Buddhism and Shinto
Buddhism sects such as Sanlunzong, Faxiang Sect, Huayan Sect and Legalist Sect prevailed in China in the early Tang Dynasty, so these sects were also very popular in Nara period. The Heian period is equivalent to the middle and late Tang Dynasty. At that time, Tiantai Sect and Tantric Sect were popular in China, so Tiantai Sect and Tantric Sect were also popular in Japan. Like the Tang dynasty, the so-called mountain Buddhism came into being, that is, the temple was built in a deep mountain forest for retreat. In the later period of Ping 'an, the Pure Land Sect, which mainly blessed the afterlife with the Infinite Life Sutra and Amitabha Sutra, became popular in Japan, and its advocates included Kongye, Yuanji, Ren Liang and Kong Yuan. Farmers at the bottom of society have a hard life. In order to get spiritual comfort, they pinned their hopes on the afterlife. Pure land Sect catered to the mood of working people, so it developed rapidly. At the same time, the Pure Land Sect has no flashy rituals and sacrifices, claiming that chanting Buddha can become a Buddha, thus winning the public's belief.
In the sixth year of Guibao (AD 775), the imperial court ordered various countries to repair temples for sacrifice. 17 (AD 798) ordered the use of native products as coins to pay for local shrines before returning them to Kyoto), and also ordered that buildings and gods of the two countries should not take women in shrines as safety, and that banquets and performances of songs and dances were prohibited during sacrifices. At the same time, the "Regulations on Punishment by God" was revised to rectify the shrine.
Pen names and literature
Before the invention of pseudonyms, Japan had only languages, but no characters. Since the introduction of Chinese characters, the Japanese have been handling state affairs with Chinese characters and introducing China culture through Chinese characters. Due to the development of Japanese culture, it is objectively required to have a written language that can express one's own language, and pseudonyms are Japan's own written language produced with the historical evolution.
The so-called pseudonym is phonography created by omitting or simplifying Chinese characters. The radicals of block Chinese characters are called katakana, and the radicals of Chinese characters are called hiragana. At the beginning, Japan called Chinese characters real names, that is, the meaning of notional words, and called simplified characters with their real names omitted or cursive scripts as pseudonyms, abandoning the meaning of Chinese characters and only taking their sounds. Katakana was originally used for the phonetic notation of Buddhist scriptures, and later developed into a mixed form of katakana and Chinese characters. Hiragana is very popular in peacetime, especially in the palace where women like to use Hiragana very much, while men and the government still use Chinese characters. Japanese pseudonyms were not invented by someone, but formed by the Japanese in long-term practice. Of course, it has its reference and background. It is said that the Japanese pen name "Isuzu" is based on Indian research on Sanskrit vowels and China phonology.
Later period of peace. Poems written entirely under pseudonyms appeared in Japan. However, government documents and academic works are written in a mixed way with pseudonyms in the middle of Chinese characters. This mixed writing method has been used until19th century. Now pseudonyms are standardized. Katakana is generally used for loanwords and official documents, while others are hiragana.
In the early period of Heian, China literature was still very popular, and chorus declined, which was called "the dark age of national ethos" in the history of Japanese literature. But then Japanese literature began to shake off the influence of China literature. By the end of Ping 'an, due to the economic collapse of ancient countries and the emergence of manor system, Japanese culture completely got rid of the shackles of China culture, and with the emergence of pseudonyms, Japanese literature began to appear.
1 1 In the heyday of Fujiwara in the 20th century, a novel written by a female writer who served the court appeared in literature, and her masterpiece was Tale of Genji. This book was written by Murasaki Tombu (978- 10 14), and was written in 165438+ at the beginning of the 20th century with 45 articles. * * * takes the love life and fate of the protagonist Guangyuan as the theme, vividly describing the luxurious life of the court nobles and the subtle psychological state of the characters.
1 1 At the end, two noble novels with historical themes, The Tale of Hua Rong and Dajing, appeared. Through the description of the photographer's family history headed by Taoist Fujiwara, the work shows the homesickness of the declining aristocrats. At the same time, the story of the past and present, which describes the lives of samurai, famous teachers and working people, came out. This is a collection of stories about China, Indian and Japanese, and the characters used the folk language at that time. In poetry collection, Ling edited by Xiao Ye, Ji edited by Dongsi and Guo Jingji edited by two classes of An Shi appeared.
Architecture and sculpture
There are few buildings left in the early period of Ping 'an, only the golden hall and five-story tower of Muruosheng Temple (Nara). This temple is different from other Buddhist temples in Ping 'an. It is laid out according to the surrounding nature. The building is extremely simple, but from the beginning, it reveals the simple and beautiful characteristics of Japanese architecture. Japanese architecture developed greatly in the later period of Heian, with obvious Japanese characteristics.
Temple, in the third year of Kuanren (AD 10 19), Fujiwara built Jokhang Temple. It is the largest building in heian period, completely establishing the Japanese style. The Byodoin Temple Phoenix Hall in Kyoto is also an extremely important building in peacetime. Originally a villa with Fujiwara, it was changed to a temple in A.D. 1052. Phoenix Hall is the Amitabha Hall of Byodoin Temple, which is named after the phoenix inscribed on the column. Heshibi and Fenghuang Temple are the realization of Japanese fantasy paradise, which embodies the aesthetic thought of Pure Land Sect. The Chusong Temple, Maoyue Temple, Guanziyuan and Infinite Light Temple built by Fujiwara in Lu Ao (Northeast) in the plain (Xipanjing County, Iwate Prefecture) are all garden buildings. If there is a pool in front of the temple, there is an island in the pool and a bridge is built on the island.
In terms of housing, bedroom-style buildings have been completed in Heian period. The so-called sleeping hall style is a Japanese aristocratic high-rise building, which generally consists of a pool, sleeping hall, opposite house, cross profile, middle porch, middle door, fishing hall and miscellaneous house. According to China's traditional techniques, the layout of the early bedroom was symmetrical, while the style of the later bedroom was asymmetrical without the influence of China. At that time, no matter the palace, the yamen and the mausoleum, they were all sleeping halls.
In terms of palaces, there were the Imperial Palace, Fengle Pavilion and Neri (Imperial Palace) of Ping 'an Palace, as well as villas-Xinsenning, Lengquan Pavilion and Suzaku Pavilion. There were Tojo Hall in Fujiwara, Hall Hall of Emperor Hall and Bird Feather Hall in Sadahito in the later period of Heian, but these buildings no longer exist.
The sculptures in the early period of Ping 'an were also influenced by the Tang Dynasty, and the so-called "harmonious sculpture" appeared in the later period, which was Japanese-style sculpture. Representative works in the early period of Ping 'an include eleven Guanyin statues of Hokkeji in Nara, Guanyin statues of Ruyi Wheel in Kyoto Golden Temple and suburban Kannonji, and Jingangfeng Temple in Xiaoya Mountain. These statues are typical white sandalwood sculptures, but people think they were brought from China by the air sea. The 1 1 statue of Guanyin in Xiangyuan Temple in Shiga County has strong foreign elements. In the early days of Ping 'an, due to the popularity of the idea of the unity of God and Buddha, the gods were carved in the form of Buddha statues, so they were carved into the shape of Buddha. For example, the Eight Banners and the Statue of Goddess in the Chu Ying Hall (in Kyoto) of the national defense temple, and the statues of two men and two women in the Matsuo Shrine (in Kyoto).
Japanese sculpture began to appear in the later period of Ping 'an, but it was Ding Chao (A.D. 1057) who really completed the Japanese sculpture. He successfully represented the ideal Buddha statue of the nobles at that time, such as Amitabha, the deity of Phoenix Hall. The characteristic of the fixed-dynasty style is that the eyes of the Buddha are looking down. After the death of Dingchao style, the growth of his son (10/kloc-0-1090) inherited his father's style and further developed the Japanese style sculpture. Followed by yuanshi county (A.D. 1 134) and its sub-oblong and virtuous circle. Due to a large number of noble statues, many Buddhist temples (carving workshops) have appeared, and each Buddhist temple has its own Buddhist master (Buddha sculptor). The social status of Buddhist teachers is greatly improved than before. Thus promoting the emergence of many works with individuality.
Painting and music
Japanese painting was also influenced by the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties in the early period of Heian (794-894 AD), and "Yamato Painting" or "Japanese Painting" depicting Japanese customs and figures came into being in the late period of Heian (894-192 AD). Yamato painting is a pure Japanese painting. In contrast, the paintings in the Tang Dynasty with the theme of personnel and scenery are called "Tang paintings". At the beginning, those who described the customs of the four seasons were called "Four Seasons Paintings" and those who described scenic spots were called "Famous Paintings". Later, painting, writing and poetry became a trinity with the theme of harmony song.
Yamato painting came into being in the era of Yan Xi and Tian Li (90 1-956). By the middle of 1 1 century, Yamato painting was completely established and court painters appeared. Wu Feisi is often a court painter in Nariakira, and he is also an active court painter from 10 to 1 1 century. Datong (806-809 AD) established the Palace Painting Academy, which was formed by the merger of the Chinese Painting Academy and the Governor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The most typical Yamato painting is a scroll depicting a story (a secular story), among which the most outstanding is The Tale of Genji Scroll (now in Tokyo Wudao Art Museum and Aichi Fuchuan Art Museum). The Tale of Genji is a genre painting depicting the noble women of Ping 'an, showing the elegant demeanor of the noble women of the court.
The painting "The Origin of New Guishan" in the scroll is also very famous, which describes the life and production scenes of lords, nobles and working people, and reflects the characteristics of the rise of samurai class, the growth of people's power and the decline of nobles.
Cragginess (reigned from 809 to 822 AD), Ren Ming (reigned from 833 to 849 AD) and Yizhi (reigned from 986 to101year) are all familiar with temperament and are keen on Japanese pop music. The emperor himself stipulated the scores of Shen Le and Ma Le. On the basis of the unification of chamber music and Korean music, the cragginess and the Emperor revived, adapted 16 kinds of music and dances, and created several musical forms: ① divine music (used for offering sacrifices to the center), ② traveling eastward (oriental folk songs), ③ folk songs (impromptu Geng ballads) and ④ Lang Yong (reciting China's famous poems). Emphasize the expression of lyrics), 8 and praise (Taoist songs evolved from the saying of reading Chinese classics). In her early days, Emperor Ji played You You with orchestral music, which marked that Japanese pop music began to get rid of the shackles of religion and show the gorgeous life of nobles, and independent music became a kind of entertainment. After the imperial tour, solos and pastoral songs came into being. Finally, folk music gradually replaced ancient music and became the mainstream of Japanese pop.
Calligraphy and Tea Ceremony
The so-called calligraphy is China's calligraphy, and Japanese calligraphy comes from China. Japan had not invented pseudonyms in Nara era, so the Japanese wrote running script and cursive script, imitating the brushwork of Wang Xizhi and others. Pseudonyms began to appear in the early days of Ping 'an. Although the upper class writes Chinese characters, it is somewhat Japanese.
Konghai is the founder of "Harmony with Xi Shu", that is, Japanese calligraphy. In the Tang Dynasty, he studied calligraphy from Korea, so he was called "Wubi Monk". The so-called "five strokes" are the five strokes in Han's "Theory of Giving a Pen". Because he learned these five strokes, he got this name. It is said that when he was in the Tang Dynasty, Xianzong asked him to fill in the missing words in Wang Xizhi's calligraphy on the palace screen. Empty sea, orange yellow Tan Shi and Emei Emperor are collectively called "three tricks". Boss Shady passed his calligraphy to Xiao Ye, and then to Ji. Ji passed it on to disciple Minhang, and Minhang passed it on to "Three Traces".
In the late Ping 'an period, pseudonyms prevailed, so there appeared Xiao Ye Feng Dao (890-966 AD), Fujiwara Saori (904-998 AD), Fujiwara Hang Cheng (972- 1027 AD) and other pseudonyms calligraphers, and the three of them were collectively called "Three Traces". Influenced by Wang Xizhi, Feng Dao, Xiao Ye, is known as the "near-re-embodiment of Xi". Fujiwara Saori has a strong Japanese flavor and is called "George". Fujiwara Yuji combined the calligraphy skills of Xiao Ye Feng Dao and Wang Xizhi. Form an elegant and gentle book style. "Three Traces" completely got rid of the style of China's calligraphy, and changed from tang style with rich ancient charm to Japanese style with rich beauty. Like other arts of this era, it represents the independence of Japanese culture.
Tea ceremony is a unique custom of making tea and drinking tea in Japan. It is generally believed that it originated from self-cultivation and learning etiquette in China Sui Dynasty. It is a unique culture in Japan and is known as "the essence of oriental spirit". Tea spread to Japan from China a long time ago, and there was tea in Japan around the 6th century A.D., but at first it was only used as medicine, and it was limited to some nobles and monks. There are two routes for tea to be introduced into Japan, one is from the mainland to Kyushu via South Korea, and the other is from the south of China directly to Japan.
At the beginning of Ping 'an, Emperor Hong Ren visited Chongfu Temple in Jinjiang in April of the sixth year (AD 8 15), and most monks in this temple made tea with Yong Zhong. In June of the same year, trial planting was carried out in Yinnei, Jinjiang, Danbo and Sowing. Tea drinking was very popular in the late Ping 'an period, but it once declined. Tea drinking became popular in Song Dynasty, and it spread to Japan from Congxi (1141-1215). Tea seeds brought back from China by Rongxi were planted in Beizhen Mountain in front of Tsukiji (Fukuoka Prefecture) and then transplanted to Cliff Mountain in the mountain city of Keni. Rong also wrote "Drinking Tea for Health" in two volumes (A.D. 12 1 1). Heian period is the tea ceremony period, which gradually became popular among ordinary warriors in Kamakura period and became a kind of social etiquette knowledge.
Education and learning
Before Heian period, there were only official schools in Japan, with universities as the center and local Chinese studies. When Konghai was studying in the Tang Dynasty, he saw that there were schools in every square in Chang 'an City, rural schools in every county and complete educational institutions. He regrets that there are no private schools in Japan. So after returning to China, in 828 AD, he founded a variety school to train talents. Prior to this, Guang Lai and his husband founded Hong Wen Academy (in the early 9th century), and then in 82 1 year, Dongsi Fujiwara founded the School of Persuasion, in 850, and in 88 1 year, a scholarship academy was founded in Yuanhangping, and the wind of private lectures rose. Later, some university teachers gave lectures in private schools. For example, Sugawara's Ito Sugawara (770-842 AD), Sugawara's Yide (8 12-880 AD) and Sugawara no michizane (845-903 AD) are all successive doctors in the article, and their masters are in the ruling and opposition parties. Therefore, it is called "Longmen", also known as "under the Sugawara Pavilion". This kind of private school is commonly known as "Hongmei Temple", such as Anchengzhiye private school specializing in Laozi and Zhuangzi, and Dazang Meixing private school specializing in Confucian classics. In the later period of Ping 'an, private schools in the form of private schools finally replaced official schools, and education was popularized. After the decline of official and private schools, knowledge was passed down from family to family. For example, the study of Ming Classics is Qingyuan and Zhongyuan, the study of Ming Classics is semi-quotient, the arithmetic is Sanshan, the Taoism of Yin and Yang is Hemaoba, and the medical ethics is Qi Danbo. Every school monopolizes knowledge.
During the Heian period, the municipal government organized special personnel to write history books, which were successively compiled into Continued Japanese History, Post-Japanese History, Continued Japanese History, A Record of Emperor Wende and A Record of Three Generations. These five historical works of China, together with Japanese books in Nara era, are called History of Six Kingdoms.
Clothing and appliances
Heian period began when Ren Guang ascended the throne in 770 AD, and ended with three emperors in 107 1 year. This is an era when there are not many wars and people's lives are stable. Sending Tang envoys to Chang 'an to build a Taiping capital, and the completion of Genji Tale and Song of Harmony between Ancient and Modern also indicates that this era was different before Kamakura, Muromachi, Warring States and Edo. There are basically three kinds of women's clothes in Heian period: etiquette clothes, formal clothes and obscene clothes. As the name implies, the dress is of course the formal dress worn during the formula ceremony, the formal dress is the dress worn by the queen's maid-in-waiting officials, and the secular dress is the household dress. Women officials and waitresses who wear formal clothes, commonly known as twelve orders, and serve in the court or noble house have to wear twelve orders on weekdays because they have to receive visitors. Twelve dresses with nepotism, scarf, crown and hairpin on their heads are a gift dress. Obscene clothing is a kind of household clothing. Empresses and imperial daughters in the harem generally wear obscene clothes, while female officials only have the opportunity to change into obscene clothes when they go back to their rooms to sleep at night or go back to their parents' homes on sick leave. No matter what clothes you wear, the innermost layer of the lower body is a trouser skirt, not a long skirt.
Colors are red, blue, Soviet, green, cherry, purple, blue, grape dyed, white and so on. Among them, seven colors, such as red, cyan, yellow and deep purple, are "forbidden colors", and female officials cannot wear "forbidden colors" unless the emperor allows them. But if the prince is born or the emperor is lucky, the female official can make an exception. When traveling, wear "Guo Zhuang clothing" and tie a belt around your waist to avoid mopping the floor; Roll up your sleeves and wear a "city girl's hat" on your head. "City girl's hat" is a kind of hat in the shape of steamed bread. At first, straw hats were worn by women in the market, but I don't know when they started, but they became popular among nobles. There is also a Shan Ye hat with transparent yarn around it. At that time, the clothes were loosely overlapped, and women could not show their figure lines, so they had to try their best to work hard on cuffs, hem and color. In addition, embroidery, mother-of-pearl and other decorations also show their own style and talent. Feminine beauty is concentrated in the color of overlapping cuffs and hem outside the ox cart curtain or bedroom curtain. The other is "color attack". Probably because of sericulture and textile technology, ancient silk is thinner than modern silk, and its transparency is about 10%. The color of the outer layer and the inner layer is "color attack" There are more than 200 species, and their names are all taken from flowers and plants in the four seasons. For example, "wandering" refers to the indoor red plum green, "maiden flower" refers to the indoor yellow green, and "willow" refers to the indoor advertising green. There is also a color that is thick on the top and light on the bottom. The top is heavily dyed, the bottom is gradually faded, and finally it becomes white. In addition to the feminine beauty of clothing, furniture and household appliances are also very important. The outermost layer of the entrance and exit of the sleeping hall is a bamboo curtain with silk edges. Close to the hanging curtain is a silk curtain, usually with a flower-and-bird pattern outside and white inside. Curtains and screens can be moved to different rooms. For women, the fan is the most important. It can not only avoid directly exposing the five senses, but also increase the charm of women by hiding.
The main lighting is lampstands, lanterns, fat meat and bonfires. The lampstand is a small dish at the top of the bamboo pole. There is a three-legged iron ring on the plate. A container filled with oil is placed on the iron ring to pour oil, put a wick on it and light it. Lantern has four corners, six corners and eight corners. They are made of stone, bamboo, wood, iron and so on. They are wrapped in gauze or paper and hung in the air. Fat smoke is round pine, one foot five inches long and three points in diameter. The nib is blackened with charcoal fire, then coated with vegetable oil, dried, and some paper is in hand for indoor use. Use a flashlight outdoors. A bonfire is relaxing wood in an iron cage, which is lit and given to the courtyard. The vehicle is an ox cart. There are many kinds, but all kinds of ox carts are different, so you can't choose them at will. When riding an ox cart, get on from the back and get off from the front. When riding alone, the body leans to the left and faces the right; When two or more people ride, the front right side and the rear left side are the upper seats. Because the back is opposite to the left and right, if men and women sit in the same ox cart, the man sits on the right and the woman sits on the left. In addition, in Heian period, as in modern times, there was a fixed "dressing day" for both the imperial court and the people. The trial time is April 1 day and 1 month1day. On this day, not only clothes, but also all furniture and interior decoration should be replaced.