Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo, commonly known as Ginkgo biloba, gongsunshu. It first appeared in the Carboniferous period 345 million years ago and was widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America in the northern hemisphere. It was the king of the world like dinosaurs in the animal kingdom. By 500,000 years ago, the Quaternary glacial movement occurred, the earth suddenly became cold, and most ginkgo plants were on the verge of extinction. Only when China has superior natural conditions can it miraculously survive. Therefore, scientists call it a "living fossil" and a "panda in the plant kingdom". At present, there are wild and semi-wild ginkgo communities in Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dabie Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. There is no doubt that foreign Ginkgo biloba was introduced directly or indirectly from China.
Ginkgo biloba is a famous "living fossil". Ginkgo biloba was widely distributed in the northern hemisphere in Mesozoic and Jurassic and began to decline in the late Cretaceous. The Quaternary Glacier came and became extinct in most parts of Europe, North America and Asia, and the wild Ginkgo biloba remained in the mountainous areas of western Zhejiang, China. Due to the scarcity of individuals and dioecious plants, the remaining stands will be replaced if natural regeneration is not strictly protected and promoted.
Ginkgo biloba is a unique and rich economic plant resource in China. Using the effective chemical components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its special medical and health care functions to produce health food, medicine and cosmetics is attracting the attention of research, development and production units at home and abroad. Many enterprises in various countries compete to develop and produce natural green products with ginkgo as raw materials to replace synthetic chemicals that have great side effects on human health, thus opening up an incomparably broad prospect for the development and utilization of ginkgo resources in China, rapidly improving the utilization value of ginkgo and its impact on economy, society and ecology, creating employment and wealth for the society, and also bringing great economic and social benefits to mankind.
morphological character
Deciduous trees, 40 meters high, DBH 4 meters, the bark of young trees is nearly smooth, light gray, and the bark of big trees is grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal cracks, long branches and short distances, and slow growth. Leaves alternate, scattered radially on long branches, 3-5 clustered on short branches, slender petiole, fan-shaped, light green on both sides, notched or 2-lobed on the broad top edge, 5-8 cm wide (115), with many branched venules. Dioecious, sparsely coextensive, cones solitary in leaf axils of short branches; Male cones are inflorescence-shaped, each with many stamens and 2 anthers; The female cone has a long stalk and the stalk end is often bifurcated (sparsely 3-5 forks). At the fork end, 1 ovule with discoid funicle is produced, and often 1 ovule develops into a developing seed. The seeds are drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous, oval, oblong-obovate, ovoid or nearly spherical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 65438 0.5-2 cm in diameter; The aril is fleshy, covered with white powder, and pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Testa bony, white, usually with 2 (sparse 3) longitudinal edges; Endosperm membranous, reddish brown.
Living habits
Ginkgo biloba in the wild state is distributed in the subtropical monsoon region, with superior hydrothermal conditions. The annual average temperature 15℃, the extreme minimum temperature can reach-10.6℃, the annual precipitation 1500- 1800 mm, and the annual foggy days can reach 248 days. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5-6. Associated plants are mainly Cryptomeria fortunei. , Larix species. ) Gao de. Torreya grandis Chinese fir (lamb. ) hook. China blue fruit tree. Fengxiang. Litsea macrophylla Fragrant fruit tree Chinese white poplar , Daphnia magna. , bamboo and so on. Ginkgo biloba has a long life span, and there are over 3,000 years old trees in China. The initial growth is slow and the tillering is vigorous. Female plants generally begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and trees that have been 500 years old can still bear fruit normally. Generally, it germinates from late March to early April, blooms from early April to mid-April, and the seeds mature 10 from late September to early June, and shed leaves from late June to 10.
Suitable for growing in subtropical monsoon region with superior hydrothermal conditions. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5 ~ 6. Generally, it blooms from early April to mid-April, the seeds mature from late September to early October, and the leaves fall in late October. Longevity There are ancient trees over 3000 years old in China. Generally, female plants begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and trees that have been 500 years old can still bear fruit normally. ?
Protect value
Ginkgo biloba is the only variety of ginkgo biloba, a famous living fossil of plants, and a precious wood and dried fruit tree species. Because of its many primitive characteristics, it is of great value to study the phylogeny of gymnosperms, paleoflora, paleogeography and Quaternary glacial climate. The leaves are peculiar and quaint, and they are beautiful garden ornamental trees. It has special resistance to smog and sulfur dioxide and is an excellent anti-pollution tree species. Seeds are used as dried fruits. Leaves and seeds can also be used in medicine. This species has been listed as a national first-class protected wild plant (approved by the State Council on August 4th, 1999).
protection measures
West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province is one of the nature reserves in China, and the harvesting of wild ginkgo in this area should be strictly prohibited. On the steep rock wall at an altitude of 1000 meters, the trunk of an ancient ginkgo tree with five generations living under one roof is regenerated from the trunk and the trunk base, and reinforced with stones. Ancient ginkgo trees scattered all over the country should also be protected; Many provinces and regions have cultivated it.
Key points of cultivation
Seedling propagation. The embryo is dormant. Sow in winter or early spring after stratification. When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation.
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest seed plant in relict plant. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and after 40 years, it can bear a lot of fruits and live to be over 1000 years old. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree, which blooms in May, matures in 10, and its fruit is orange-yellow drupe. Ginkgo biloba was originally distributed all over the world, and only remained in the subtropical mountainous area of China after the Quaternary Glacier. At present, the distribution of Ginkgo biloba mostly belongs to artificial cultivation.
Distribution of Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba resources in China are mainly distributed in more than 60 counties and cities in Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province leads the country in planting Ginkgo biloba leaves and producing and processing extracts. There are hundreds of research, production and teaching units in China that research and develop health food, medicine and cosmetics with machine extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves as raw materials. Ginkgo products are dazzling, and there are countless scientific papers about ginkgo. The output value of ginkgo occupies a large proportion in the national economy of various ginkgo producing areas in China, and the market competition of ginkgo resources and deep-processed products at home and abroad is fierce.
The value of ginkgo biloba
Botany often compares Ginkgo biloba with dinosaurs and is known as the giant panda in the plant kingdom. Ginkgo biloba belongs to the category of dried fruits, and among many dried fruits, the economic value of ginkgo biloba ranks third. The value of ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in food and medicine.
Ginkgo biloba is eaten to keep healthy and prolong life. Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must eat ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, baked food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol.
The medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in medicine, pesticides and veterinary drugs. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Entering the lung meridian can benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Feng Jing Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the effects of resolving phlegm, detoxicating and killing insects, and can be used to treat "furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of Ginkgo biloba appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use. Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains a lot of hydrogenated ginkgolic acid and ginkgetin. The water-soluble components of exocarp have good antitussive and expectorant effects, and their properties are similar to those of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. The effective rate of epicarp alcohol intermediate in inhibiting 22 common clinical pathogenic fungi was 865438 0%. 0. 1% hydrogenated ginkgolic acid inhibited 25 clinical pathogenic fungi with an effective rate of 92%. In addition, the inhibition rate of epicarp extract on apple anthracnose and other 1 1 plant pathogens reached 88%- 100%. The control rate of ethanol extract on geometrid reached 100% within 3 days, and it also had control effects on Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Chilo suppressalis and other pests. According to Compendium of Herbal Medicine of Folk Veterinary Medicine, Ginkgo preparation can treat strain of livestock, nasal congestion, lung abscess, cough due to lung deficiency, blood drop in urine, leucorrhea of female livestock, etc. Dingchuan decoction developed by Shandong Animal Husbandry Medical Station is used to treat infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens, and the cure rate is 95%.
Ginkgo biloba leaves also have important medicinal value. Up to now, there are more than 60 kinds of Ginkgo biloba extract with known chemical components/kloc-0. There are mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyisoprene, quinic acid, linoleic acid, python oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, α-hexenal, bilobanol, bilobanone and so on. In 1960s, the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units developed Shuxuening injection with Ginkgo biloba leaves, which has certain curative effects on coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebrovascular diseases. At the same time, Ginkgo biloba leaves can also be used as pesticides. 1kg leaves add 20kg water, boil for 30min, and then soak for 2-3 days. The control rate of spiders and Pieris rapae is over 90%, and there is no residue.
Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba are used to make healthy pillows. According to the pillow story, the seeds of Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo biloba, are sweet and nutritious, and have the same origin as medicine and food, and are also used as medicinal food or medicine. Ginkgo biloba leaves, seed coats and tree roots all contain various chemical components that can be used in traditional Chinese medicine. Choose precious Chinese herbal medicines such as Ginkgo biloba for more than three years to make healthy pillows. It is light and fragrant, and can improve the quality of human breathing and sleep. Long-term use of natural substances can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, prevent hypertension, stroke and diabetes caused by vascular aging in adults, so that adults can maintain normal cardiac output and normal nervous system function, especially middle-aged and elderly people, so that people can maintain a normal cell life cycle as much as possible and maintain the youthful vitality they dream of.
At present, there are more than 50 kinds of skin care and hair care products prepared with Ginkgo biloba extract. In addition, ginkgo beverage, ginkgo peach juice, ginkgo beer, ginkgo tea and other health products developed from ginkgo leaves have been circulated in the market and achieved good results.
The ecological benefits of Ginkgo biloba are mainly reflected in: from the perspective of cultivation, Ginkgo biloba belongs to a fruit tree-dried fruit; It belongs to timber tree species, protective tree species, insect-resistant tree species, longevity tree species and pollution-resistant tree species. Ginkgo biloba is an ideal tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forest, farmland shelterbelt, road shelterbelt, bank protection forest, beach shelterbelt, village shelterbelt, forest-grain intercropping and "four sides" greening. It can not only provide a large number of high-quality wood, leaves and seeds, but also purify the air, conserve water, prevent wind and sand, maintain water and soil, and improve farmland microclimate. It is a good tree species for afforestation, greening and ornamental, which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural and forestry planting structure in the north and south of China and the forestry development in plain agricultural areas. Ginkgo wood is of high quality and low price, and is known as "silver fragrant wood" or "silver wood". Ginkgo wood has luster, straight texture, fine structure, easy processing, no cracking, strong corrosion resistance, easy painting, low nail digging power, special medicinal flavor and strong insect resistance. Ginkgo wood can be used to make carved plaques, wooden fish and other handicrafts, and can also be used to make high-end furniture such as cabinets and desks. Ginkgo biloba has the characteristics of singing, guiding sound and elasticity, and is an ideal material for making musical instruments It can be used to make surveying and mapping instruments, pens and other cultural goods, and it is also the first-class wood for making chessboards, chess pieces, sports equipment, seals and small handicrafts. In industrial production, silver wood is most suitable for making machine models and wooden models of X-ray machine filter plates, textile printing and dyeing rollers, bodiless lacquerware, plywood, chopping boards and wooden telephones.
Ginkgo biloba also has good ornamental value. Ginkgo biloba is lush in summer and golden in autumn, giving people a handsome, gorgeous, luxurious and elegant feeling. Therefore, ginkgo biloba is regarded as an important tree species in courtyards, sidewalks and gardens at all times and in all countries. In the famous mountains and rivers and ancient temples in China, there are tall and straight ancient ginkgo biloba. They go through vicissitudes, trace back to ancient and modern times, and give people a sense of mystery. Poets and poets of past dynasties set foot in temples, leaving many poems and songs, proud of their beautiful scenery and merits. No wonder people marvel at the close relationship between ancient ginkgo biloba and ancient culture.
Ginkgo biloba is magnificent, its trunk is winding and lush. Ginkgo biloba with graceful posture is selected and processed into bonsai, and the majestic posture of Ginkgo biloba in nature is concentrated in the basin. It is elegant and interesting, and it is clear to the desk, which makes people feel happy.
Ginkgo biloba has a large crown and a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, which is conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has extensive requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire prevention and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall, with straight trunk and graceful posture, which is an ideal tree species for landscaping and streets. Can be used for landscaping, roads, expressway, farmland forest nets, windbreaks, and greening of institutions, schools and factories.
Planting method of ginkgo tree
1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.
About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm. This method is easy to survive. Flowering and fruiting after about 10 years.
3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months.
4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't drown with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dryness, but soaking. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity, it is submerged by water, and the root system is suffocated by hypoxia, so it cannot produce new roots, and the root system gradually decays. Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight.
5. Seedling management
(1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. If the weather is dry in May, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba. Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice.
(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.
(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.
(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be once in spring and once in autumn.
(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off. The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them. Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way.
(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Selecting seedlings with DBH of 3 cm to 4 cm, cutting and grafting. Generally, a 3-year-old scion with shiny skin, 3-6 short branches and large fruit grains is better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.
Matters needing attention
Ginkgo biloba can't make tea with tea and chrysanthemum.
Ginkgo biloba contains a lot of ginkgolic acid, which is toxic. Generally, the leaves bought are not extracted by deep processing, and the ginkgolic acid content in them is as high as 3000-4000ppm. In particular, ginkgolic acid is water-soluble. Instead of eating the effective substances such as ginkgo brass and ginkgolic acid, the effect is the opposite, and it is full of poison!
In medicine, especially in ginkgo products used in hospitals, slight ginkgolic acid containing 10ppm is allowed!
Ginkgo variety
Ginkgo biloba, also known as Ginkgo biloba, Gongsun Shu and Goose (Duck) Palm, is a gymnosperm and a "living fossil" plant that only exists in China. It has long life, strong adaptability, wide application, strong disease resistance and easy management, and is an excellent tree species with sustainable development integrating ecological, social and economic benefits.
Ginkgo biloba leaves and fruits are important products to earn foreign exchange through export. The output of Ginkgo biloba leaves in China accounts for 90% of the world's total output, especially for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and heart disease. Drugs extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves can "protect the heart and protect the brain", which is an important drug warehouse. Especially, there are more than 60 kinds of chemical extracts in leaves, and their effective utilization is the hottest topic in the world today. Fruit is a high-grade nourishing health care product. Ginkgo trees are tall and straight, and wood is a high-grade material for making musical instruments and furniture. These trees are tall and straight with fan-shaped leaves. Green in spring and summer, golden in late autumn, it is listed as one of the four long-lived ornamental tree species (pine, cypress, locust and ginkgo) in China. It is recognized as an economic tree species with greening, beautifying the environment and ornamental value. Its economic achievements can last for thousands of years. The trees that have existed for more than 3,000 years are still full of lush fruits. Vigorously developing ginkgo production is beneficial to the present and the future. It is a very advantageous industry. It is a booming tree species in China. Some improved varieties are introduced as follows:
Anyin 1No. Damaling
The average number of seeds per kilogram is 268, with a seed rate of 28% and a kernel rate of 78%. The output of crown projection area is 2.7 kg per square meter. Sweet and waxy, with high yield and good quality.
Giant Buddha hand
Main local varieties in Dongting mountain area of Jiangsu Province. The seeds are oval, about 2.88 cm long and 65438 0.73 cm wide, with 300-350 seeds per kilogram. They are sweet, waxy, very productive and high quality, and mature in September. 3 yuan/plant.
Dayuanling
It is the main variety of Ginkgo biloba in Tancheng, Shandong Province. The fruit is round, brown and white at maturity, translucent and oily. Single grain weight11.8-15.7g, with 64-85 grains per kg. The seed kernel is oval, the single grain weighs 2.97-3.75g, and the number of grains per kilogram is 266-366. 3 yuan/plant.