhu to talk with local scholars and became famous. Seventeen years later, in the nineteenth year of Zhenguan (AD 645), he returned to Chang 'an. E organize the translation of classic works, * * * translate 75 classic works and treatises, 1335. The translated Buddhist scriptures are often translated word for word and meticulously, enriching the ancient culture of the motherland and preserving precious classics for ancient Indian Buddhism, which is called "new translation" internationally. He compiled The Theory of Knowing Only by Success, holding that "I" (subject) and "Fa" are only the realization of "knowledge" and are not real. Only by breaking away from "self-adherence" and "law-adherence" can we achieve the realm of "becoming a Buddha". He also wrote The Western Regions of Datang, which is an important material for studying the ancient history and geography of India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Central Asia. His stories, such as Wu Changling's "Journey to the West in Tang Sanzang" in Yuan Dynasty and Wu Cheng'en's The Journey to the West novels in Ming Dynasty, were widely circulated among the people in past dynasties, all of which originated from his deeds.

Han Yu

768 - 824

the Tang Dynasty

A writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. Return the word. Yang He, Henan Province (now south of Meng County, Henan Province). Self-proclaimed county king Changli, known as Han Changli in the world. I was lonely in my early years, raised by my sister-in-law, and studied hard. Zhenyuan was a scholar, appointed as the censor and demoted to Yangshan. After the pardon, he served as Dr. Guo Zi and assistant minister of punishments. He was demoted to Chaozhou secretariat for discouraging Xian Zong from welcoming Buddha bones. After the official to the official department assistant minister. He died in the funeral procession and was called Han Wengong. Politically, he opposed the separatist regime of the buffer region, and ideologically respected Confucianism and excluded Buddhism. In literature, he opposed the parallel prose style since the Six Dynasties, advocated prose, and advocated the ancient prose movement with Liu Zongyuan. His prose inherits the tradition of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and has great potential for development. Known as the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". The original Taoism and originality have maintained the Taoist tradition passed down from Yao and Shun to Confucius and Mencius. It is also believed that human nature can be divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower. The highest is born good, the lowest is born evil, and the intermediate can lead to the best good or evil. However, in Teacher's Commentary, it is believed that "people are not born to know" and it is proposed that "disciples need not be inferior to teachers, and teachers need not be superior to disciples". His poems strive to be novel, with prose in them, sometimes dangerous and strange, which has a great influence on Song poetry. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Changli.

Li ao

772 - 84 1

the Tang Dynasty

Philosopher and writer in Tang Dynasty. Word of it. Ji Cheng (now Qin Andong, Gansu Province) in Longxi is called Zhaojun. Zhenyuan Jinshi, the official to Shannan Dongdao our time. Shi Wen's philosophy is deeply influenced by Buddhism. Rename Book is a fusion of Confucianism and Buddhism. It holds that human nature is good, that love is born in nature and leads to good and evil, and that love is faint and hidden. It puts forward the method of mindfulness to eliminate evil love, so as to achieve renaturation and become a saint. He studied ancient prose from Han Yu and was an active participant in the ancient prose movement. Lainan Lu is a diary article handed down very early, with simple style. His works include Li Wen's Collection of Official Documents.

Liu Yuxi

772 - 842

the Tang Dynasty

A writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. Dream of words. Luoyang (now Henan) was born in Zhongshan (now Dingxian, Hebei). Between Zhenyuan and Zhenyuan, there are two subjects: Jinshi and Hongci. Give supervision and advice. Join the Wang clique and oppose the separatist forces of eunuchs and buffer regions. After the failure, Sima Lang was demoted and Lianzhou was moved to be the secretariat. Pei Du recommended, moved the prince, and added the history of the school. The world is called Liu Binke. He forged a deep friendship with Liu Zongyuan and was called "Liu Liu". Later, he sang a lot with Bai Juyi, also known as "Bai Liu". His poems are popular and fresh, good at using metaphors and giving political content. Tian Ge, Zhi Zhu's Ci, Liuzhi's Ci and other poems are full of folk songs, which is unique in Tang poetry. Philosophically, it puts forward the viewpoints of "Heaven and Man win each other" and "use each other", and holds that the function of nature lies in "generating all things" and that of man lies in "governing all things", and opposes the theories of "karma" and "interaction between heaven and man". He is the author of Liu Mengde's anthology.

liu zongyuan

773 - 8 19

the Tang Dynasty

A writer and philosopher in Tang Dynasty. Word thickness. Hedong Xie Xian (now Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng County, Shanxi Province) was called Liuhe East in ancient times. Zhenyuan Jinshi, awarded the school book lang, transferred to Lantian Wei, and promoted to supervise the empire. Joined Wang Group with Liu Yuxi as the minister of rites. After the failure, he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima. Later, he moved to Liuzhou for secretariat, so he was also called Liu Liuzhou. Both Han Yu and Han Yu advocated the ancient prose movement and were included in the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties". His prose is vigorous and powerful, and his reasoning is thorough. The snake catcher's theory exposes social contradictions and criticizes current politics, which is sharp and powerful. Fables such as "Three Commandments" are short and pithy. "Eight Chapters of Yongzhou" and other landscape travel notes, writing landscapes, are pinned in many places. It is also a poem with distinctive style. From the philosophical point of view, it is considered that "vitality" is the objective existence of matter, and it is denied that there is a higher master above "vitality". He also pointed out that yin and yang should not "reward merits and punish disasters" and opposed the popular thought of karma at that time. The article "Heaven to Heaven" answers the questions about the universe, nature and history raised by Qu Yuan in Tian Wen thousands of years ago. There is also the idea of advocating harmony between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Hedong.

Li Gou

1009 - 1059

Northern Song Dynasty

Thinkers in northern song dynasty. The word Taibo, scholars call Mr. Xu Jiang. Cheng Nan (now Jiangxi) people. I used to work as a teaching assistant in Tai Xue, and I spoke directly when I was promoted. Oppose the hypocritical moral concepts of "profit" and "desire" that Taoists are not allowed to talk about. It is believed that "people are born without profit." "The desire for human feelings is unspeakable?" Affirmed people's material life requirements. He also said: "Farming is inevitable, and the soil is not there." Put forward the idea of "well organized, balanced fields and acres, and grain for the tiller". His works include The Collected Works of Talking about Mr. Li (Collected Works of Xu Jiang).

Modern philosopher

Ren introduced:

1965438+Born in April 2006, 15, from Pingyuan County, Shandong Province.

1934 was admitted to the philosophy department of Peking University, and 1938 graduated from the philosophy department of The National SouthWest Associated University, Kunming. 65438-0942 graduated from Kunming Branch of The National SouthWest Associated University Peking University College of Literature, and stayed there as a teacher. From 65438 to 0956, he was promoted to professor.

1964 to 1985, director of the institute of world religions of China academy of sciences. The establishment of the first religious research institution in China has jointly trained religious undergraduates with Peking University, and trained a large number of religious research talents for new China.

1987, he has served as director of Beijing Library, Professor Peking University, doctoral supervisor of graduate school of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, convener of religious group of China Social Science Fund, chairman of China Atheism Society, academic representative, academic consultant of Wang Xizhi Art Research Institute, and was elected as the representative of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th National People's Congress.

His main works include Collection of Buddhist Thoughts in Han and Tang Dynasties, On the History of China's Philosophy, Selected Works of Ren, Selected Papers of Ren's Academic Culture, etc. Editor-in-Chief: History of Philosophy in China (four volumes), History of Philosophy in China (seven volumes, four volumes), History of Buddhism in China (eight volumes, three volumes), History of Taoism in China, Religious Dictionary, and Tripitaka in China (six volumes in Chinese).

Ai Siqi (19 10- 1966) was born in Tengchong, Yunnan. A famous Marxist philosopher. Formerly known as Li Shengxuan, he was renamed Ai Siqi because he admired Marx and ilych (Lenin). 1928 studied in Japan, taught himself natural science and philosophy. 193/kloc-0 returned to China to participate in the anti-Japanese national salvation movement after the September 18th incident in.

1933 joined the Shanghai Federation of Social Scientists, and 1935 joined the China * * * Production Party. /kloc-went to Yan' an in 0/937, where he taught philosophy and edited Liberation Daily. After liberation, he taught at the Central Party School. He was the vice president of the Central Party School and an academician of China Academy of Sciences. His works include Popular Philosophy, Philosophy and Life, and Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism. Ai Siqi's essays are few in number, but they are strong in emotion, magnificent and unique.

1935, the publication of Popular Philosophy made Ai Siqi a household name. Popular philosophy, as its name implies, is to make the new philosophy, that is, Marxist philosophy, accepted by millions of ordinary people with easy-to-understand language and lively forms. It was attacked by some scholars before the founding of New China and banned by the Kuomintang authorities. It is a popular book, which has been published for thirty-two editions since its publication.

People who have been to Yan 'an in the 1940s will describe, "In Yan 'an, Mao Zedong talked about dialectics, Zhu De talked about guerrilla warfare, and Ai Siqi talked about popular philosophy ..." Popular philosophy inspired Qian Qian's desperate distress and hesitation in the dark old China, and many young people embarked on the road of pursuing truth under its influence.

Feng Youlan (China 1895- 1990) was born in Qiyi Town, tanghe county. 13 years old lost his father and studied hard. Studied in Kaifeng Zhongzhou Public School and Peking University successively. 19 19, Henan native, public student, graduated from graduate school of Columbia University, 1923, doctor of philosophy. From 65438 to 0949, he served as the chairman of Tsinghua University School Affairs Conference. 195 1 received an honorary doctor of literature from Delhi university, India, and 1952 was a professor of philosophy at Peking university. 1982 received an honorary doctor of literature from Columbia University. 1955 was elected as a member and standing member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of China Academy of Sciences, and concurrently a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of China Academy of Sciences. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he also served as a member of the second, third and fourth sessions of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, the sixth and seventh sessions of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, the representative of the Fifth National People's Congress and the second and third sessions of the NLD Central Committee.

Feng Youlan wrote a lot in his life, with nearly 5 million words in Chinese and English. In the 1920s, he published A Comparison of Physiological Thoughts. In 1930s, he compiled a two-volume History of China's Philosophy, which was an important achievement of China's modern academic research and established his position as the main founder of the history of China's philosophy. Six Books of Zhenyuan were written during the Anti-Japanese War, namely, New Neo-Confucianism, Theory of New Things, New World Training, New Primitive Man and New Original Road.

Feng qi

( 19 15— 1995)

Famous historian and philosopher. He used to be president of Shanghai Philosophy Society, vice president of Chinese Philosophy History Society, president of China Dialectical Logic Society and honorary director of the Philosophy Department of East China Normal University.

Feng Qi, formerly known as Feng Bao? 19 15 was born in Zhuji, Zhejiang. 1935 was admitted to Tsinghua.

He studies philosophy. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he went to Yan 'an and traveled to Shanxi, Hebei and other places to participate in the Anti-Japanese War.

Daily work. 1939 went to the National Southwest Associated University to study again, 194 1 graduated. From 194 1 to 1944.

During my postgraduate study in Tsinghua Research Institute, I studied under Jin, Tang Yongtong and Feng Youlan. leave

Since the establishment of National Southwest Associated University, he has taught in Yunnan University, Tongji University and Fudan University.

Academic papers and papers are published in magazines such as Philosophical Review, Times and Articles, and Outlook.

He began to teach at East China Normal University in the early 1950s and successively served as a philosopher of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.

Deputy Director of Scientific Research Institute, Vice President of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, member of the first the State Council Academic Degrees Committee.

Members of the subject evaluation team, etc. , editor-in-chief of the Dictionary of China's Philosophy History and Modern Philosophy History; individual

Man's philosophical works are Feng Qi's collected works in volume 10.

Li Zehou, a famous philosopher, 1930 was born in Changsha, Hunan Province in June. Graduated from philosophy department of Peking University in June, 1954. He is currently a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, an academician of the Paris Institute of International Philosophy, and an honorary doctor of humanities at Colorado College.

Li Zehou became famous in 1950s, and became a family with his aesthetic view of "unity of objectivity and sociality" which emphasized practice and humanization. In 1980s, Li Zehou continuously expanded his academic field, which made the ideological circle struggle on the road of enlightenment. In the 1990s, Li Zehou lived in the United States and published books such as The Analects of Confucius and New Dreams in the Century, which gave profound humanistic care to China's future social construction.

The main contents of Li Zehou's works

1, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong's Thought Research (published by Shanghai People's Publishing House 1958)

2. Essays on Aesthetics (published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House 1979)

3. Criticism of Critical Philosophy (published by People's Publishing House 1979)

4. History of Modern Thoughts in China (published by People's Publishing House 1979)

5. The course of beauty (published by Cultural Relics Publishing House 198 1)

6. History of Chinese Aesthetics (Volume I, cooperation with Liu Gangji) (published by China Social Sciences Press 1984).

7. The History of Ancient China Thought (published by People's Publishing House 1985)

8. Selected Works of Li Zehou's Philosophy and Aesthetics (published by Hunan People's Publishing House 1985)

9. Go your own way (published by Sanlian Bookstore 1986)

10, History of Chinese Aesthetics (Volume II, cooperation with Liu Gangji) (published by China Social Sciences Press 1987) 1 1, History of Modern Thoughts in China (published by Oriental Publishing House 1987).

12, Huaxia aesthetics (published by Chinese and foreign cultural publishing companies 1989)

13, Four Lectures on Aesthetics (published by Sanlian Bookstore 1989)

14, New Dreams in the Century (published by Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House 1998)

15, reading of the analects of confucius today (published by Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House 1998)

16, the five fairs (published by China Film Publishing House 1999)