First, the food supplement pie: the diet has a medicated diet festival.
The food tonic school advocates food tonic, food tonic and dietotherapy. By studying the properties of food, we can keep healthy and prolong life through a reasonable diet.
The concept of food and nutrition was recorded earlier in Neijing: "All fruits and vegetables are eaten". And realized the importance of diet and nutrition: "People are based on water valley, so if people refuse Shui Gu, they will die." It shows that diet is an indispensable nutrient for human body. Physicians in past dynasties attached great importance to diet health care. Sun Simiao laid the foundation of China's food nutrition, and put forward that "survival is food"; "medicine is strong and strong, and it is still like a soldier"; "If you can eat food that relieves your illness, you can be said to be a good worker." This thought has a great influence on the physicians and health care workers of the dietotherapy school in later generations.
Meng E, a disciple of Sun Simiao, is the originator of world dietotherapy. His Herbs of Dietotherapy is the earliest extant monograph on dietotherapy in China and the world. "Medicine tonic is not as good as food tonic" and "medicine is toxic in three ways". Meng E advocated "medicine for eliminating evil, nourishing and nourishing food". Emphasizing diet therapy can not only avoid drug deviation, but also maintain health. Chen Shiliang inherited and developed this theory in Southern Tang Dynasty, and wrote Edible Materia Medica. Then, Hu Sihui's Drinking and Eating, Jia Ming's Dietary Guidance, Wang Shixiong's Life with Interest and other dietetic works enriched the content of dietetic school and provided a lot of information for its further development.
The dietotherapy school advocated that drug therapy was not as good as dietotherapy, and emphasized that diet health care should be based on five flavors, and according to the season, avoid eating, keeping clean and avoiding thick flavors, so as to ensure good health, prevent diseases and achieve the purpose of prolonging life.
Second, the school of nourishing nature: cultivating the spirit of moral regulation.
After the Western Han Dynasty, Confucian scholars combined the moral cultivation and neutralization thought in Confucius and Mencius' theory with TCM health preservation methods, and gradually formed the school of nourishing nature. This school emphasizes psychological adjustment, advocates diet adjustment and attaches importance to personal care, which has been followed by health care and doctors in past dynasties.
Confucius first put forward the view that "the benevolent will live long" and "the virtuous will lead to his longevity", and put forward the three commandments of a gentleman: "When you are a teenager, you should be cautious; It is also strong and bloody, and it is fighting; It is also old, the blood gas drops, and it is obtained by abstinence ("The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi"). " Mencius proposed to "cultivate my noble spirit" and "cultivate my heart without being good at lust" (Mencius). They all emphasize the importance of health care, nourishing the heart, regulating the mind and reducing the desire.
Dong Zhongshu combined health preservation with the doctrine of the mean, emphasizing the benefit of qi and harmony: "Who wins and loses by keeping his body in heaven?" Those who can cultivate themselves by neutralization have a very long life "(Spring and Autumn Story). "Su Wen's Ancient Naivety" says: "Nothing is indifferent, and the true qi follows, and God hides inside, and the disease is always safe. Are you idle and have no desire? So I can live to 100 years old. "
Sun Simiao inherited and developed the thought of preventing diseases in Neijing, and repeatedly emphasized in the Preface of Nourishing Sex that "those who are good at nourishing sex have the meaning of preventing diseases". It can be seen that the purpose of nourishing is to get rid of diseases and prolong life. Therefore, all health care physicians who attach importance to moral cultivation in later generations all admire Confucius, Mencius and Sun Simiao and form their own school. Subsequently, supplemented by Cheng Yi, Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan and others, the Confucian idea of keeping in good health was more deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Third, the drug bait school: medicine is light and healthy.
The health-preserving thought of the medicinal bait school sprouted in Shan Hai Jing and was inspired by Shen Nong's Herbal Classic. This school believes that drug health care should adopt reasonable dialectical principles, such as cubic peace, selecting drugs according to the body, focusing on spleen and kidney, nourishing drugs according to the time, and nourishing people according to their needs, so as to get rid of diseases, strengthen the body and prolong life.
Shennong Herbal Classic, the earliest existing pharmacological monograph in China, systematically summarizes the drug theory and medication experience of treating diseases and preserving health before the Han Dynasty. During the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of drug health care has made important progress. For example, Chen Zhi and Zou Xuan, famous medical scientists, clearly pointed out that drug care for the elderly should focus on cultivating the first and second foundations, and observe the products commonly used in their books, such as Rehmannia glutinosa, Lycium barbarum, walnut kernel and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. All of them are drugs for invigorating kidney and essence, strengthening spleen and regulating qi, leaving a valuable legacy for the research of anti-aging and longevity prescriptions in later generations.
In the Ming Dynasty, it entered the heyday of the development of the health-preserving thought of Medicine Bait School, and the school of Warming and Tonifying represented by Zhao Xianke and Zhang Jingyue advocated using the medicine of warming and tonifying to replenish the real fire. Li Shizhen praised James's theory of spleen and stomach, and his book Compendium of Materia Medica sharply criticized the fallacy of taking stone as an immortal, praised the health preservation of animal and plant medicines, and emphasized the health preservation function of animal and plant medicines, such as Gordon Euryale's "Its merits are better than milk stones"; Deer, on the other hand, are "pure yang and long-lived things, which can pass through the governor vessels and feed on grass, so their meat is beneficial and harmless." Health experts in Qing dynasty inherited the experience of health care with drug bait. For example, Xu Dachun emphasized the treatment of physical ups and downs, the ups and downs of Yin and Yang, the choice of peaceful and pure products and the principle of "slightly subsidizing".
Fourth, the dynamic school: the dynamic shape is not bad.
Motivation is a healthy school that advocates moderate exercise. The thought of leaving for health preservation began in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, which formed a school in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and continued to innovate and develop in later generations. The dynamic school believes that the ups and downs of the human body are related to the ups and downs of essence, qi and spirit. Physical exercise leads to healthy exercise of the spleen and stomach, circulation of essence and qi, and vigorous and lasting vitality.
It started in Zhuangzi and appeared in the form of dynamic cultivation. Laozi and Zhuangzi believe that quietness can prolong life, but Tiandan Taoism's health preservation method is quietness and movement to achieve the purpose of activating qi and blood and regulating yin and yang. Later qigong originated from Laozi and Zhuangzi. "Su Wen Gu Naive Theory" "Is the law in Yin and Yang, and is it in counting tricks?" Discussion is a summary of the basic principles of health preservation, and introduction is one of the health preservation methods of "harmony of skills"
Zhang Zhongjing further elaborated the significance of guidance in health preservation and disease prevention, pointing out that "the limbs only feel heavy stagnation, that is, guiding breathing?" Don't block the nine orifices "("synopsis of the golden chamber, the first card of diseases of viscera and meridians "). Hua Tuo's health is well known, "he is still full of vigor after he is 100 years old" (The Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty). The "Five Animals Play" he founded pushed the introduction one step forward and further expounded the principle of dynamic health preservation in theory. Sun Simiao said in Fang: "The way to keep in good health is often diligence". Does physiological desire often play a role? Don't overdo it. "Then, Baduanjin was founded in the Song Dynasty and prevailed in Tai Ji Chuan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and various exercise methods in recent years, such as sports, dance and gymnastics, all inherited and developed the ancient fitness methods in China.
Five, Peiyuan School: cultivate Yuan and abstain from desire, consolidate the foundation and cultivate Yuan.
Peiyuan school emphasizes that the treatment and prevention of diseases should pay attention to the cultivation and supplement of vitality, and holds that vitality is innate, and if the five internal organs are filled with peace, they will be refined and nourished. Therefore, to cherish and protect Yuan is to protect vitality, maintain health and prolong life by nourishing the five internal organs, flirting and avoiding overwork and injury.
"Those with vigorous vitality will live long, and those with stagnation of qi will die (Introduction to Medicine, Valve)". Physicians in previous dynasties emphasized cherishing Yuan and preserving essence, and attached importance to the relationship between vitality and longevity. Neijing pointed out: "I have a lot of thoughts, but I can't do whatever I want." I'm crazy about the outside. I'm too involved in the house? People with muscle relaxation are born in the liver, and the liver is inside (Su Wen Wei Lun). " If you want to live a long and healthy life, you should start by being careful and frugal. Later generations of doctors advocated abstinence and nourishing the yuan from the main idea of Neijing. Ge Hong regards Baoyuan as the rule of longevity: "If you want to live forever, you must get it. The most important thing is to preserve the essence (the inner part of Bao Puzi). " Nourishing vitality is the basis of delaying aging. Zhang Peiyuan, a famous doctor in Qimen in Ming Dynasty, consolidated the foundation and cultivated the yuan, strengthened the vital energy and prevented evil spirits, and invented the theory of "Wei Ying Qi Yi", which unified Zhu Danxi's nourishing yin and invigorating qi with high strength in theory and treatment. The viewpoint of ginseng and qi in Shishan Medical Records not only tonifies yang but also tonifies yin, which supplements and expands the important significance of invigorating primordial qi in treating diseases.
Xu Chunfu also emphasized that the vitality of the spleen and stomach must be taken care of when treating diseases, and wrote The Complete Works of Ancient and Modern Medical Systems. And put forward that "it is not enough to treat a disease without checking the deficiency of the spleen and stomach." In addition, careful medication is also an important aspect of protecting vitality. Zhang Jingyue put forward that "if you have a disease, you will suffer from it; If you take medicine without disease, you will suffer from it (Jingyue Quanshu). Gong Tingxian put forward the three-character motto of "Cherish Life", pointed out the relationship between life and aging, and wrote "Live a long life and protect the Yuan".
Sixth, the adaptation school: conform to nature and keep in good health.
Adaptation school is a school that advocates adapting to the changes of natural laws of the four seasons. Adapters believe that only by actively mastering the law of external changes and defending against the invasion of external evils can we preserve health and prevent diseases and prolong life.
Laozi and Zhuangzi first put forward the theory and method of "learning from nature". "Lingshu Benjing" pointed out: "The health of the wise must be suitable for cold and heat? If so, you can't avoid evil spirits and you will live for a long time. " It shows the importance of adapting to the growth and decline of yin and yang in nature. Zhu Danxi also pointed out: "People who are good at cultivating? Take pictures of each other to protect the sky ("Gezhi Yulun"). " Therefore, the method of providing for the aged must be taken care of according to the changes of heaven and the four seasons. In addition, Qiu Chuji is proficient in medical skills and good at keeping in good health. His health monograph "On the Essentials of Health" expounds the mental conditioning, daily life regulation and diet health care of the four seasons from different angles.
Wanquan also believes that the harmony between Yin and Yang in the universe is flat, and the imbalance between Yin and Yang is disharmony. "For example, it should be cold and warm in spring, hot and cold in summer, cold and warm in autumn and cold and warm in winter." "Where the weather is cold and hot, windy and foggy, you should avoid it, and you should not rely on it without fear ("Four Essentials of Health Preservation "). They all advocate that the laws of daily life should change with the seasons, so as to maintain harmony and unity with the ups and downs of Yin and Yang in nature.
Seven, the school of warming and tonifying: warming and nourishing yang, nourishing spleen and soil.
The health-preserving thought of the Warming-Tonifying School originated from Neijing, and its principles of disease prevention and treatment were adopted by doctors in past dynasties. Based on their own clinical experience, this school of physicians expounded the important role of spleen and kidney in human body, and pointed out that health preservation and disease prevention should start from two aspects: "innate life and fire" and "acquired spleen and stomach".
Warming-reinforcing school advocates the prevention and treatment of diseases based on the principle of heaven and earth, and is a medical school characterized by making good use of warming-reinforcing method. Neijing puts forward that "in fact, it is diarrhea, and deficiency is tonic" ("Su Wen San Bu Jiu Hou Lun"); "Those who are full will have diarrhea, and those who are deficient will drink medicine to make up for it (spiritual pivot pulse)"; "If the shape is insufficient, the temperature should be used, and if the essence is insufficient, it should be supplemented by taste (Su Wen's Yin and Yang should be like a big theory)"; "Failure to fill it? People who work are warm, and those who lose are warm (On Su Wenzhi's Truth). These principles of warming, nourishing, eliminating diseases and keeping in good health were brought into play by later doctors. Li Dongyuan's Spleen and Stomach Theory, Volume I, Spleen and Stomach Deficiency Theory, said: "If the stomach qi is weak and the diet is doubled, the spleen and stomach qi will be injured, and the vitality will be insufficient, which will also cause diseases. "I think that the spleen and stomach function is normal, the vitality is abundant, the viscera and tissues are healthy, and the body is healthy.
In Ming Dynasty, Xue Ji advocated paying equal attention to spleen and kidney, with spleen and stomach as the main part. Zhao Xianke advocated that kidney can kill fire and water, because "the invisible fire of life gate lies in the tangible of two kidneys" (On Twelve Officials in Neijing), so he used Liuwei Dihuang Pill and Bawei Dihuang Pill to tonify kidney and kill fire. Sun Yikui believes that the dynamic qi between the kidneys is the root of endless life, and the fire of triple energizer is the difference of vitality, so it is very important to warm up the yang. In Qing Dynasty, Ye also thought that "spleen and stomach are the most detailed diseases", and put forward that "invigorating the kidney is better than strengthening the spleen", and on the basis of the treatment of "warming the spleen and stomach", he added the treatment of "nourishing stomach yin".
Eight, meditation school: quiet to nourish the heart without desire.
Jing Shen School is a static health preserving school with the aim of immortality. Its guiding ideology is to return to nature, be quietism, be peaceful and have no desire, advocate gentleness, guide qi movement and have both form and spirit.
Jing Shen School advocates that keeping in good health should be based on the spirit of quietness, in which there is movement. Laozi and Zhuangzi Taoism's thought of "deep-rooted, long-lived and far-sighted" has a direct impact on the static school. They advocate nature, demand to return to nature, conform to nature, and focus on quietness. Laozi's Tao Te Ching says, "Being indifferent and complacent is the elixir of life." It is pointed out that the mind should be quiet and leisurely, and there should be no excessive desire, so that the mind can be sound, the essence can be hidden inside, and the life span can be extended. Zhuangzi inherited Laozi's thought and expounded the quiet way of nourishing heart and essence. "Silence is inaction? Doing nothing will lead to Yu Yu, and doing nothing will lead to Yu Yu's long life (Zhuangzi Heaven). Later, the rest principles in Neijing, such as "indifferent to nothingness, obeying the true qi and hiding the spirit inside", all developed from this.
The school of TCM health preservation began with Taoist shunt. Many scholars who believe in Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, on the one hand, strongly advocate health-preserving methods such as dredging and breathing, on the other hand, from the reality of preventing diseases and strengthening the body, sort out and improve Laozi and Zhuangzi's health-preserving thoughts. For example, Ji Kang's "Theory of Health Preservation" pointed out: "Wisdom and sex are harmonious." It is considered that material desire is a serious matter of keeping in good health, and thus "maintaining its harmony" is put forward. After that, Wanquan's Four Essentials of Health Care listed the first few desires as the first essence of health care, emphasizing that "desire cannot be vertical, and indulgence is a disaster?" It can be said that you know how to keep in good health ("four essentials of keeping in good health, no desire first"). Its "Four Essentials of Caution in Health Care" also emphasizes? Therefore, if the heart is always quiet, God will be at peace, if God is at peace, God will be at peace. In this way, you will die a long life. "So, all previous generations of health care experts attached great importance to spiritual cultivation, and there is a saying that' spiritual cultivation is too high, followed by physical cultivation'.
Nine, adjust the style: adjust the gas to support life.
The idea of regulating qi and preserving health began to sprout in Guanzi, and its school was formed in Han and Tang Dynasties and developed in later generations. Diao Feng believes that the constant movement of qi is the basis of human life activities and the key to longevity.
Guan Zhong, the earliest advocate of regulating qi and keeping in good health, advocated regulating internal qi and making it together. "Guanzi" says: "Those who are refined are also refined. Airway means life, life means thinking, thinking means knowing, and knowing means stopping. " It is pointed out that qi is the basis of human body generation and life activities. Neijing pointed out: "Those who are really angry are influenced by heaven, and they are also full of grain." It shows that true qi has a very close relationship with human health. In Qian Jin Fang, Sun Simiao made a special discussion on regulating qi, quoted Peng Zu's words that it takes many years to regulate qi to explain that regulating qi can prolong life, and recorded Peng Zu's "Harmony with God and Guiding Qi".
Liu pays attention to maintaining qi and essence, especially vitality, and advocates benefiting qi and regulating qi in health preservation methods. Health experts also believe that regulating qi is the most taboo for rage. Cao Tingdong, for example, said, "People borrow gas to replenish their bodies, so they care about good maintenance on weekdays. The most taboo is anger. When you are angry, you will be angry but not smooth, you will suffocate, you will feel uncomfortable, and you will hurt me enough to hurt my body. Although the old man will be angry, when he thinks about things and his body, he can let it go on second thoughts. " It is pointed out that anger leads to qi disorder and damages the body.
What are the seven basic principles of TCM health preservation?
1, regulate Yin and Yang, reconcile Yin and Yang, and keep secrets of Yin and Yang, which can make human body's tendons and veins smooth, bone marrow firm, qi and blood smooth, internal and external coordination, no invasion of evil spirits, and hearing and seeing.
2. Harmony with the viscera means that the functions of the five zang-organs are relatively stable and coordinated. Because the life activities of the human body are a comprehensive reflection of the functions of the five zang-organs as the main body, health preservation should first coordinate the physiological functions of the zang-organs to make them an organic whole and give full play to their physiological functions.
3, meridians, is to let the human body's meridians unimpeded. The reason why people become an organic whole is that the meridians crisscross, entering and leaving the exterior, running through the upper and lower parts, connecting the five internal organs and reaching the skin and muscles. Through the communication and connection of meridians, the qi and blood of human body can be circulated, so that the zang-fu organs are connected, the yin is connected, and the inside and outside are connected. If qi and blood do not circulate, all kinds of connections between zang-fu organs will be blocked and diseases will occur.
4, protect the yin essence, between essence and spirit, essence is the foundation of life, because "essence is full of qi, and qi is full of spirit", if essence is insufficient, it will be weak, the viscera will be dysfunctional, and all evils will easily invade.
5. Re-cultivate the spirit. Huangdi Neijing clearly pointed out: "Those who gain the spirit will prosper, and those who fail will die." Traditional Chinese medicine believes that God is the master of life activities, which controls the essence and is the foundation of life. In the course of life, God is easy to move, easy to consume, difficult to be quiet and difficult to be inside. Therefore, many people in the past dynasties advocated calming the nerves to strengthen the body and prevent diseases and resist the elders.
6. On sunny days, it is through the internal adjustment of the human body to adapt to the changes of the external natural environment, so as to maintain normal physiological functions.
7. Regulating qi, Huangdi Neijing points out that "all diseases are caused by qi". Qi here refers to Qi, that is, Qi moves up and down in four forms. The pathological changes of qi are related to the pathological changes of the whole body. To maintain a good life, we must pay attention to observe whether the qi in the body runs normally. If it goes up, it will go up, if it goes out, it will go in if you want. We must never do the opposite.