Zhang Xichun, whose real name is Shoufu, was originally from Zhucheng, Shandong Province, and moved to Yanshan Border Agency in Zhili (now Hebei Province) in the early Ming Dynasty, hence the name Yanshan. The family was well-off, and grandfather's uncle was a Confucian from the beginning. His father, Tong Yuan, was born as a student, and he was educated to the end. His family motto is to teach his children to get an education and study medicine to benefit the world. Xi Chun's talent is brilliant. He follows the instructions of his family, reads books in his spare time and entertains prescription books. After two trips, he went to Qiu Wei and became a famous doctor.
In Zhang Xichun's youth, China suffered frequent internal and external troubles, and its colonization deepened rapidly. People's uprisings broke out one after another, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty was tottering. Although he was in a rough place, he gradually realized that it was difficult to learn the ancient times. 188 1 year, he was a doctoral student and went to Beijiao Township for the first time. In order to comfort his ancestors' wishes, he went to Tianjin to formally study. After that, I taught in rural private schools for a long time and didn't take the rural examination again until 1893. During this period, his level of Chinese medicine continued to improve, and he often treated others. When teaching, he taught both literature and medicine, and many of his disciples will take medicine as their profession in the future. 1885 cured the critical illness of famous doctor Gao and Mao Xiange and was praised by them. Since then, there have been few days of consultations. However, 19 1 1 years ago, training and teaching were still my profession. After the second rural examination, Zhang Xichun began to contact western medicine and other western learning. 1904, China abolished the imperial examination and opened a school. Zhang Xichun became the only teacher in Yanshan County who could teach algebra and geometry. Influenced by the trend of thought of the times, after contacting western learning, Zhang Xichun sprouted the idea of taking part in western learning, mainly focusing on medicine. More than ten years of study and consultation around 1900 have made his academic thoughts mature. 1909, completed the first three drafts of medical enthusiasm and learning from the west. At this time, he was nearly 50 years old and began to publish articles in Shaoxing Medical Journal, and his medical name gradually became famous in China.
19 12, Zhang Xichun was hired by the Texas garrison commander Huang Huaxuan as a military doctor, and he began his professional medical career. During his tenure as a military doctor, he went to Wuhan with the army and later moved to Daming, Guangping, Handan, Xingtai and Dezhou. His medical skills are highly praised by some military and political officials. His works are gradually known and copied by more and more people. After reading these books, Tian Feng (now Shenyang) Yuan Shu Zi (Zi Linpu) suggested that he submit them to the Ministry of the Interior for copyright application. 19 18, Su Daidai of Fengtian Tiandi New Society registered, Gao Zhenduo of Fengtian Medical Research Institute corrected, and the first issue was published with the support of the Society. In the same year, "Lida Hospital", a Chinese medicine hospital, was established in Fengtian, with Zhang Xichun as the president.
After its publication, Medical Enthusiasm and The Journey to the West sold out quickly, and it was reprinted in the spring of the following year, and the second issue was published at the same time. Zhang Xichun showed his ambition and was forced to open a business in Cangxian on 1923 when the war broke out.
1924, Zhang Xichun published the third and fourth issues of "Learning from the West with Medical Enthusiasm" at his own expense, which were purchased by the medical profession and printed in four editions, and the author's reputation rose sharply. 1926, Yin Huzhen of the former Qing Dynasty invited him to Tianjin as a teacher (tutor) of the museum. Zhang Xichun and his family went to Tianjin, where they started practicing medicine and served as apprentices. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, he officially started practicing medicine, and the name of the clinic was "Chinese and Western Huitong Medical Association".
In the last five years from 1928 to 1933, Zhang Xichun's academic and career reached the peak. First, the fifth issue of "Medical Enthusiasm and Learning from the West" was published, spreading academic knowledge while clinical practice. In the following year, the first three issues of Medical Enthusiasm and Xizhi were re-edited, edited and reprinted, and printed five times in total to meet the demand. 193 1, the sixth issue of the book was published and printed twice. In order to cultivate more high-level talents of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine quickly, he set up a four-year correspondence college in the spring of 1933, subscribed to lectures in person, and was also in charge of educational affairs, so he fell ill in the autumn due to overwork.
Zhang Xichun became famous late, while Li Tao spent half a day. And disciples such as Longchang, Rugao Chen, Li Weinong, Tongxian Gaoyanqiao, Qiyang, Shenxian Zhang Fangyu, Tianjin Sun Yuquan, Li Baohe and Liaoning Zhong Xiaoqiu are all famous doctors. People who keep their knowledge secret can't win the game. At that time, famous Chinese medicine practitioners, such as Ran Xuefeng in Hankou, Zhang in Jiading, Liu Miantang in Fengtian, Yang Ruhou in Taixing, Liu in Xiangshan, Zhang in Cixi and How to Shaoxing, often discussed academic issues with Zhang Xichun and became close friends. Journal of traditional chinese medicine, which has great influence in modern times, hired him as a special contributor.
In addition to medical works, Zhang Xichun wrote Algebra and Illustration of the Book of Changes (unpublished), and another poem, Planting Chrysanthemums and Poetry, was attached to the sixth issue of Medical Enthusiasm and Learning from the West.
Zhang Xichun has three sons and a daughter. Yin Chao, the eldest son, inherited his father's business. He was a military doctor in garrison headquarters, Gyeonggi, and died in 1939. Sun Mingxun inherited his ancestral business and practiced medicine in his hometown. 1954, he dedicated the copyright and manuscript of "Medical Enthusiasm" to the country, realizing the great aspirations of his ancestors.
From 1957 to 1985, Hebei Province compiled and published four times, with a total circulation of nearly 500,000 sets, which is far behind any medical book in modern times. From 65438 to 1960s, modern science began to be introduced into China slowly and systematically. Zhang Xichun was born in the backcountry, so it was difficult for him to get in touch with western learning when he was young. He said that he "began to read western medicine books in his thirties, and he was quite happy that he explained something new, more than Chinese medicine." Only 65,438+00 years ago, I have made great contributions to medical research, but I know that western novel theories are mostly included in Chinese medicine, and the meaning of specialized ancient books is ambiguous, so it is up to future generations to explain their ears "(this is the first medical theory from Zhang Xichun," On the Theory of Chinese Medicine, including the Theory of Western Medicine, It is not difficult to communicate between China and the West "). As for why Huitong Chinese and Western Medicine set foot in the west, in 1909, he said in the preface of his book: "Today everything is still western ... After I became a Confucian scholar, it became the unfinished business of the ancients. It is also my Confucian sin not to innovate with the past and let Chinese medicine shine in the world. ..... He compiled it in western France, but not only adopted its medical theory, but also adopted its chemical theory and applied it to Fang Yaozhong. Snay's combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine is not a person using his medicine, but just a knowledge of asking questions. "Visiting the West is obviously the need of the times. However, Zhang Xichun's knowledge and experience tell him that Chinese medicine still has many advantages, and the communication should be based on Chinese medicine, that is, learning western theories and developing Chinese medicine to make it shine in the world.
In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was defeated, and the Chinese people shook up and down. Many intellectuals believe that they must learn from Japan and actively introduce western learning in order to become rich and strong and avoid peril. After 1893, Zhang Xichun was never interested in fame, so he paid more attention to western learning. From 65438 to 0897, at the age of nearly 40, he began to teach himself algebra and geometry, and then studied physics, chemistry and biology, which laid a solid foundation for comprehensive reference to Western medicine.
Zhang Xichun found a brand-new research viewpoint and method. The first is to abandon the view of worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things, and dare to innovate, not just learning old papers. Zhang Xichun said: "I was born after the ancients. You can't restrain me with the wisdom of the ancients, but you can enlighten me with the wisdom of the ancients, and medicine will progress." . Similar views can be found everywhere in his books. For example, he advocated: "If you read the method of Neijing, but study it carefully in its credible place, you can open infinite method." Not credible, or false trust in future generations, can be unpaid. " As for the mistakes in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, he also advocated falsehood or simplification of mistakes, arguing that "there are still some forgeries in ancient classics, even in alchemy books." Zhang Xichun originally admired Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica most because it contained slightly cold gypsum, which was the literature basis for his special worship of gypsum in treating cold and warm. But he said: "all herbs are discredited. The only thing that can be trusted is classics, but it is difficult to believe them all." What the ancients didn't do, how to make the ancient new? At that time, in terms of basic theory, the main problem faced by Chinese medicine was that it was difficult to connect the theory of yin-yang and five elements with the basic principles of natural science; It is difficult to connect the theory of Tibetan elephant with anatomy and physiology; The theory of six qi and six yin is difficult to understand with the theory of microbial etiology; Qi theory and cell theory are difficult to understand. On the basis of predecessors, Zhang Xichun made a lot of discussions on these issues, among which his views on heart failure and renal failure, cerebral congestion and syncope are still of reference value. As for specific issues, almost every chapter in his book can find mutual reference between China and the West.
Integrating the basic theories of traditional Chinese and western medicine from the literature is not enough to solve the clinical problems at that time. This innovation mainly benefits from his second viewpoint and method, that is, opposing empty talk and advocating experimental methods. Although Zhang Xichun does not have the conditions to use instruments for laboratory research, he can make full use of his long-term clinical practice and try his best to seek knowledge through personal experience.
Zhang Xichun's experimental spirit is manifested in two aspects: one is the practical research on drugs; Second, careful clinical observation and detailed and reliable medical records. He believes that "the first level of studying medicine is to understand the essence of medicine ... when studying medicine, all medicines are tried by yourself." If you still can't know the truth after trying, turn to other people's experience. In order to study whether fennel is poisonous, he is not ashamed to ask the chef. Other toxic drugs, such as croton and sulfur, are as powerful as Kansui, Asarum, Ephedra and Zanthoxylum bungeanum. They are all tested on themselves and then applied to people. For the authenticity of drugs in the city, it is necessary to consult and visit every week and personally supervise the production, so that there is no false hair before. Therefore, Zhang Xichun's professional knowledge and dosage are beyond the reach of ordinary people. In particular, he repeatedly tried to sum up the following ideas: dissolving dogwood meat, diuresis with Shenqi, resolving phlegm and clearing heat with alum, removing intestinal stasis with ochre, eliminating sores and swelling with Sanqi, eliminating carbuncle with leech, treating deficiency cold with sulfur, and disinfection with centipede and scorpion, which fully developed the ancient theory and expanded the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine. His research on gypsum, dogwood and yam is unprecedented.
There are more than one million words in the book "Participating in the West from Medical Enthusiasm", and scholars never tire of reading it. The key point is that most of its contents are vivid and detailed practice records and summaries, and few are empty assumptions. Among them, there are about 200 prescriptions made by Zhang Xichun and about 200 ancient or folk prescriptions. There are more than 100 kinds of important medical theories, which involve most basic and clinical contents of traditional Chinese and western medicine. Almost none of them can be explained without clinical treatment. Important methods are attached with dozens of medical records, and important arguments have been repeatedly discussed, confirmed and deepened in decades of clinical practice and writings. Therefore, Zhang Xichun was honored as "the master of medical experimental school".
Zhang Xichun's whole book contains more than a thousand cases, with a brief record of minor diseases. For serious illness, chronic disease or showing medical records, the observation records are detailed, appropriate and complete from beginning to end. At that time, there were many medical records and papers of western medicine in China, which were rich in written materials. This paper holds that people who argue with traditional Chinese medicine must levy experiments; People who communicate between China and the West are thought-provoking. Readers of his book can be unconvinced, but they must not think that the author is lying or mystifying to fill in the space. Being diligent in practice, personally experiencing, carefully observing, recording at any time and constantly improving are Zhang Xichun's experimental methods. Zhang Xichun is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and five senses. Among them, there are six creative achievements.
Give full play to the efficacy of gypsum in treating fever. Before the 1940s, fever was one of the main diseases that threatened human life. At that time, the curative effect of western medicine was not ideal. Although there are two theories of typhoid fever and febrile diseases in traditional Chinese medicine, it is difficult for ordinary doctors to skillfully use them. Traditional theory has not fully expounded gypsum and related prescriptions, but Zhang Xichun played the role of gypsum, simplified the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment of fever, and improved the repeatability. He believes that gypsum is slightly cold, and its cool nature can disperse, penetrate the exterior, relax tendons, and be good at clearing the middle and upper jiao. If exogenous diseases have excess heat, it is better to use elixir boldly. But doctors often mistakenly think that it is cold and use it, that is, turning the elixir into poison. Ancient gypsum is represented by Daqinglong Decoction and Baihu Decoction. Although this is designed for severe cases, there are many taboos. If appropriate modifications are made, gypsum can be used to treat fever, and those with high fever have no discomfort. Baihu decoction can be widely used to rescue critically ill patients. Its principle is that heat is strong and pulse is strong, that is, gypsum is added to the original prescription to overcome the disease; Ginseng should be added to the original recipe for heat deficiency and excess, and yam should be used instead of japonica rice or ginseng should be used instead of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. In critical condition, patients can't take medicine, so they can simply fry gypsum or chew it with fresh pear slices and gypsum powder.
Zhang Xichun took pains to expound this theory, and only 38 medical records were attached to the Plaster Solution. Most of them are critically ill. According to the diagnosis of western medicine, diseases include dysentery, malaria, severe submandibular abscess, pneumonia, puerperal fever, postpartum hemorrhage, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever and so on. Nearly half of them are accompanied by coma, shock or general failure. After nearly a century, it is still difficult to treat some of the above cases simply by western methods today. But Zhang Xichun was also handy. He once said: "I have been a fool for more than forty years, and I want to reuse plaster to treat thousands of cases." There are a few kilograms for a card, and there are also more than ten kilograms for a card. " From 65438 to 0954, Shijiazhuang organized Chinese medicine to treat Japanese encephalitis with Zhang Xichun's experience of reusing gypsum, and achieved good results. The health department once promoted it to the whole country as a major scientific and technological achievement. This valuable insight and experience of Zhang Xichun was inherited and developed after the founding of New China.
The creation of Tang Xian is the invention of Zhang Xichun's diagnosis. Its theoretical abbreviation is: "Man is man, from flying to flying." . "People in the atmosphere are based on vitality, taking Shui Gu as nourishment and taking the land in the chest as a hole." . This qi controls the lungs and is the basis of breathing. The most typical symptom of atmospheric subsidence is that the patient feels that he is short of breath enough to rest, as if he is breathing instead of breathing, and the pulse diagnosis is not established. Other witnesses are varied. Based on the diagnosis of western medicine today, this syndrome is mostly functional and there is no reliable treatment. Shengxian decoction is effective in most cases. Only in this way can future generations be very repetitive.
Cholera epidemic often occurs in medical practice in Zhang Xichun, which has contributed to the prevention and treatment of cholera. At that time, western medicine was better at preventing diseases than treating them. To this end, he created a cholera emergency resuscitation pill and a health and epidemic prevention pill that pays equal attention to prevention and treatment. It is the result of the combination of Chinese and western medicine, which is simple in economy and better in effect than Chinese and western medicine. From1919-1920, these two parties were tried in large areas in Northeast China, Hebei, Shandong and Henan. According to reliable reports, tens of thousands of people have been cured.
Most of the patients treated by Zhang Xichun with intestinal knot as the main indication in traditional Chinese medicine belong to mechanical or dynamic intestinal obstruction. The ancients had methods such as bearing qi, but there were taboos and the curative effect was not ideal. One of the methods created by Zhang Xichun is to pound soup, and the other is to scald it with scallion. The former combines the advantages of ancient prescriptions and makes innovations, while the latter is an external treatment method, which is suitable for dynamic intestinal obstruction. According to the medical records, it is a typical obstruction with good effect. In recent years, the principle of treating intestinal obstruction with combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine still shows the method used by Zhang Xichun. Zhang Xichun, inventor of emergency syndrome, is good at emergency syndrome. In addition to the above, he also used dogwood to save it. Disenchantment syndrome is called shock in western medicine, which is a common and difficult disease to treat so far. Ginseng is the main medicine in ancient medicine in China, but there is no taboo. Cornus officinalis is the main medicine in Zhang Xichun. According to its theory, Cornus officinalis tastes sour and warm, which can greatly converge vitality, healthy qi but not evil qi. The medical records attached by Zhang Xichun cover almost all kinds of shock, especially sweating, which is the most effective. The method is: in an emergency, 60 grams (2 Liang) of Cornus officinalis is decocted and taken in a hurry. If the condition is slightly relieved or below, ginseng and yam are added. Raw yam, suicide is also effective. There is also Xiaoqing Youtang to reduce exogenous pathogens, resolve phlegm and relieve asthma. Xiaoqinglong decoction is a classic prescription. The original indications were not mainly phlegm and asthma. Later generations invented it to treat phlegm and asthma, but it was not as good as Zhang Xichun's. Exogenous phlegm and asthma is an acute attack of asthmatic bronchitis or chronic bronchitis, which is often accompanied by severe dyspnea or heart failure. Zhang Xichun believes that Xiaoqinglong Decoction is the most effective method to treat this severe disease, and it has been tried and tested. Addition and subtraction, gypsum is mainly added by thermogravimetry. In order to consolidate the curative effect, Zhang Xichun tried to treat the disease with Dragon's Blood Decoction, which is still worth studying. In addition, Zhang Xichun also expounded the rescue of various acute syndromes such as massive hemorrhage and threatened stroke.
Zhang Xichun's courage to heal the wounded and rescue the dying shows that his knowledge and sense of responsibility are extraordinary, and we can also see why he enjoys an enduring reputation.
There are many contents in Zhang Xichun's Treatise on Deficiency, and the most common medicine is raw yam. Zhang Xichun's research on this medicine is second only to gypsum. The other most valuable explanations are the reuse of Panax notoginseng, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli and Leech. Treat chronic diseases such as abdominal mass accumulation. Tuberculosis also belongs to the fatigue category of traditional Chinese medicine. Besides inheriting the method of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, Zhang Xichun used Chinese yam, Radix Astragali, Ginseng and other tonics to treat tuberculosis, followed by nourishing yin and relieving cough. Zhang Xichun is loyal and noble. The preface of his book says: "Life has a great will, and then great achievements ... People who study medicine have little will to feed themselves, but great will to help the living". This ambition is based on the concept of "if you don't want to be a good doctor, you must be a good doctor". Although Zhang Xichun has never been directly involved in politics in his life, he often shows his anxiety in his poems. 1924, he wrote the first cloud in the fifth volume of his book: "I've been pretentious all my life, and a good doctor and good looks will always be empty talk." Rough and broad-minded, often feel sorry for the country's difficulties. Worried about the world from gray to hot, the reason to live is to participate in silence. Xu Anqi Aoli keeps the essence and turns it into nectar. "Poetry euphemistically expresses the regret of failing to cure the country.
In order to save the world and life, Zhang Xichun treats doctors without considering personal interests. Any findings will be published in the medical field. It is difficult to make a profit because of the convention of giving away books. As for his experience of meditation and breathing (especially popular at school at that time), he advocated it to the medical community, believing that it was not only beneficial to health preservation, but also to academic research. His friends and patients are not only military and political dignitaries, but also urban and rural poor. They are all equal and don't look down on themselves. He has no property, and his daily business is just enough to make ends meet. 19 13, when the Yellow River flooded, an orphan in the disaster area was stranded in Daming and starved to death. Zhang Xichun took him to his apartment and saved his life. Because I didn't know he lived in his hometown, I adopted him and named him Zhang. As an adult, he made a career for his family and made a living in Tianjin. On his deathbed, Zhang Xichun finally learned that the surname of hua county was Lu, so he changed his name, and this righteous act was handed down.
Although Zhang Xichun's scholarship is full of original ideas, his words are euphemistic and he seldom denounces the mistakes of his predecessors. He is friendly to fellow travelers, and he is not good at belittling others or praising them. When the debate between Chinese and Western medicine was in full swing, the author wrote about the connection between Chinese and Western medicine based on his ambition. It is inappropriate for the medical profession to argue with each other. People think it is the golden mean. But Zhang Xichun denounced the quack who killed people by mistake as a person who threw stones into the well without mercy. Although this is filled with indignation, it can also be seen that it is loyal and sincere and extremely responsible for patients. He learned from the world with "sincerity" as his creed, so the bookstore was named "Zhicheng Hall".
Zhang Xichun doesn't avoid hard work and is very frugal. He always studies and keeps pace with the times. He never stops learning all his life. Although in his later years, everyone who makes poison bait has to bow to the producer; Revise the work, answer questions and refuse to impersonate others. He also called on doctors not to knock at the door. Every time there is a serious illness, he needs to think and look up books. Once he had a fixed opinion, he booked a car to go to the patient's home for treatment. Even if I am terminally ill, I will spare no effort and I will not slack off every time I save my life. People call it a generation of masters, and they deserve it. 1860 was born in Yanshan county, Zhili (now Hebei province) in March.
1874 began to study medicine.
1879 started practicing medicine.
1909 wrote the first three issues of Medical Enthusiasm and Learning from the West.
19 12 was invited as a military doctor by the Texas garrison commander Huang Huaxuan.
19 18 to hire the director of Shenyang Lida Hospital.
1924 wrote the fourth issue "learning from the west with medical enthusiasm"
65438-0927 started practicing medicine in Tianjin. The name of the clinic is Chinese and Western Huitong Medical Association.
1928 wrote the fifth issue of Medical Enthusiasm and Learning from the West.
193 1 year, wrote the sixth issue of western medical participation.
1933 set up a correspondence college of traditional Chinese medicine.
1933 died in Tianjin in September.