Keywords: traditional culture; Leisure thought; analyse
China's traditional culture contains rich leisure thoughts. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism all have their own views on leisure. China's leisure culture has a long history and is profound. Especially the leisure culture with literati as the main body is an important part of China traditional culture. [1] China's leisure culture has its unique and rich connotations and manifestations, from poetry and songs to lyrics novels, from piano and chess painting to drinking at tea ceremony, from landscape gardens to hermit health preservation, all of which are permeated with unique leisure cultural implications. This fully embodies the Chinese nation's special cognition and experience of leisure. In today's economic globalization and cultural diversification, it is the unshirkable responsibility and obligation of contemporary leisure researchers to attach great importance to China's ancient leisure thought, fully tap the implied value of ancient leisure, and constantly seek the modern transplantation and cultural transformation of China's traditional leisure, which is also one of the important topics of leisure research today.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period of social and political turmoil in history. In order to stay away from political persecution, the literati adopted a life attitude of avoiding politics, being indifferent to politics and facing nature. These literati especially admire the philosophical thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi. They cherish the feelings between mountains and rivers and pursue a clean and inaction life. Beautiful mountains and rivers have become the recreational objects of literati's leisure and aesthetic meditation. Scholar-officials' awareness of tourism and leisure is more mature than before. People appreciate the mysterious interest in traveling, pursue the harmonious realm with Taoism, and try to return their spirit to the natural state. At that time, the reality of social and political turmoil and the pure mentality of literati advocating nature and rural life directly contributed to the gradual maturity of leisure thought in this period. Zong Baihua made a general description of the art of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in terms of aesthetic orientation. The late Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the most chaotic time in China's politics and the most painful time in society. However, it was an era of great freedom, liberation, wisdom and enthusiasm in the spiritual history. Therefore, it is also the most artistic era. (P.208) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an era of artistic consciousness, aesthetic consciousness and human consciousness.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can be regarded as an important period for the formation of China's ancient leisure thought. Rich natural and humanistic tourism resources provide an inexhaustible source for the emergence of leisure thought. The leisure thought in this period is mainly reflected in the creation of increasingly emerging landscape poems and pastoral poems. Climbing mountains and playing with water, a leisure way, has long been an important part of the enjoyable life of literati and nobles. Political dissatisfaction often makes these literati condense their disappointment and frustration in their poems. Traveling around can often make them forget their anguish and troubles. Therefore, landscape poems aimed at describing the beauty of landscapes and pastoral poems praising the beautiful rural life have become the most important creative materials in literary works at this time. The main representatives of famous landscape poets in this period are Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Xie Tiao and others, who are the main representatives who started the school of landscape poetry. Li Daoyuan's and Yang Xuanzhi's travel notes of the Northern Dynasties not only vividly describe the natural landscape, but also describe the human landscape, which are excellent works with great academic value. Tao Yuanming found another way in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. He refused to bend over for five buckets of rice, so he turned to love and praise nature, especially longing for seclusion. Poetry and calligraphy are good, but gardens have no secular feelings? ,? Good meditation garden, good death. . His pastoral poems are full of love for natural and beautiful rural life. And his Poem of Peach Blossom Garden outlines a kind of tranquility, simplicity and naturalness? Peach Blossom Garden? The ideal state is really charming! But the difference between Li Daoyuan and Tao Yuanming lies in his emphasis on documentary creation, while Tao Yuanming pays attention to the description of ideal life. They not only laid a solid foundation for the formation of China's ancient leisure thought, but also had a far-reaching influence on China's modern leisure thought.
The pastoral poems initiated by Tao Yuanming, an outstanding poet in ancient China, are full of love for pure pastoral life. His prose work "Peach Blossom Garden" outlined the ideal for us. Xanadu is an ideal society that China's traditional reclusive culture yearns for. Throughout the ages, scholars and writers hope to find a secluded place in the noisy world? Xanadu, and take such an ideal social form as the spiritual sustenance of being independent. Tao Yuanming's poems, such as "Gui Xi Ci" and "Drinking", sincerely praised the leisurely seclusion. This paper explores the connotation of leisure thought in Tao Yuanming's works from different angles, hoping to enrich and expand the research of modern leisure science.
Tao Yuanming, (about 365 AD? 427), the word is bright, No.56, Mr. Jingjie, posthumous title. A famous poet, writer, lyricist and essayist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Born in a dilapidated bureaucratic landlord family. He served as Jiangzhou Wine Festival, Zhenjun joined the army and Peng. Dissatisfied with the dark reality that the gentry and landlords were in power at that time, Ren Pengze ordered him to resign and retire in less than three months, and wrote the word "Return to Xi", which was self-evident. From now on? Self-financing? Until he was 63, he died of poverty and disease. He is good at poetry and prose, and most of his poems describe natural scenery and his life scenes in the countryside. Among them, his excellent works imply his hatred and unwillingness to go with the flow of the decadent ruling group, but they also preach? Life is impermanent? 、? Lotte Yasushi? And other negative thoughts. He worked as a small official for several years, then resigned and went home, and then lived in seclusion. Rural life is the theme of Tao Yuanming's poems, and his related works include Drinking, Returning to the Garden, The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu, Returning to Xi Ci, Poetry of Peach Blossom Garden and so on. His poetry creation created a model of China's ancient pastoral poetry and a new realm of China's classical poetry. From ancient times to the present, many people like Tao Yuanming's life philosophy of sticking to a cold and secluded place, expressing pastoral feelings and being free from vulgarity, as well as his artistic style of diluting the distance, being natural and unparalleled.
Tao Yuanming's leisure thought is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, he inherited the characteristics of the tradition of expressing feelings and aspirations since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and his poems include "Going to the Poetry", "Drinking" and "Peach Blossom Garden". Hermit poetry? Sincere praise for leisurely seclusion. Peach Blossom Spring, which has been circulated for thousands of years, conceived a quiet, simple and natural? Peach Blossom Garden? The ideal state is charming! And take such an ideal social form as the spiritual sustenance of being immune. The second is pastoral poetry (landscape poetry) reflecting seclusion. Later generations often use simplicity, plainness and naturalness to evaluate the style of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. Hermits are proud of the mountains, wandering in the Woods, embracing beautiful mountains and rivers and praising the earth, forming a large number of landscape poems that express their feelings with scenery. Different from Tang poetry and Song poetry, the landscape poetry of the Six Dynasties is more detached, more carefree, more elegant in style, more meaningful in writing, and has higher aesthetic value. Let's specifically analyze the connotation of leisure thought in Tao Yuanming's works:
First, Tao Yuanming's "Returning to the Garden"
Five poems in "Returning to the Garden" were written in the second year after his retirement. Among them, the first poem expresses his joy after getting rid of the boring officialdom life and the infinite pleasure brought by seclusion in the countryside, and shows the author's yearning and love for nature, seclusion and leisure life. The article skillfully integrates narrative, discussion and lyricism to create a vivid, natural and fascinating artistic realm; The language is natural and simple, washing away the strong local flavor.
Back to the garden house
one
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature.
I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years.
Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past.
I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields.
The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.
Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital.
The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.
Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster.
There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.
Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today. (P.380)
In the first poem "Returning to the Garden", the poet expressed his dislike of official career in a few short sentences. What we see here is not only a few huts on elms, willows, peach trees and plum trees, but also a few wisps of kitchen smoke in the village. What we hear is not only the barking of dogs in the deep alleys and the crowing of chickens in the treetops, but all these constitute a realm: quiet, quiet, simple and natural. The poet's pastoral poems not only objectively describe the beautiful rural life, but also emphasize and show his interest in this beautiful rural life. He expressed what most aroused his thoughts and feelings in life, and fully showed the poet's feelings of loving the free and simple rural leisure life and despising the cheating official life. Being fettered, once I return to my own countryside, I feel that all this is so fresh and beautiful. Because? Qualitative nature? 、? Ben Ai Qiu Shan? Tao Yuanming, who regarded his career as a cage, finally resigned and retired, abandoned the hubbub and returned to nature. The mood is naturally carefree. This simple rural life is in sharp contrast with the ugly secular life. And you can see a free and easy poet singing to this quiet pastoral scenery? You can return to nature after staying in a cage for a long time? The voice.
Secondly,
There are few chariots and horses in the secluded places when the countryside makes friends with the secular world.
Cover the door during the day, thinking about wine.
When there are many people in the market, grass grows all over it.
When we meet, we don't talk about worldly affairs, only that the garden is long in Sang Ma.
My field is growing higher and higher, and my cultivated land is expanding day by day.
Often worried about sudden frost, crops wither like shrubs. (P.380)
The second song of "Returning to the Garden" is intended to write about the tranquility of rural life. Write from the front first? Quiet? . Living in a remote country, there is little secular communication and entertainment, and few guests visit. Just because there are no vulgar things to disturb, so? Cover Fei Jing during the day and think about it in an empty room? . Chai Men, with the door left unlocked, has a quiet bedroom, which separates the worldly noise from the worldly distractions.
However, Chai Men also has its opening moments, poet? When complex market music, wear grass * * *? I often talk to my neighbors and sing horses. However, in the poet's view, what about simple farmers? * * * With grass? , not secular? Personnel? ; * * * words, isn't it? Miscellaneous words? . Compared with officialdom full of cleverness and hypocrisy, there is a new world here.
Country life also has its joys and sorrows. ? The days in Sang Ma are long, but those in our country are wide? , pleasing; At the same time, I am often afraid of frost and grass? . However, this joy and fear is not? Think about dust? On the contrary, this simple joy and fear means that rural labor makes the poet's mind clear and pure, and his feelings simple.
Poets either speak from the front or from the side, so that readers can feel the tranquility of the countryside and their own state of mind. Yuan Haowen once said:? Is this poem written directly on the chest? . The poet described a quiet and pure world here. Nowadays, people in the city travel to the countryside, but they are tired of people's entertainment and relieve the pressure of work and study. Do they want to go to the countryside to relax?
third
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas.
Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes.
It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will. (Page 380-382)
In order not to make the bean field barren, the poet went to the fields early in the morning and came back in the moonlight at night. Although it was hard, he didn't complain. Where did this come from? Take the Moon Lotus hoe home? You can see beautiful scenery. ? It's ridiculous to get up in the morning, and you brought the lotus home? This poem adds a strong poetic flavor to the hard work of farmer Dai Yue. The interest of Tao poetry comes from freehand brushwork. ? Take the Moon Lotus hoe home? Although the poet who returned from labor was alone, he was accompanied by the bright moon. The poet under the moon walked through waist-deep grass with a hoe on his shoulder. Returning to the countryside on a moonlit night, what a beautiful picture! It is full of the poet's happy mood and seclusion pride. People feel a leisurely pleasure of enjoying rural life during their leisure time. Now people in the city can enjoy the pleasure of rural life by traveling to the countryside, engaging in various leisure activities, eating farmhouse meals, living in farmhouses and doing farm work.
Second, Tao Yuanming's "drinking"
"Twenty Poems of Drinking * * *" is a poem written by chance after drinking, not written at the moment. This is the fifth of the twenty songs in Drinking. What does the first half of this poem focus on? The heart is far from self-centered? The second half is about the poet's carefree mood of enjoying the natural scenery.
drink
Fifth.
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.
What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. (Page 380-382)
These rural areas, ordinary things and rural life that others look down upon are so beautiful, quiet and particularly cordial in the poet's pen. After retirement, Tao Yuanming personally participated in productive labor, approached the working people and praised labor, which made his pastoral poems more full of working life.
This poem is mainly intended to show the poet's application of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties? Get carried away? Do you understand the theory? True meaning? Our thinking process contains rich philosophical thoughts and noble tastes. However, it is not a boring and simple philosophical deduction. The poet described its carefree mood and beautiful scenery for us. In this wonderful artistic conception, there is a philosophy that everything has its place. This philosophy was highly refined and concentrated by the poet. The heart is far from self-centered? The poet said meaningfully: the heart is far from egoism? . Peace of mind, peace of mind If you don't seek fame and fortune, even if you live in a downtown area, it's like living in a deep mountain. This profound truth is plain and touching by the poet. Poetry skillfully uses symbolism. ? Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan? . People have reached the essence of leisure in the state of carefree and enjoying themselves. ? Do birds know when they are tired of flying? This is the beauty that the poet inadvertently saw. In the beautiful dusk of Nanshan, the birds returned to the mountains together, and everything was free and adaptable, just like the poet yearned to get rid of the shackles of officialdom and be carefree. The poet realized the true meaning of nature and life here.
The last sentence of the fifth part of drinking? There's a real meaning in this. Did you forget to say it? Give readers rational enlightenment. ? True meaning? We can understand it as the true meaning of life, that is, the goal of human life is not to pursue fame and fortune, nor should it be defiled by dirty officialdom, but to return to nature, enjoy the infinite beauty of nature and enjoy a leisurely life. The whole poem fully shows the author's understanding of the true meaning of life from the beautiful scenery of nature, thus gaining a peaceful mind. The artistic conception of poetry is peaceful, and the poet's mentality is indifferent. The poet picked chrysanthemums under the east fence and looked up leisurely, and the beautiful Nanshan naturally came into view. At night, the weather on the mountain becomes more and more lovely, and flocks of birds come back together. Looking at the natural beauty in front of me, the author suddenly thought of his secluded countryside, from which he realized the philosophy of returning to nature, which was very gratifying.
The tendency of the seventh poem is the same as that of the fifth poem, and it is also a poem about objects and a poem about the bosom, which is extraordinary and refined.
Part VII Drinking
Autumn chrysanthemum is more beautiful because of its good color.
Chrysanthemum wine is in the heart, the heart is more beautiful, and the feeling of avoiding customs is deeper.
Although you are alone, the cup is crooked.
As the sun sets, birds call to Lin Huan.
Intoxicated in the east window, let this life be this life. (page 90)
This poem was written by a poet who drank and ate chrysanthemums and stayed away from the world. The poet's favorite in his life is wine and chrysanthemum, both of which are outstanding, and these two points are vividly reflected in the fifth part of Drinking. Chrysanthemum is a specialty of Ao Shuang, so eating chrysanthemum can cultivate one's self-cultivation and lead a totally clean life. Drinking this wine that forgets your troubles will make your feelings more extraordinary. Seeing the returning birds enter the forest, I feel the destination of life. Poets especially like to describe pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and returning birds. In these scenes, the poet's firm and detached character and his love for freedom and nature are reflected.
Third, "Peach Blossom Spring"
Peach Blossom Garden is one of Tao Yuanming's representative works, which was written in the second year of Yongchu (AD 42 1). At this time, the author has retired to the countryside 16 years. From official career to pastoral, and then from pastoral to Taoyuan, this is the poet's further exploration of the ideal realm. Did Tao Yuanming have it when he was young? Good luck? Pool, but on the official career.
During the Jin-Tai-Yuan period, Wu Lingren took fishing as his occupation. Walk along the stream and forget the distance. Suddenly I met the peach blossom forest and grabbed the shore for hundreds of steps. There are no miscellaneous trees in it, and the grass is delicious and colorful. Fishermen are very different, so they move on and want to become poor.
When the forest is short of water, there are mountains. The mountain has a small mouth, as if there is light. Leave the ship and enter through the mouth. Only by being narrow at first can we understand people. Take a few steps and you will be suddenly enlightened. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile land, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo. The traffic in the building is so busy that chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them are men and women, dressed like strangers, with yellow hair and enjoying themselves.
Seeing the fisherman, he was startled, asked what he had never said, and answered. You have to go home and set up wine to kill chickens for dinner. When the village heard about this man, Xian came to inquire. Since Master Yunzu escaped from the chaos of the Qin Dynasty and led his wife to this desperate situation, he did not come back and separated from outsiders. You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese or Wei and Jin Dynasties. This man speaks every word with a sigh. The others went home, eating and drinking. Stop for a few days and resign. China has a saying:? Humanism is not enough for outsiders. ?
Help the road when you get off the boat, and you are determined everywhere. And the county, Yi Taishou, said so. The satrap means to send someone with him to find what he wants, get lost, get lost.
Liu Ziji, a noble family, heard about it and gladly did it. If you fail, you will find the disease. Nobody took care of it after that.
The article begins with beauty, tranquility and tranquility. The grass is delicious and the English is rich and colorful? Peach Blossom Forest, as a foreshadowing, leads to a simple and natural paradise. There, everything is so natural and beautiful, which is an ideal leisure world. Returning to the Garden is a political declaration of Tao Yuanming's public break with the upper class when he resigned and retired. The article used a lot of space to write about his infinite joy of leaving the officialdom, imagine his infinite joy after retiring to the countryside, and show the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion. Peach Blossom Garden describes not only a hermit's small world, but also a paradise for millions of farmers in Qian Qian, Qian Qian. Both the poet's yearning for an ideal society and the simple spiritual world of Taoyuan people reflected in Peach Blossom Garden are derived from the author's real experience of rural life for half a year. The beautiful picture of an ideal society described in this paper is a protest against the reality of a dark society. After that, with? Taoyuan? Poems with themes emerge one after another. Wang Wei's Journey to the Peach Garden in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu's Map of the Peach Garden in the Northern Song Dynasty and Wang Anshi's Journey to the Peach Garden are all famous works. This shows that Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Spring has long been loved by readers. What about today? Peach Blossom Garden? This tourist attraction has attracted countless Chinese and foreign tourists and greatly promoted the development of local tourism. People experience the beauty of the poet's works there. Peach Blossom Garden? Scenery, from which you can enjoy the beautiful scenery.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems not only laid a solid foundation for the formation of China's ancient leisure thought, but also had a far-reaching impact on China's modern leisure thought. His pastoral poems are full of love for pure pastoral life. His prose work "Peach Blossom Garden" outlined the ideal for us. Xanadu is an ideal society that China's traditional reclusive culture yearns for. Throughout the ages, scholars and writers hope to find a secluded place in the noisy world? Xanadu, and take such an ideal social form as the spiritual sustenance of being independent. Tao Yuanming's poems, such as "Gui Xi Ci" and "Drinking", sincerely praised the leisurely seclusion. This paper explores and discusses the connotation of leisure thought in Tao Yuanming's works from different angles, hoping to enrich and expand the research of modern leisure science.
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Lu Changchong and Li Zhongguang. From the Book of Songs to the Art of Life? An Analysis of China's Leisure Thought in Ancient and Modern Times [J]. Research on Dialectics of Nature, 2003, (5).
Zong Baihua. Aesthetic walk [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1997.
Notes on the Teaching and Research Section of China Literature History in Peking University. References to the literary history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1990.
Qi proofreading notes. Collected Works of Tao Yuanming Volume III: Twenty Drinking Songs [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1979.