Du Fu's life Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Yaowan, Gongxian County, Henan Province. Realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. He used to live in the west of Shaoling in the south of Chang 'an, so he called himself Shaoling's grandfather and was later called Du Shaoling. He was also called Du Gongbu by later generations because he was a foreign minister, a senior official and a proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. Du Fu's works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, which is called the history of poetry, and he himself is honored as a poet and saint. Han Yu praised Du Fu: "Du Li's article is there, and the flame is long." Du Fu himself said: "For human nature, there are many beautiful sentences, and the words are not surprising." He was born in a bureaucratic family of "obeying Confucianism and observing officials". Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor, was a famous soldier in the Western Jin Dynasty. His grandfather was a famous poet in the era of Wu Zetian, and his father was Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. Therefore, he also enjoys the privilege of not paying taxes and refusing to perform military service. This class background stipulates that Du Fu cannot become a poet who loves the people without a hard process, which is exactly what Du Fu's life path and creative path show. Du Fu's life can be divided into four periods. /kloc-before the age of 0/to 35, it was the first period for him to study hard. At this time, it coincided with the heyday of Kaiyuan, and the economic situation was good, which was the fastest growing period in his life. The poet was "studious" since he was a child and began to recite poems at the age of seven. His hard study of "reading thousands of books" and "secretly reading thousands of books" prepared sufficient conditions for his creation. From the age of 20, he ended his school life and began a "strong patrol" for more than ten years. Go south to wuyue first, and then go north to Zhao Qi. When I traveled in Qi and Zhao, I had the friendship of "brothers" with Su Yuanming, Gao Shi, Li Bai and others. Sometimes I called eagles to chase animals and hunt for fun, and sometimes I climbed mountains to reminisce about the past and drank poems. During this long heroic journey, the poet came into contact with the incomparable rich cultural background and magnificent rivers and mountains of our motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, and brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poems. The poem "Wang Yue" can represent. "Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." It shows the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation). However, due to this lifestyle, it is impossible to get close to the people and go deep into reality. Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparation period for his creation. "Seven-year-old thinking, can sing the phoenix. The nine-year-old book has been made into a bag. " Wang Fu's "Wang Yue" consists of three poems, namely Dongyue (Mount Tai), Nanyue (Hengshan) and Xiyue (Huashan). This song is about seeing Mount Tai in the East. In the 24th year of Kaiyuan (736), the 24-year-old poet began a wandering life of "chasing horses". This poem was written in Qi and Zhao (now Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places) and is the earliest extant poem of Du Fu. Between the lines, Du Fu's youthful vigor is permeated. What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen. The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north. Caiyun lave? My mind is free and easy, birds are flying around in front of my nervous eyes ... trying to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet. Li Bai and Qiu Lai, who take care of him, are still floating, but he is not ashamed of Zhusha Ge Hong. Crazy songs, empty life, who is domineering? 2. From thirty-five to forty-four, Du Fu turned to realism. In the second period, Du Fu came to the capital Chang 'an at the age of 36. He thought that he could "stand on the road of Tianjin" ("Wei Zuocheng Zhang Twenty-two Rhymes") and realize his political ambition of "being a monarch to Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure" (ibid.), but his hopes were dashed. In the second year of Du Fu's arrival in Chang 'an, it happened that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered capable people to go to Beijing to catch the exam, but Li, who actually presided over the exam, played tricks and ordered one person not to record it. Then he went to the table to congratulate the emperor and said that he was a "wild legacy." Du Fu took a cheating exam and was disappointed. In the first month of Tianbao 10th year of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty (75 1), three ceremonies were held in succession. At this time, Du Fu was 40 years old and took the opportunity to write three "Da Li Fu" dedicated to Tang Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appreciated it very much, and asked him to prepare for the establishment of Jixian Academy, and ordered the Prime Minister to examine the text. However, due to Li's obstruction, there was no following after the test. Since then, he used poems to pay tribute to some dignitaries, such as Hanlin Zhang (Jiì), Jing, Xian Yu Zhongtong, Ge who came to Beijing to pay homage, Zuo Prime Minister Wei and others, hoping that they would quote, but it was useless. At the same time of repeated political setbacks, his economic situation is also deteriorating. Because his father, who was a magistrate in Fengtian County, died and cut off his financial resources, he had to be a "guest" in some noble families, accompany them to drink and write poems, and make a living by their little charity. He wrote bitterly about the situation of this kind of life: "Being rich is like the dusk of fat horse dust; The cup was broken and simmered everywhere. "In the most difficult days, he even went up the mountain to collect medicine in exchange for" drug price ",which he later said was" selling medicine in the city and sending meals to friends ". "At this time, it was the brewing period of the Anshi Rebellion, and the traitors Li and Yang were in power. Du Fu not only failed to realize his political ambition of "respecting the monarch and obeying the people", but also began to live a humiliating life of "raising a rich family in the morning and fattening the horse dust at dusk", so that he was often hungry and cold: "Hunger is ten days, why don't I hang up my clothes?" Suffering from hunger and cold, Du Fu once wanted to retire and become Chao Fu and Xu You, but he did not shy away from hardships, but resolutely embarked on the road of actively joining the WTO. This is an important opportunity. Life tortured Du Fu and perfected Du Fu, so that he gradually penetrated into people's lives and saw the sufferings of the people and the sins of the ruling class, thus writing realistic masterpieces such as Chedian, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage. As a result of ten years' confinement, Du Fu became a poet who cared about the country and the people. This determines the direction of Du Fu's life path and creative path. On the third day of the third month, the weather is fresh, two people are on the road, and many beautiful women are walking in Chang 'an seaside. Dignified attitude, lofty and quiet personality, plump skin, thin and moderate figure. Embroidered gold and silver silk unicorn in late spring. Jade flowers hanging from their temples hang on their temples. The jewelry skirt behind them is safer. Several of them are relatives of the imperial concubine and two wives of Guo and Qin. The jade steamer is served with fragrant pots and purple humps, and the crystal plate is served with delicious white fish. Although their unicorn horn food sticks are lazily lifted, exquisite phoenix meat cleavers are rarely used. The eunuch flew away, afraid to raise the dust, and the cook came to the sea, enjoying delicacies. My music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, music, and so on. Finally, a majestic knight rode slowly down from the pavilion on the embroidered carpet. Snow-like duckweed is easy to fall and cover, and bluebirds fly to the ground in red silk handkerchief. But power can be as hot as a flame and burn people's fingers. Be alert to the Prime Minister and pay attention to his frown. From Beijing to Fengxian, Ling Du has 500 words, and the boss changed his mind. It's silly to make a promise, but it's better than stealing chickens and dogs. It has become autumn, and the white head is generous. The matter of closing the coffin has already been done, and this ambition is often lost. If you are poor, you will worry about Li Yuan, sighing for intestinal heat. It's fierce to make fun of classmates. Without rivers and seas, you can send the sun and the moon smartly. When you give birth to Yao Shun, you can't help it any more. Is there a lack of corridors and temples now? The fire is biased towards the sun, and the physical properties are difficult to win. Gu Wei is an ant tribe, but he seeks his own opinions. Hu Weiwei craves whales and wants to suppress the Bohai Sea? In order to understand physiology, we should be ashamed to do things alone. So far, I have swallowed it. Eventually ashamed of the nest, it failed to change its festival. Drinking and chatting are adaptive, and singing is broken. At the end of the year, a hundred herbs are exhausted, and the high wind Gorkon cracks. It's cloudy and eventful, and guests are sent at night. First frost is in rags, and his fingers can't stick straight. In the morning, I passed Mount Li, and the imperial couch was in the mountain. Chiyou is cold and the cliff is slippery. Yaochi qi stagnation method, feather forest phase Mojia. The monarch and the minister stay for fun, and the music moves the Yinjiao Pavilion. Baths are all long tassels, and banquets are not short brown. All the silks in Tongting belong to cold women. Whip her husband's family and gather in Miyagi Que. The sage is full of grace and really wants to live in the country. If I suddenly understand, will you abandon this thing? Toastmasters will fill the court, and benevolent people should tremble. I heard that the gold plate is in Huo Wei's room. Nave dancing fairy, misty as jade. Care about guests' mink and mouse fur. Advise customers to camel's hoof soup, and frost orange presses fragrant orange. The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones. Prosperity and decay are very different, and melancholy is indescribable. The north is completely different, and Guandu has changed its course. Water from the west down, eyes high. Doubt is coming, I am afraid that I will meet Tianzhu. The river beam is unlucky and the branches rustle. Travel is climbing, Sichuan and Guangzhou can't cross. An old lady sent her to a different county, ten doors away from the snow. Who can ignore it for a long time and be hungry? He howled as soon as he started, and his youngest son starved to death. I would rather give up a mourning, and the alley also sobbed. Being ashamed of being a father led to come to a bad end. I don't know the autumn harvest, but I am in a hurry. Life is often tax-free, and the name is not levied. The traces are still sour and pungent, and people are solid. Meditate on the unemployed, because they are far away. If you end up in the south, you won't be able to lick the pit. The sixth bow in "Out of the fortress" should be used as strength, and one arrow should be used as length. Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders. There is a limit to killing people, and countries have their own borders. As long as we can stop the enemy's invasion, is it possible to fight and kill more people? 3. From forty-five to forty-eight, Du Fu was trapped as a thief, which was the third period. This is the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion. The country was in peril, the people suffered great disasters, and the poet also experienced difficulties and obstacles. In northern Shaanxi, he fled with the people. In the secluded Chang 'an, he once witnessed the slaughter and looting of the Hu people, and felt the pain of the country's destruction and death with the people. In order to devote himself to restoring his career, he escaped from Chang 'an alone and came to Fengxiang. From these poems, we can imagine the dangers at that time, such as "living today, temporarily in a different place", "Ma Xie sees the son of heaven, and his sleeves show two elbows". After getting rid of the thief, he was appointed as a left scavenger. This is an admonition officer who is very close to the emperor. In his first month as an admonition officer, he went to save the housing officer because he was "desperate", but unexpectedly he angered Su Zong and was fined several times. Since then, he has been denounced repeatedly, but he has also gained many opportunities to go deep into people's lives. On the way back from Fengxiang to Luzhou, in Qiang Village and on Xin 'an Road, he saw all kinds of horrors. He cried with his elders and mothers who sent their children to the battlefield. The Anshi Rebellion was a national contradiction, and the war at that time was a self-defense war related to the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards the war is different from before, not opposing, but actively appealing. He mourned the "40,000 rebels" who died for his country. He warned civil and military officials to "sweep the guns with all their strength." On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people; On the one hand, we still encourage people to take part in the war. Because he went deep into people's lives and devoted himself to practical struggles, he wrote a series of patriotic poems, such as For Sorrow, Aijiangtou, Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition, Washing Horses, Three Officials and Three Farewells, which reached the peak of realism. The poem Moonlit Night was written by Du Fu when he went to Lingwu (temporary palace in Tang Suzong, now Lingwu in Ningxia) in August of the first year of Tang Suzong (756). He was captured by the rebels in the Anshi Rebellion and trapped in Chang 'an. The title of the book is Moonlit Night, which is a poem in memory of relatives. In Fuzhou, far away, she is watching the moonlight, watching it alone from the window of her room; For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too small to know where the capital is! Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? ? In July of the first year of the Tang Dynasty (756), Du Fu learned that Su Zong was in Lingwu (now Lingwu County, Ningxia), that is, the position of the emperor, so he settled in Qiang Village, Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and defected alone. On the way, he was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. He had to get away the next spring. During the days when he was forced to stay in Chang 'an, he wrote many poems reflecting the life in the occupied areas, either worrying about the country or thinking about his relatives. Hope in Spring is the masterpiece of this time. Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. 4. From 49 to 59, Du Fu lived in the sea for the fourth time. During the Anshi Rebellion, 49-year-old Du Fu drifted from place to place and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of relatives and friends, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River in western Sichuan. Write a book. At the age of 50, he wrote "The Guest Arrived", "Looking for Flowers Alone by the River", "Sending Flowers to Qing" and "The Hut was Broken by Autumn Wind" in Huanhuatang. Express your loneliness, joy and helplessness. At the age of 5 1, he wrote "Drama as Six Exquisites" to express his literary view. At the age of 52, he wrote about the banks of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army. At the age of 54, in 766, a friend came to Shu again and recommended Du Fu as a thrifty staff officer and foreign minister of the Ministry of Industry (hereinafter referred to as "Du Gongbu"). He served as a shogunate general for six months. After that, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs because his friend Yanwu died. The family left Chengdu, took a boat to the east and wrote abroad all night. Du Fu wandered in Sichuan for eight or nine years. After leaving Sichuan, he wandered in Hubei and Hunan for two or three years. At the age of 55, I lived in Yun 'an and fell ill, but I still missed my hometown and moved to Kuizhou, suffering from wind disease. It was rumored that black-bone chicken could be cured, so he raised chickens. At this time, write down "Five Generals" and "Five Poems". 56-57-year-old Kuizhou native, from Kuizhou to Jiangling, entered Yueyang to write "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower". See "Du Gongbu Collection" for the book. Written in the first year of Shangyuan (760). At the end of that spring, Du Fu moved to Huanhuaxi Caotang, took time to pay his respects at Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, and wrote this book "Book of Scholarship" to express his grief. Where is the temple of the famous prime minister in a pine forest near the Silk City? The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night saw the Collection of Du Gongbu, which was written in the spring of the second year of Shang Dynasty (AD 76 1). It was written by Du Fu in Chengdu when he wandered southwest in his later years. In the description of the spring rain, the poet reveals his joy in the spring rain. Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. The wild path is dark, and the river is bright. Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy. The Autumn Wind Destroys the Cottage is found in Du Gongbu Collection, which was written in 76 1 year, and the Anshi Rebellion has not yet subsided. In the spring of the first year of Shangyuan (760), Du Fu's relatives and friends helped him build a thatched cottage near Huanhuaxi outside Xiguo, Chengdu, to settle down. In August of the following year, the thatched cottage was destroyed by the autumn wind. Du Fu had mixed feelings and wrote "The thatched cottage was blown by the autumn wind" as a souvenir. In the autumn of August, the wind roared, and three hairs rolled up my house, flying over the river and spreading in the suburbs. The highest one hangs a long forest tip, and the lower one floats and sinks. The children in Nancun bully me, and I can't stand being a thief in the opposite direction and openly carrying Mao into the bamboo forest. My lips were burning out of breath, and I turned to sigh. In an instant, the wind will set the color of the clouds and ink, and the autumn will be bleak and dark. This cloth has been as cold as iron for many years, and Joule has been lying down and cracking. There is no dry place in the bedside table, and the feet are numb with rain. How can you get wet all night since you are in a mess and don't get enough sleep! There are tens of millions of luxury houses in Ande, which greatly protect the poor people in the world from the spring breeze and the wind and rain! Oh! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone! See "Du Gongbu Collection" when loyalists recover Henan and Hebei. In the first month of the first year of Zong Guangde (763), Shi Chaoyi (son of Shi Siming) was defeated and hanged himself in the forest. He handed over Tian and Li Huaixian. So far, Henan and Hebei regions have been recovered one after another. Du Fu wrote this poem when he lived in Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan). Henan and Hebei refer to Luoyang and northern Hebei. The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . One Night Abroad "One Night Abroad" was written by Du Fu when he left Chengdu in 765 and took his family to the east by boat, passing through Yuzhou (Chongqing, Sichuan) and Zhongzhou (Zhongxian, Sichuan). Although he is young, he has the ideal of "being a gentleman first, then being simple". In the end, I accomplished nothing, but I was old and sick, and my relatives and friends were scattered and drifted alone. He is on such a vast river, and he seems to be Europe between heaven and earth. Where will he fly? Lonely, lonely! The author's feelings are deep. The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! . Climbing Yueyang Tower, I've heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I'm climbing this building. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water. There is no news from my friends or relatives. I am old and sick, drifting in a boat. There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall, and how can I not cry by this railing? In 770, the ship sailed from Changsha to Yueyang to Tianyi Fang, where the river surged and was blocked for a long time, unable to move forward. I searched everywhere, but I found that I didn't find it. I suspected that I died in the water. At the age of 59. But "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military has been moved to this day", which is his last memory of the motherland and the people. In the era when people are enslaved, it is natural to be a poet who cares about people's sufferings. 1983, the coffin parked in Yueyang was buried in Yanshi, which was the only time for his grandson Du to "clean up beggars". The poet's body has been wandering for 43 years. What is commendable is that the twists and turns of Du Fu's life are unbearable. A generation of poets are brilliant and unappreciable. A variety of misfortunes and multiple hardships trapped their lives and ended their lives silently in a small boat, which really made people cry. However, no matter how bitter Du Fu's life is, no matter where he wanders, he is always concerned about the safety of the country and the sufferings of the people. This spirit is praised and respected by later generations. In short, in Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, "willing to die when in trouble" is his consistent spirit, and "obeying the monarch and then making the custom" is his highest ideal and main means. He used these to ask and encourage his friends. He praised Yuan Jie and said, "Daozhou is worried about Li Shu, and his words are full of enthusiasm." He said to Yanwu, "If you are on the stage, don't love yourself when you are in danger." He said to Pei Qiu, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. I have long been told to die. " It is these progressive thoughts that formed Du Fu's political enthusiasm, perseverance and optimistic spirit, which made him the most political great poet in the history of our country. Of course, this is also inseparable from his life practice of being close to the people. Due to the limitation of time and class, Du Fu could not deny the status of the emperor. Bai Juyi said that "the hive and the ant nest are divided into monarch and minister", which is also natural. It should be pointed out that although Du Fu accepted the Confucian idea of loyalty to the monarch, his loyalty to the monarch was based on patriotism and love for the people. Because of this, on the one hand, he has great illusions about the emperor, hoping to "block everyone" through the emperor's "order to reduce taxes and levies"; On the other hand, he also wrote, "Tang Yao is really holy. How can the wild old man know?" "The son of heaven is more gracious and lonely all his life!" Such as poems that directly satirize the emperor, he is more brave to expose the crimes of powerful officials endangering the country and the people.