Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of biology published by People's Education Press Unit 5 Other creatures in the biosphere Chapter 1 Animals in various environments
I. animals living in water
1. Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of crucian carp suitable for life in water;
1) body color: dark gray-black back, white abdomen, not easy to be found by the enemy;
2) Body shape: spindle-shaped to reduce water resistance when swimming;
3) body surface: scales protect the body, mucus reduces resistance, and there is a lateral line on each side of the body, which has the function of sensing water flow and determining direction;
4) Swimming with fins: (pectoral fins and ventral fins: keep the balance of fish; Tail fin: keep the fish moving forward);
5) Breathe with the gills; Water comes out of the mouth and comes out from the back edge of the gill cover.
6) There are swim bladders in the body, which can adjust the specific gravity of the body and stay in different water layers with the help of fins;
7) In vitro fertilization and water development.
2. The main characteristics of fish: they live in water all their lives, and their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with their gills and swim with their fins. The heart is an atrium and a ventricle.
Shape: The gill filaments are filiform.
3. Observe the color of gills: red (because there are abundant capillaries)
Structure: It consists of gill arch, gill filament and gill rake.
Coelenterates: anemones, corals, etc.
Molluscs: squid, mussels, etc.
4. Other aquatic animals and crustaceans: shrimp, crab, etc.
Other aquatic animals: dolphins, turtles, etc
Water environment is a paradise for aquatic animals.
5. Protection of water environment, use of pollutants, pesticides and fertilizers, etc. Destroy the water environment.
Importance and urgency of water environmental protection
Second, animals that live on land.
1. Animals living on land usually have the ability to adapt to the environment to prevent water loss.
Generally speaking, it has organs that support the body and exercise.
Generally speaking, there are various respiratory organs in the body that can breathe air.
Generally, there are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can cope with the changing environment in time.
2. Morphological characteristics of earthworms (annelids):
(1) body type: long cylindrical with tapered ends, which can reduce the resistance when drilling in soil and is suitable for digging and drilling;
(2) The body consists of many parts;
(3) Circumference: There is a very large, light and smooth section near the front end of the body, which refers to a ring and is a sign to distinguish the front and rear ends of the earthworm.
(4) bristles: auxiliary movement;
(5) Wet body wall: exchange gas and complete breathing.
3. Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of rabbits:
1) body surface: coat has the function of heat preservation and plays an important role in maintaining rabbit body temperature;
2) Digestion: Teeth are divided into incisors (cutting off food) and molars (grinding food); The digestive tract is very long and the cecum is particularly developed, which is suitable for herbivorous life.
3) Blood circulation: The heart has four complete cavities and two complete circulation routes, and its body temperature is constant.
4) Nervous system: It is composed of brain, spinal cord and nerves, and the brain is developed.
5) Reproduction: viviparous (with placenta) and breastfeeding greatly improve the survival rate of offspring.
6) the main characteristics of mammals; Hair on the body surface, teeth with incisors, canines and molars, diaphragm in body cavity, breathing with lungs, four cavities in the heart, constant body temperature, developed brain, viviparous and breastfeeding.
For example: bats, platypus, kangaroo whales, tigers, chimpanzees and so on.
Animals flying in the air
1. bird
1) Morphological structure and physiological characteristics of domestic pigeons suitable for flying life;
(1) There are positive feathers on the wings and tail, which can enlarge the area of the wings and make the wings flap strongly, and the positive feathers on the tail can control the direction;
(2) The fuselage is streamlined, which helps to reduce the air resistance to it during flight;
(3) Some bones are thin, some are healed together, and the long bones are hollow, full of air, weightless, with developed sternum, keel process and developed pectoral muscle, which are attached to the keel process;
(4) large appetite, strong digestion, toothless beak, short rectum, and no feces storage, which is conducive to weight loss;
(5) The myocardium is developed, the blood circulation is fast, and the blood has strong ability to transport oxygen and nutrients;
(6) Double breathing with lungs and airbags to ensure that pigeons get enough oxygen when flying.
2) Birds are characterized by toothless beaks, feathered forelimbs, hollow bones, full of air, four cavities in the heart, breathing with lungs and assisted breathing with airbags, constant body temperature and egg-laying reproduction.
2. Insects 1) Observe the wings of insects to identify them.
2) The development of grasshoppers: incomplete metamorphosis.
Incubate for 5 times and molt.
The fertilized egg jumps (larva, wingless, unable to fly, able to jump, stereotyped, adult (able to fly)
Living habits are similar to those of adults, but they are smaller and healthier.
Immature reproductive organs, also known as nymphs)
Incomplete metamorphosis: adult
3) Insect characteristics: the body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen; There are moving organs in the chest-feet and wings.
The exoskeleton prevents evaporation of water in the body.
4) The main characteristics of arthropods: the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; Foot and antenna segmentation
Four. amphibian
Characteristics of reproductive development of amphibian frogs: all of them are carried out in water, spawning in water, in vitro fertilization and abnormal development.
A fertilized egg tadpole becomes a frog.
2) Thermogenic animals: The body temperature changes with the change of the external environment temperature, such as fish, amphibians and reptiles.
2) Main features: Larvae live in water and transform into adults through gill respiration.
Adult amphibians breathe with their lungs and their skin at the same time.
Chapter II Animal Behavior
The movement of animals depends on some kind of structure.
1. The concept of animal behavior: a series of activities carried out by animals that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction.
Joint surface (composed of joint head and joint fossa)
Bone-to-bone joint (movable bone joint is called joint) joint capsule
2. Composition of joint cavity of motor system
Abdomen of skeletal muscle: It is composed of muscle tissue, which can contract and relax.
Muscle bond: located at both ends of skeletal muscle, attached to two adjacent bones, belonging to connective tissue.
During exercise, the contraction and relaxation of muscles will pull the bones around the joints. Therefore, in exercise, bones are levers, joints are fulcrums, and skeletal muscles generate the motive force of exercise.
3. Structure and function of joints: both firm and flexible.
The articular surface and joint head are covered with a layer of cartilage (reducing friction and buffering vibration).
sucking disc
Joint capsule: composed of connective tissue, firmly connecting two adjacent bones; There are ligaments inside and outside to reinforce the connection; The inner surface of the capsule wall can secrete synovial fluid.
Joint cavity: it contains synovial fluid, which lubricates articular cartilage, reduces friction and makes movement flexible.
4. The coordination of bones, joints and muscles during elbow flexion, biceps contraction and triceps relaxation.
When the elbow is extended, triceps brachii contracts and biceps brachii relaxes.
Exercise consists of exercise system, nervous system (regulation), digestive system (providing energy), respiratory system (providing oxygen and discharging carbon dioxide) and circulatory system (conveying nutrients and metabolic wastes).
Action significance: the developed sports ability of animals is conducive to foraging and avoiding enemies in order to adapt to the complex and changeable environment.
Second, innate behavior and learning behavior.
1. From the performance of animal behavior, animal behavior can be divided into: foraging behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior and so on.
concept
Example of innate behavior
2. From the way of acquiring behavior, animal behavior can be divided into concepts.
Examples of learning behavior
1), innate behavior: all the behaviors of animals are controlled by genetic material in the body. They are the innate instinct of animals and are determined by genetic factors.
Examples: bees collect honey, ants build nests, birds migrate, and birds feed goldfish by the pool.
2) acquired behavior (learning behavior): animals are not born, but grow up through life experience? Study? A new behavior activity is gradually established.
For example, train earthworms to walk in the maze, train great tits to drink milk, and train chimpanzees to eat bananas from a height.
3. Study the behavior of an animal and explore the feeding behavior of Pieris rapae.
Explore animals foraging around.
Third, social behavior.
1. Concept: Animals living in groups produce a series of behaviors due to the division of labor and cooperation of different members in the group and the maintenance of group life.
Different animals in a group transmit information through their activities, sounds and smells.
2. Social behavior characteristics: groups often form certain organizations, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies.
3. Animals with social behavior take termite colony as an example (no rank: female ant, male ant, worker ant and soldier ant).
Baboons (there are grades:? Chief. Male baboons, lower male baboons, female baboons, baby baboons)
4. Information exchange in the group The movements, sounds and smells of animals can all play the role of transmitting information.
Explore the communication of ants
Chapter III The Role of Animals in the Biosphere
First of all, the role of animals in nature
Maintain the ecological balance of nature, the concept of ecological balance
Animal feeding is an indispensable part of the food chain, which maintains the ecological balance.
Promote the circulation of substances in the ecosystem, produce carbon dioxide through breathing, and urine can be reused by plants.
After decomposition, the released carbon dioxide and nitrogen-containing inorganic salts can also be reused.
Help plants pollinate and spread seeds: pollinate and spread seeds, and expand the distribution range.
Harmful: Too much is harmful to plants.
Second, the relationship between animals and human life
Investigation activities: investigation purpose, materials, tools, methods and steps, and matters needing attention.
Investigate the role of animals in people's lives: edible, medicinal, ornamental, etc.
Closely related to human life.
The concept of bioreactor
What is the most ideal for animals and bioreactors? Breast bioreactor? And its development prospect.
Benefits of bioreactor
Bionic concept
Examples of animals and bionics: radar, airplanes,
Chapter IV Widely Distributed Bacteria and Fungi
I. Distribution of bacteria and fungi
Colony size
Observe colony morphology and distinguish bacterial and fungal colonies.
Colony color
Preparing culture medium, and sterilizing at high temperature.
General methods of bacterial culture and fungal inoculation
Constant temperature culture
Design experimental scheme Design experimental scheme
Complete the experimental process
Analyze the results and draw a conclusion.
Summarize the living conditions, suitable temperature and organic matter of bacteria and fungi.
Second, bacteria
1. Discovery of bacteria: In the second half of the 7th century, Levin Hooke discovered bacteria with a self-made microscope.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Pasteur studied bacteria and showed that bacteria were not naturally produced.
Size: tiny, visible under high magnification or electron microscope.
Morphology: Single cell, including cocci, bacilli and spirillus.
2. Morphological structure of bacteria: it is composed of cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm, and there is no formed nucleus; Flagella, capsules, spores
Nutritional mode: chloroplast-free, heterotrophic, divided into parasitic and saprophytic modes.
Bacterial reproduction: Fission reproduction, in adverse environment, can form resting spore, very quickly.
Third, fungi
Multicellular individuals; Mushrooms: Edible or medicinal.
1. Observation and comparison of various fungi: Penicillium and Aspergillus
Single-celled individuals: yeast: brewing wine, making bread, etc.
2. Main features: There is a shaped nucleus in the cell; Can produce spores, which can develop into new individuals; There is no chlorophyll in the body, and the nutrition mode belongs to heterotrophy.
3. Fungal reproduction: spore reproduction
Chapter V Functions of Bacteria and Fungi in Biosphere
First, the role of bacteria and fungi in nature.
1, which participates in the material cycle as decomposition.
Bacteria cause human or animal diseases, such as tonsillitis caused by streptococcus.
Fungi cause human or animal diseases: tinea pedis
2. Fungi that cause diseases in animals or humans cause leaf rust in plants and wheat.
Production and application: using bacteria to control insects
* * * The concept of life
3. It forms lichen with animals, fungi and algae.
Examples of rhizobia and leguminous plants forming nodules.
Intestinal bacteria and animal (including human) health
Second, humans use bacteria and fungi.
Fermentation phenomenon
Fermentation principle
1. Production of bacteria, fungi and food, fermentation technology and application of its products
Production of sweet wine
Analyze the causes of food corruption
2. Preservation of bacteria, fungi and food Principles of food preservation
Analyze and summarize the methods of food preservation.
The Concept of Antibiotics and Its Application in Medicine
3. Prevention and treatment of bacteria, fungi and diseases Transgenic technology and insulin
4. Bacteria and fungi and environmental protection: sewage treatment plants
People's education edition, the second day of biology, the first volume, knowledge point induction unit 6? Biodiversity and its Protection Chapter 1 classifies organisms according to their characteristics.
First, try to classify organisms.
Concept: Organisms are divided into different grades according to their similarity, and the morphological structure and other characteristics of each group are described scientifically.
The basis of biological classification: morphological and structural biological characteristics.
Objective: To understand the evolutionary relationship among different populations.
Algae: Spirogyra
? Seedless (spore plant) bryophyte: pumpkin
Plant classification ferns: ferns
Gymnosperms: Pinus tabulaeformis
Angiosperms with seeds (seed plants): maize (monocotyledonous plants) and sunflower (dicotyledonous plants)
Appendix: Earthworms
Arthropods: bees, spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs.
Invertebrates (invertebrates) coelenterates: corals, anemones.
Molluscs: mussels, snails
Animal classification fish: crucian carp
Amphibians: frogs, toads
Thorny reptiles (vertebrates): geckos, lizards, turtles, turtles, crocodiles.
Birds: domestic pigeons
Mammals: rabbits, cats and tigers.
Second, from species to boundary.
The purpose and basis of biological classification
Biological units: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
The basic unit of biological classification: species
Horse: Equus, Equus, Equidae, Chiroptera, Mammals, Chordata, Animal Kingdom.
Peach: peach species, Prunus, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, dicotyledonous plants, seed plants, plant kingdom.
Chapter II Understanding Biodiversity
I. The concept of biodiversity
There are many kinds known in the world.
Diversity of Biological Species There are many known species in China.
Second, understand the diversity of biodiversity genes and the diversity of interspecific biological genes.
Diversity of biological genes within species
Complex terrain and diverse climate have caused the diversity of ecosystems.
Type: forest, grassland, desert, wetland, ocean, etc.
Third, the relationship between them: the diversity of biological species is essentially the diversity of genes. Other organisms with a unique gene pool in each biological ecosystem are related. The decrease of biomass will lead to the loss of genetic resources and will inevitably affect its ecosystem. The drastic change of ecosystem will accelerate the loss of biological species diversity and gene diversity.
Chapter III Protection of Biodiversity
Since17th century, the extinction rate of birds and mammals in the world is amazing.
Biodiversity is threatened, and some plants and animals endemic to China are on the verge of extinction.
Destruction of biological habitat (ultimate cause)
Unreasonable development and utilization (human poaching and killing wild animals)
Reasons that threaten biodiversity and environmental pollution
Invasion of alien species
concept
This is a natural gene pool.
Establish an important nature laboratory in nature reserves.
Natural life, natural museum
Examples: Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve and Bird Island Nature Reserve in Qinghai Lake.
The protection of biodiversity moves some endangered species out of their original places and into new gardens and museums for special protection and management.
Establish a germplasm bank of endangered species
Promulgate and improve laws and regulations
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