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Release date: 65438+February 2, 2005 2 1: 50.
Sports Thought and Practice Activities
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, among which Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism were also called "three outstanding figures", which originated from the three major civilizations of Shandong, Song and Chu respectively. They each represented a certain class and stratum, and their philosophical thoughts, health preserving thoughts and sports practices had a far-reaching impact on that time and later generations.
Thoughts and health care of an old man and a Zhuang nationality.
Both Lao Zi and Zhuangzi belong to Taoism, which originally belonged to a philosophical school. Later, some viewpoints were used and developed by Taoism and some health experts, forming different health-keeping views.
Laozi, Lao Dan (also known as Li Er), was born and died in Chu. There are 5000 words in the Tao Te Ching, which is Laozi. His thought represents the declining slave owner class, and his social thought advocates "small country with few people" and "governing by doing nothing".
The center of Laozi's philosophical thought is "nothing". He advocates "quietness", "nothing", "no desire", "emptiness, quietness, loyalty", "softness" and "female". Oppose strong and enterprising, and think that "things are strong and old, which is called non-Tao, and non-Tao is for yourself." That is to say: if things are strong, they will decline, and if they die, they will die. Therefore, it advocates maintaining the original state, "de-extremization, de-luxury and de-Thai", and achieving "inaction" from "inaction". This laid a theoretical foundation for later generations' sports health-keeping ideas such as "resting" and "keeping inside".
Laozi's social thought has its negative side, but it contains simple dialectics. For example, he advocates that "misfortune comes from the mouth, and happiness comes from the mouth", and that the desires of "five colors", "five tones", "five flavors" and "galloping for hunting" should be moderately controlled, which has certain reference value for exercise and health preservation.
Zhuangzi, a native of Song Dynasty, was the core figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period. He is more negative than Lao Zi. Everything in the world is regarded as relative, so there is no difference between life and death, longevity and happiness, so you don't have to care too much, and you don't have to pursue infinite knowledge with limited life. Everything is left to its own equipment and handled safely. He fantasized that he would completely forget all the contradictions and differences ("breaking his limbs, being smart, knowing from his body, being the same as Datong, this is called sitting and forgetting"). So he doesn't advocate physical training at all.
However, some of Zhuangzi's thoughts have an influence on meditation and qigong in later generations. He put forward several principles of keeping in good health in his inner chapter, which are also of reference value to future generations.
Do not advocate active knowledge: "My life is limited and my knowledge is limited. With the limit, it is almost infinite. "
Don't overdo it, and take it for granted: "Good has no near name, and evil has no near punishment. The governor thinks that classics (that is, they take it for granted) can protect his body, support his life and support his loved ones for years."
Follow the example of "knowing people well and being a cow" and advocate "acting according to the nature".
It is argued that there is no need to pursue the eternal life of the body, because human life, like fire, will go out one day. ("Fat and poor for wages, fire spread, I don't know what to do." )
However, in the later period, Zhuangzi turned to the realm of immortals and looked down on people who specialized in "health preservation" and "guidance". All these had a certain influence on Zhuangzi's later research.
Erkong and Mo's Sports Outlook and Practical Activities
1. Confucius, Zi Qiu, (55 BC1~ 479 BC), was a great thinker and educator in the history of China. Founder of Confucianism, representing the declining slave-owning class. It has rich sports thoughts and practices, but it does not value military courage, which has a very important impact on future generations.
(1) Physical education in education.
As mentioned earlier, in the Confucian private schools founded by Confucius, there are courses similar to physical education, such as shooting and defense. He advocated that "those who are literate must be armed, and those who are armed must have culture." Teach disciples the "Six Arts" of "Ritual, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering". Confucius is a very powerful man ("the key to expanding territory"), and his disciples Ruo, You Ran, Fan Chi, Luz, Ruligang Gong, etc. are all brave enough to join the army.
But the core of Confucius' political thought is "benevolence" and the moral code of conduct is "courtesy". Advocating "self-denial and courtesy", therefore, he did not attach importance to military courage. Advocating "courage and chaos"; "A gentleman is brave and heartless, while a villain is brave and rude like a thief"; "Shooting is not the main skin, but the strength is different." (See the Analects of Confucius above. )
⑵ Confucius' health preserving thought
There are many records in The Analects of Confucius, which still have reference value. For example, "food is exposed as soon as it is touched (food goes bad and stinks), and the fish is hungry and the meat is defeated, so don't eat it;" Do not eat evil; Smelly and disgusting; If you lose your job, you will have no food. " Although there is a lot of meat, it doesn't make you feel better than eating (not too much), but the wine is endless, unlike eating indiscriminately, sleeping without words, sleeping without a body (sleeping without lying down) and so on. According to Liu Xiang's Shuo Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty, it seems that Confucius once taught Lu Aigong the way to live a long life: "People have three lives, not their fate. From time to time, if the husband sleeps in the bedroom, he will be killed by illness and overwork. If you want to live a long life, you need to pay attention to the combination of work and rest, moderate diet and moderate rest. Otherwise, you will get sick and die. )
(3) Pay attention to sports and entertainment.
Besides archery and archery, Confucius also likes fishing, shooting, mountaineering and hunting. "The Analects of Confucius" says: "Fish without outline, don't shoot at night." In addition: "Confucius climbed the East Mountain and made small contributions, and climbed Mount Tai and made a small world" ("Mencius devoted himself to articles and sentences"); "Confucius is an official in Lu, Lu people are good at hunting, and Confucius is good at hunting." ("Hunting" should be regarded as activities such as wild hunting. For details, see Mencius and Zhang Wan). In addition, Confucius also approved of disciples traveling. According to the advanced Analects; Confucius asked his disciples what their wishes were, and Ceng Dian said, "People in late spring have put on spring clothes. There are five or six champions, six or seven boys, bathing (swimming in Lishui), dancing (swimming here in the dance year), and returning home. " Confucius said, "Me and Dianye." ("I appreciate what Ceng Dian did." All these indicate that Confucius prefers sports. However, Confucius also advocated "the benevolent is quiet", "the benevolent is long-lived" and "listening without being convinced", so later Confucian scholars preferred silence to movement, which is another aspect of the influence of Confucius' sports thought.
4. Mozi, whose name is Zhai. Song people in the early Warring States period. He once studied under Confucius, and later criticized Confucianism for establishing Mohism, which is the representative of small handicraft industry. His political theory advocates universal love, mutual non-aggression, Shang Xian and Shang Tong. Resolutely oppose war and advocate the use of force against the annexation war of other countries. In his educational thought, there are many contents about military equipment.
"Mozi Shang Xian Xia" records: "If there are governors here today, it is to govern their country. Day; I will reward those who can shoot soldiers of our imperial army; If you can't shoot a member of the royal family, I will punish him. ..... I will be able to photograph the happiness of the royal people, but I can't photograph the fear of the royal people. I want to reward them and seduce them. "
It is said that Mozi's disciples formed a group headed by Lizi, and they all attached great importance to military affairs. There are 180 people who serve it. "Everyone can go through fire and water, jump on the blade and never look back." In addition, there is a record that disciples learn to shoot from Mozi again (Mozi Meng Gong: "Two or three disciples learn to shoot from Mozi again"), which shows that Mohist education must shoot again.
Sanxunzi's thought of health preservation
Xunzi was born in Zhao during the Warring States Period. He is the biggest Confucian after Mencius, but he transformed Confucianism into a legalist. He believes that good or bad luck, longevity and good or bad luck are all man-made, not determined by heaven, which is a criticism of Mencius' theory of destiny. Therefore, he advocates that "man can conquer heaven." He said: "If you are prepared and take action, then the sky won't get sick ... If you are slightly prepared and moved by emotion, then the sky can't make it all." (On Xun Tian Zi) It is pointed out that a person's health and life span depend on whether all kinds of maintenance conditions are available the day after tomorrow and whether they are timely and positive, rather than on innate fate. Emphasizing the significance of exercise to human health is consistent with the concept of "keeping fit by exercise" that has been passed down to this day.
Xunzi also advocated Zhang Li and self-cultivation. It is advocated that noble knights should be used to reward those who are good at archery ("shooting at a long distance and shooting at a close range"), which shows that their education system also has the content of shooting defense.
In addition, Xunzi also advocated music and dance. He said: "listen to its elegance and praise, and be proud of it;" Hang in there, learn to pitch, bend and stretch, and have a good look. To do what you have to do, you need its rhythm, but the ranks are correct and the advance and retreat are neat. Therefore, if you are a musician, you will be punished and humiliated "(Xunzi's Theory of Music). But what he said about music and dance is obviously mainly related to "propriety and righteousness".
The Physical Education Thought and Practice of Guanzi
Guan Zi, also known as Zhong, was a great statesman of Qi State. He is a legalist and a political representative of the emerging landlord class. In his reform, he took some measures related to sports:
Internal affairs and military orders. Combine national residents' organizations with military institutions. The whole country is divided into 2 1 township, 6 industrial and commercial townships, and 15 agricultural and industrial townships. In the "hometown of scholars and peasants", followed by military establishment ("five families are the rails, five people are friends, and the rails are long and high; Ten tracks in the middle, so 50 people are Xiaorong, and there is a teacher in the middle ... "Four miles is a company, ten companies are a township, five townships are a teacher, and * * * ten thousand people are led by" hometown lovers "and so on. ) Select talented people to be commanders, and take the merits and demerits of practicing martial arts as rewards and punishments. In this way, "the people are even in the army!" Therefore, military sports have gained popularity.
4. Promote the earliest development of "Boxing" in Qi State. Guan Zhong advocates "making weapons with high-quality steel" and "selecting talents and appointing talents" (selecting people with martial arts talents). Especially the latter, "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" said: "In Zi's hometown, there are people who are brave and brave, and those who show their bones and muscles are outstanding, and some people tell them. If you don't sue, you will hide, and your sin is five. " In other words, people who are strong and have martial arts all over the country should report it, otherwise they will be punished as "five punishments". In addition, advocating "acclimatization" (making people practice martial arts, "using what they can and attacking what they can't") made Qi's "Dragon War" (boxing and instrumental martial arts first appeared) become the overlord of the vassal States. It can be seen that the new landlord class thinker "Legalist" advocated agricultural warfare, which really promoted the popularization and development of military sports.
Wu Lu's health-keeping thought in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is a masterpiece that integrates the theories of pre-Qin philosophers with his disciples, and is called a "miscellaneous work". Among them, there are more than a dozen articles about health preservation. There are three outstanding ideas:
1. Exercise for health, keep fit and get rid of diseases.
The article "All" said: "Running water does not rot, and the household pivot does not pick up. So is Qi. If the shape does not move, the essence will not flow, and if the essence does not flow, it will be depressed. " The "qi stagnation" will cause various diseases in the head, ears, eyes, nose, abdomen and feet. This is the theory of "keeping in good health by exercise". He also advocated that you should not drive in and out, relax and hate work, and strengthen activities to promote "metabolism" in order to live a long and healthy life.
4. Abstinence, taking advantage of harm.
"Meng Jichun" said: "Sages also feel the smell of sound, which is beneficial to sex and harmful to sex. This is also the omnipotent way. " Therefore, the author puts forward the principle of "harmony and abstinence, taking advantage and eliminating pests". For example, you can't eat too much. "Ji Chun Collection" points out: "Being born with Yin and Yang, being cold and dry and wet, changing in four seasons, and everything changing, all have advantages and disadvantages. Saints keep the right of yin and yang and distinguish the interests of all things in order to survive. So the spirit is safe and the life span is long. Those are long, not short and continuous, bi. When you finish your work, you care about injuries. " The author points out that sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty (five flavors), joy, anger, worry, fear and sadness (five emotions), cold, heat, dryness, humidity, wind, rain and fog (seven climates) are harmful to the body. Therefore, "I don't know the essence of health preservation, and I will get sick if I know the essence."
[14] Fitness is too late.
Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals also advocates health preserving methods and precautions in different festivals. Such as "midsummer" (May of the old calendar); "Is a month, a long time, Yin and Yang. When a gentleman fastes, there must be a technique (sound sentence, cover the body), want to be quiet, have no impatience, stop talking, or not enter, have a thin taste, have no peace, quit addiction, and settle down ... "and so on. "Midwinter" (165438+1October) should pay attention to "fasting, digging everywhere, wanting peace of mind, getting rid of alcohol, abstaining from addiction, being peaceful, wanting peace of mind and waiting for yin and yang." Wait a minute.