165438+ 10/4 is 14 United Nations Diabetes Day. This year's theme is "Nurses and Diabetes". The purpose is to strengthen the important role of nursing workers in diabetes health management, effectively intervene the risk factors of diabetes, promote the early detection and intervention of high-risk groups and patients, and improve the self-management ability of diabetic patients.

For diabetic patients, effective prevention and nursing are very important, and diet, as a key step of nursing, is a "steed" to control blood sugar, which runs through the whole process of diabetes treatment. "Diabetic patients should have good diet management every meal all year round, so as to control blood sugar." Liu Jing, director and chief physician of Endocrinology Department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, said that at present, the number of diabetic patients in China exceeds 654.38 billion. Diabetes has become the third most serious chronic disease that harms human health in the world after tumor, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the occurrence of diabetes is becoming younger. Prevention and control should implement the principle of "early detection, early treatment, early arrival and early benefit". If someone in the family suffers from diabetes, we must do a good job in diet management to control and delay the occurrence and development of diabetes. Based on the eating habits of spring, summer, autumn and winter, a menu was made for the dining table of diabetic patients.

Overweight and obesity are high-risk groups of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease, which is characterized by the increase of blood sugar caused by the deficiency of insulin secretion and/or action. The typical symptoms of diabetes are "three more and one less" (drinking more, eating more, urinating more and losing weight). People with typical symptoms of diabetes can be diagnosed as diabetes if they meet any of the following conditions: the blood sugar at any time in a day is11.1mmol/l (200 mg/dl); The fasting blood glucose level was 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl). The blood glucose level of oral glucose tolerance test for 2 hours was11.1mmol/l (200 mg/dl).

Who has a high risk of diabetes? Liu Jing introduced that one of the following factors must be met: age 40, overweight and obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes, birth history of macrosomia (birth weight 4Kg) and so on.

Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was 6.65438 0 mmol/L.

Liu Jing introduced that diabetic patients are often accompanied by abnormal metabolism of fat and protein. Long-term hyperglycemia can cause many organs, especially eyes, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves or organ dysfunction or failure, leading to disability or premature death. Common complications of diabetes include stroke, myocardial infarction, retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Poor control will cause serious harm, for example, the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in diabetic patients is 2-4 times higher than that in non-diabetic people of the same age and sex, and the onset age of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is earlier and the condition is more serious; Diabetic retinopathy is the main cause of blindness in adults. ...

"Keeping a healthy lifestyle, reasonable diet and regular exercise can prevent diabetes," Liu Jing suggested that healthy people should test their fasting blood glucose 65,438+0 times a year from the age of 40, and those with pre-diabetes should test their fasting blood glucose 65,438+0 times every six months or 2 hours after meals.

Liu Jing said, if you are already a diabetic, don't be too pessimistic. Managing the diet on the daily table is also equivalent to managing the development of diseases. According to the climate change of the four seasons, she made different food "lists" for sugar friends. Advocate patients to control their diet, adapt to seasonal changes and control their blood sugar smoothly.

spring

To increase resistance, you can eat some foods with higher calories.

As the beginning of the year, spring is full of vitality, and the physiological function and appetite of the body will change. Therefore, diabetic patients should adjust their diet reasonably to ensure the supply of essential nutrients and improve their immunity.

Every organ of the body becomes active, and diabetics need to increase their intake of nutrients. Spring will accelerate the decomposition of protein in the body, leading to decreased resistance and a series of diseases. In order to meet the metabolism, patients should increase their resistance in time and eat some foods with high calories such as fish, milk, beef, soybean milk, soybeans, walnuts and sesame seeds. You can eat more digestible foods, such as shredded pork, sour meat, stew, meatballs and so on. Eat less sour, greasy and indigestible food. But spring is also the period when the weather changes the most in a year. The temperature changes suddenly from warm to cold. For people who love to eat sugar, when choosing spring tonic food, they must follow the principle of "controlling total calories and adjusting structure", strictly control the intake of high-calorie, high-fat, high-sugar, spicy and irritating foods, avoid eating desserts such as jujube, appropriately increase the intake of yam, japonica rice, peanuts, dairy products, eggs and fish, and eat more leeks, garlic, onions, parsley, spinach and fish.

autumn

Avoid cold and high-sugar diets

Many people have begun to choose to take supplements in autumn. There are many problems to pay attention to in autumn. For sugar friends, pay more attention to the diet in autumn. A reasonable diet can help sugar friends stabilize their illness.

Diabetic patients need to pay attention to maintaining good eating habits in autumn diet. Because the climate in autumn is relatively dry, many people will be thirsty, and for diabetics, symptoms of thirst will appear. Therefore, sugar friends should pay more attention to preventing autumn dryness and increase the amount and frequency of drinking water. In addition, many people attach great importance to sticking to autumn fatness, and will inevitably eat some foods with too high calories. Diabetic patients should pay attention to avoid taking too many calories. Excessive calories will lead to the accumulation of fat in diabetic patients and convert it into sugar, which will easily aggravate the condition of diabetes.

It turns cold in autumn, so diabetics should not eat anything too cold. If they eat too much cold food, it will easily lead to various digestive tract diseases, affect the physiological and metabolic functions of patients, and adversely affect the stability of blood sugar levels. Also pay attention to avoid eating spicy food and high-sugar diet, including candied fruit, watermelon, honey, brown sugar and so on. Eat more light food, such as bitter gourd; Fruits with low sugar content, such as apples, pineapples and cherries. Among vegetables, you can eat more pumpkins, wax gourd, spinach, oil wheat vegetables and so on.

summer

Easy to sweat, drink more water, eat less and eat more meals.

Too high temperature in summer can lead to loss of appetite, and many sugar friends think this is a good time to control their diet. In fact, this practice is more dangerous, because the blood sugar value itself will decrease in summer, and most patients still maintain the previous dose of hypoglycemic drugs. If you artificially reduce food intake, it is easy to cause hypoglycemia. At the same time, energy consumption is high in summer, and the meal time is irregular. In order to better control blood sugar, it is necessary to eat properly and regularly.

People who love sugar can appropriately relax the amount of staple food, eat less and eat more meals, or supplement appropriate amount of fruit between meals and before going to bed, but pay attention to the sugar content of fruit. It is also impossible to completely replace the staple food with fruit, and it is necessary to ensure that carbohydrates provide 50%-60% of the total daily calories.

Sweating in summer is easy to dehydrate, and sugar friends are more likely to dehydrate when blood sugar is out of control. The higher the blood sugar, the more urination. Therefore, sugar friends should drink more water, but they must limit alcoholic beverages. Due to the poor resistance of diabetic patients themselves, they consume a lot in summer and their physique will be relatively weak. Eating cold food is easy to cause gastrointestinal discomfort, acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte disorder and so on. , will raise blood sugar, and even induce acute complications of diabetes.

winter

Control the intake of staple food and choose fruits with high dietary fiber.

In winter, the temperature drops sharply, outdoor activities are reduced, and the body defense ability of diabetic patients is weak, which is easy to aggravate the condition and make complications more frequent. Therefore, diabetic patients should adjust their diet reasonably.

In the usual diet, diabetics should control staple foods such as rice, flour and starch, and avoid spicy, irritating and fried foods. Eat at least 5 kinds of vegetables, 3 kinds of cereals, fruits, dairy products or meat every day, eat more coarse grains, eat less polished rice and refined flour, and control the intake of snacks such as peanuts and melon seeds.

Cooking methods are mainly based on less oil, such as steaming, boiling and stewing, less frying and less seasoning (such as pepper, pepper and mustard). ); Drink more sugar-free drinks such as tea, instead of white wine, drink a little wine at most. It should be reminded that the meal time should match the time required for oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injection to avoid hypoglycemia.

In winter, diabetics should control their blood sugar before eating fruit. Patients with unstable blood sugar control can eat vegetables such as tomatoes or cucumbers as fruits first, and then choose to eat fruits after their condition is stable. After eating fruit, you must reduce the intake of staple food. It is recommended that diabetics eat fruit100-200g. Different kinds of fruits produce different calories, such as peaches and plums. After eating, blood sugar rises slowly.100-125g is equivalent to 50g of rice. Kiwi and fig have low sugar content, so you can eat 150g, minus 50g of rice. The principle of fruit selection is "two lows and one high", that is, choose fruits with low sugar content, low glycemic index and high dietary fiber. The recommended fruits in winter are orange, grapefruit, kiwi fruit and apple.

Expert profile: Liu Jing, doctor of medicine, professor, chief physician, director of endocrinology department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, leader of national key clinical endocrinology specialty, director of the fifth Council of China Circulation Society, vice chairman of diabetes special committee of China Circulation Society, vice chairman of diabetes special committee of China Circulation Society, president of endocrinology and metabolism branch of Gansu Medical Doctor Association, and a leading talent in Gansu Province. He used to be the editorial board of China Diabetes Magazine and other magazines. He was awarded the titles of "Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker in Gansu Province", "My Favorite Health Guardian in Gansu Province" and "Physician Award of China Endocrinology and Metabolism Physician Association".