Heian period began in 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved its capital from Nara to Pinganjing (now Kyoto), and ended in 1 192 when the Kamakura shogunate was established. At the end of Nara Dynasty, the contradiction between the imperial court and the aristocratic forces intensified. In order to weaken the power of powerful nobles and monks, Emperor Kanmu decided in 784 to move its capital from Pingchengjing to Changgang (now Beijing), a mountain city, and planned to build a new capital here and name it Pingchengjing, hoping to achieve peace, auspiciousness, tranquility and harmony. Because Ping 'an Beijing was built in 794, historians often regard 794 as the beginning of the Ping 'an dynasty (there is also a saying that the decision to move the capital in 784 is the beginning of the Ping 'an dynasty). The name of Heian period comes from the name of its capital.
history
Peace of Moving the Capital and the Reform of Wu Huan Dynasty
Emperor Kanmu ascended the throne in 78 1 year (in 78 1-806). In order to promote the reform, with the support of Fujiwara (738-785 AD), who overthrew the monk mirror and gained the actual ruling power, he moved to Changgang, the capital of Shanbei State (now the south-central part of Kyoto Prefecture), in 784 AD, leaving behind a city of peace with intertwined conservative forces such as nobles and monasteries. Conservative forces tried to stop it and killed Fujiwara who proposed to move the capital. However, Daban's family, Saeki's family and Tajihi's family and other accomplices were severely punished immediately. In the same year, the emperor issued a edict announcing that the capital was moved safely. This event was called "moving the capital safely". In A.D. 13 (A.D. 794), the capital was moved from Changgang to Ge Ye in northern Shaanxi, which was called Ping 'an Beijing (now Kyoto). The 400-year period from the relocation of the capital to the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate in A.D. 1 192 is called the Heian period in history. After heian period, Kyoto was the capital of Japan until the Meiji Restoration.
Cragginess and the reform of other dynasties
After the Wu Huan Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties also carried out reforms. Xie E Huang (reigned from 809 to 822 AD) reorganized government agencies and established "Tibetans" and "Kebishi" to strengthen the emperor's power and improve work efficiency. Both of them are official positions that are not stipulated in the law, so they are called "foreign officials". Tibetans are by the emperor's side, in charge of confidential documents and conveying imperial edicts, and Kirby is in charge of military, police and judicial affairs in Kyoto. These two temporary positions were later changed to permanent positions, and the Tibetan Academy and the Kebishi Hall were placed, with increasing authority. With the deepening of reform, many original laws and regulations are out of date and need to be revised constantly. Emperor Ji ordered the formulation of "format" and dubbed it "Hong Ren format". "Ge" is a revised law, and "Shi" is a detailed provision for the application of various laws. In 10 (AD 833), Chao completed the annotation book Ling written by Tianchang senior officials (volume 10), which unified and fixed the interpretation of Ling and had the same effect as Ling. The Qing government formulated the Zhenguan format (1 1 (AD 869)), which further improved the court ceremony.
The emergence of field blockade system
Due to the collapse of the Bantian system, in order to ensure financial resources, the state had to adopt a new way of collecting land rent and taxes, and there was a land ban (negative name system). The farmland block system is to let wealthy farmers contract a certain area of cultivated land every year and bear the responsibility of paying rent. This kind of contractor is called "Tian Dun" (also called "Tian Dao" and "Tian Bu"), and the contracted cultivated land is called "negative name". Every spring, Tian Dun's contracted farmland must submit an application ("invitation") to the state to conclude a contract. On the one hand, the adoption of farmland block system shows that after the ban on farmland stopped, the state tried to prevent the land from being owned by farmers and continue to maintain the state-owned land system; On the other hand, it shows that the country has recognized the achievements of the struggle of farmers in Bantian since the middle of the 8th century, that is, farmers' possession of the land actually cultivated. The word "field blocking" seems to come from the habit of landowners to build blocks (walls) around the land they occupy. Of course, because the contract is changed every year, it shows that the land occupation method is still very unstable. With the implementation of the farmland block system, the government no longer levies taxes according to the head of citizens' household registration, but according to the actual cultivated land area of farmland blocks registered in the land register.
The development of feudal economy
After 10 century, iron farm tools and the use of cattle and horses for farming became popular among farmers and farmers, and rice production methods made remarkable progress. For example, soaking seeds before sowing, transplanting rice seedlings, starting to irrigate the fields with water trucks, knowing how to weed the fields and basking in the sun with rice racks, etc., the rice yield has been improved. /kloc-There are as many as 70 kinds of dryland crops (grain and vegetables) listed in the Japanese ancient dictionary Ri Ming Ji Miao in the 20th century, which proves that dryland crops have also been significantly developed and popularized during this period.
The division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts has expanded. In the handicraft workshops near the ancient city of Nara, Kyoto and some manors, there are some craftsmen with special skills: weavers, carpenters, masons, knives, furnaces, painters, silversmiths, Buddha statue casters and so on. These craftsmen either produce by the order or engage in the construction and repair of temples and government offices. Commerce has also developed. In Nara and Kyoto, there are independent businessmen called "city people" and "city women" from market business to shop business. In the local area, regular fairs have been opened in front of temples and manors, and independent businessmen called "peddlers" have appeared. Warehouses named "Building Houses" and "Wen" have appeared in land and water areas. Wen Maru (often a famous owner with strong economic strength) who manages the warehouses keeps, transports annual tribute or sells on behalf of others, and collects handling fees. There are many such warehouses along the coast of Yunnan and Sichuan, where the distribution of materials is the most prosperous.
The emergence of custom politics
While the citizen system of the commons was destroyed, the emperor's politics (legal politics) was also in jeopardy, and one of its signs was the appearance of Fujiwara's caring custom politics. As early as the last years of Nara, after the collapse of the monk regime, the aristocratic forces expanded again, and Fujiwara, who claimed to be a new hero, recovered obviously, especially its four northern families, which soared all the way to the second half of the ninth century, reaching the point of establishing customs politics and monopolizing state affairs.
Fujiwara, as the most powerful big noble, was generously rewarded by the emperor's government. In the name of accepting "dividing fields", "dividing fields", "posts", "titles" and temporary rewards, Fujiwara gained a lot of land, labor and wealth, far exceeding others. This is the economic foundation of Fujiwara's political prosperity, but he can seize the highest power mainly by constantly playing politics against his family, marrying the royal family and obtaining the status of consort. At the beginning of the 9th century, after Fujiwara Dongsi (775-826 AD) was appointed as the leader of Tibet, she immediately sent her daughter to the palace to be the wife of Emperor Ren Ming, because her daughter Emperor Wende (reigned in 850-857 AD) was granted the status of the emperor's grandfather. Haruhara Fujiwara (804-872 AD), the son of Dongsi, also did the same thing, sending his daughter to the palace, thus becoming the grandfather of Emperor Qinghe (reigned in 858-875 AD), and then overwhelming political opponents by creating a series of political events such as "peaceful change" and "Yingtianmen change". As a result, in 857 AD, he became the first non-royal Zheng Tai minister as the mother-in-law of Emperor Wende, and then served as the "head housekeeper" for the young Sun Qing and the emperor as the minister of Zheng Tai in the following year. Then in the eighth year of Zhenguan (866 AD), he was officially awarded the title of "Regent" and began to become a veritable Regent. After Liang Fang, his adopted son Fujiwara was appointed Regent by Sutela (836-89 1). In 887, he was granted full authority to manage state affairs by Emperor Yudo, who just ascended the throne. The imperial edict said, "Its myriad machines are extremely detailed, and all the officials are unified. They all shut down Minister Zheng Tai first and then fight. " The word "Guan Bai" was taken from China's historical masterpiece Hanshu, which means "leaving a message" and soon became the name of an official position in Japan, equivalent to the Prime Minister. In this way, Fujiwara created a special regime of "Guanbai politics" in Japanese history, that is, as a consort, he was the "regent king" when the emperor was young and the "Guanbai" regime when the emperor came of age.
The rule of the bureaucratic aristocratic group represented by Fujiwara has completely lost its advanced nature, decayed politically and degenerated in life. They pursue gorgeous palaces, shrines, Buddhist temples used as villas, grand festival ceremonies, banquets, and literature and music that decorate the status of aristocratic lords. In order to meet this luxurious life, the huge income from the state is still not enough, so they engage in official politics. For those who can afford to contract the project, they will be sold to the State Council and the corresponding official positions below according to their money. The State Council's position is most likely to get rich by corruption. Many bureaucrats and nobles bribed Fujiwara to get the position of the State Council, and were sent to the palace in Kyoto. This is the so-called "remote appointment". The State Council, regardless of production, let officials search the people in the state official collar, so he got the nickname "Shou". At that time, it was popular to "grasp the soil even when turning over a somersault", which vividly illustrated the State Council's greed.
The Rebellion of the Samurai Regiment and the Rise of Genji and Kyoji
During the 65438+1930s, two great uprisings occurred almost simultaneously-"Pingmen Rebellion" and "Junichiro Fujiwara Junichiro Rebellion". The former occurred in the fifth year of Chengping (AD 935), and the latter occurred in the second year of Tianqing (AD 939), so it was called "Chengping Tianqing Rebellion". Pingmen (AD 940) belonged to the Ping family of Huanwu and settled in Xiazong. In 935, the court intervened. To this end, he assembled the Kanto warriors who rebelled against the government and drove away the local officials in the northeast of Kanto. In 939 AD, the eight countries in Kanto were declared independent, and a palace was built on Xiazong Ape Island, claiming to be the new emperor. The panicked imperial court sent troops to conquer in 940 AD, but when the troops didn't arrive, the rebellion was quelled by Ping Zhensheng and Fujiwara Hideyoshi, both local warriors. Fujiwara (AD 94 1) was the "rafter" (third-class official) of the countries of Iraq and Henan (the county aided by the four countries today). In the fifth year of Chengping (AD 935), he led more than a thousand ships to launch a rebellion, attacked Awaji and Zanqi, and marched into Dazhai County of Kyushu. In 94 1 year, it was calmed down by the source. "Chengping Tianqing Rebellion" shows that the imperial court has been unable to suppress the rebellion and must rely on the strength of local warriors. Since then, the strength of local samurai has also begun to be recognized by the central government.
Emperor Yutang
Since then, there has been a "Zhong Pingchang Rebellion" (1028- 103 1 year) which started in Fangzong and quickly spread to Shangzong and Musashi. After the generals sent by the imperial court showed incompetence, they sent Yuan (968- AD 1048), a clan relative of Qinghe Genji, to solve the problem quickly. It is said that Yuan's name often discouraged him and gave up without a fight. Since then, Ping's forces have been replaced by Genji in Kanto. Twenty or thirty years later, Abe and Qingyuan rebelled in succession in the Northeast-"The Battle of the First Nine Years" (105 1- 1062), which was actually 12. And the fighting in the last three years (1085- 1087). Because the court successively used Yuan Laiyin's son Yuan (998- 1075) and his family Sun (1039-1KLOC-0/06) to put down two rebellions. Genji's power expanded from Kanto to Northeast China. During this period, Genji and the Kanto samurai "live and die with * * *" and "unite as one", and forged a solid feudal master-slave relationship. Genji's family became famous, and more and more squires and famous owners in Kanto, like Fujiwara family, gave their land to Genji and asked for protection. The court was so afraid of this that it even ordered the broadcast to be banned. Genji samurai group, which was originally composed only of famous samurai from Mu Temple, has now grown into a powerful samurai group with the "samurai pillar" as its core and its influence spread all over the vast area. Although officials and nobles had to admit Genji's force in the face of reality, they discriminated against Genji because of his humble status as a samurai leader, and closed the door to his entry into the central political circles. Genji's strength reached its peak when he reached Yuan Yi's house, and then went downhill. Although Huan Wuping's family lost their territory in Kanto because of the Chang Rebellion, since Heng, the son of Sheng, who made the meritorious military service in the Pingmen Rebellion, the base area has been transferred to yi river and (both triple counties) in China, which is called "Shi Ping, Yi Shi" in history, while Zheng Pingsheng, the great-grandson of Zi Weiheng, and Zhong Sheng, the son of Zheng Sheng (A.D. 1096).
Ping regime
In addition to the contradiction between the royal family and the Guan family, there are also contradictions between the emperor (French emperor) and the emperor and contradictions within the family, and these contradictions are always intertwined with the contradictions between Genji and two emerging samurai groups and the contradictions within each samurai group. The development of this complex contradiction eventually led to the "Baoyuan Rebellion" in the first year of Baoyuan (A.D. 1 156) and the "Pingzhi Rebellion" in the first year of Waheji (A.D. 1 159). In the "Yuan-preserving Rebellion", the power of relying on the source for righteousness (A.D. 1096- A.D.10/56) originated from Chao (A.D. 1 139- A.D.1/KLOC). In the "Pingzhi Rebellion" three years later, Ping Qingsheng finally defeated his opponent, Minamotono Yoshitomo was killed in the escape, and Yuan Laichao (1147-1199), a 65,438-year-old son, survived and was exiled to Izu.
Bao Yuan and the Rebellion paved the way for Ping's coming to power. In A.D. 1 167, Ping Qingsheng became the Minister of Zheng Tai, and his official residence was located in Liupolo, Kyoto, where he gave orders, so his regime was called Liupolo regime in history. Ping regime is a transitional regime from an early feudal country ruled by big bureaucrats and big noble to a middle feudal country ruled by military feudal lords based on small and medium feudal lords. Ping Qingsheng seized manors from nobles and monasteries, and took over 500 manors centered on Guinea and the West for himself, so that more than half of the people in the country knew and worked. He appointed his own ministers as state secretaries of neighboring countries, and appointed warriors who obeyed Shi Ping as "fields" for some noble estates to manage them. In addition, unlike the aristocratic regime that adopted the closed-door policy, the Pingregime and the Southern Song Dynasty regime in China adopted good policies and actively promoted-China trade. In order to facilitate the ships of the Southern Song Dynasty to sail into the Seto Inland Sea, the Yindu Strait was built, and the port was also built in Fuyuan, taking Tianjin as an important port for China's trade. In the second year of Jiaying (A.D. 1 170), Ping Qingsheng persuaded Houhe Huangfa to meet the Southern Song Dynasty businessmen who were in Japan at that time in Biezhuang, Fuyuan. Merchants in the Southern Song Dynasty immediately reported what Ping Qingsheng had done to Mingzhou Secretariat after returning home, so China presented dishes and gifts to the Japanese court in the second year of Cheng 'an (A.D. 1 172) to expand the scale of trade. Therefore, Ping Qingsheng played a certain role in promoting the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.
However, the innovation of Ping regime is extremely limited, and Ping Qingsheng pursues mainly the aristocratic life of arrogance and extravagance and its family interests. He did not change the original state institutions, but skillfully used the opposition between the emperor, the French emperor and the nobility to develop his power. He didn't make a decisive policy to defend the interests of the feudal lords of the emerging samurai. Although it can be said that it is the pioneer of Kamakura shogunate's "property system", this kind of property right is very small and cannot go against the will of aristocratic manor owners. Ping Qingsheng's conservative policy soon made the local samurai lose trust in him. Du Nan (Nara) Beiling (Kyoto) temples such as Wupingchuan Academy, Sheguan Family, Hiei Mountain, Kofukuji Temple and Liyan Temple suffered economic losses and suffered political blows. Naturally, they became more and more disgusted with Pingqingsheng, and finally succeeded in the first year of governance (A.D.1KLOC-0/77). After the incident subsided, Ping Qingsheng strengthened his reign of terror, but the forces against the Ping regime were increasing day by day.
The dispute between source and peace and the death of peace.
In the fourth year of Jian 'an (A.D. 1 180), the sending troops were first established in no Yorimasa, Shuiben, Central China (A.D. 1 105- A.D.1/80), and later Renwang (A.D.
In February (A.D. 1 18 1), Ping Qingsheng died under siege. Civil strife spread to Kyushu and Shikoku, almost all over the country. In July of the second year of Shouyong (A.D. 1 183), Yuan marched into Kyoto, and Ping Zongsheng left the western countries with a 6-year-old, and Hou Yi became emperor in Kyoto, so two emperors appeared. On July 28 of the same year, Zhong entered the capital of Beijing, stirring up a struggle between Zhong and Yuan Lai Chao. He was trying to consolidate his base in Kamakura, Yuan Laifan, and in the third year of Shouyong (A.D. 1 193) he sent his younger brother Yuan Laifan (A.D. 1 184). In February of the first year of Sandwich (A.D. 1 185), Ping's army was defeated again in the house island of Zanqi. Finally, in March, Ping's army was completely annihilated in the waters of Tanzhe Temple, and Japan's peacetime ended here.
The era before heian period was the Nara era. After the abolition of the diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty in 894, Japan's unique national culture developed. In the first year of Tianying (78 1), Emperor Kanmu acceded to the throne. Since then, the implementation of the New Deal has swept away the evils of Buddhist politics and pushed legal politics to the forefront, marking the arrival of a new era. The emperor moved the capital safely, laying the foundation for 1 100 to become the capital of Japan. Japanese history generally attaches great importance to this move as a symbol of dividing the times. Echoing the Nara era of the previous generation, it was called heian period from then until the 400-year establishment of the Takeshi regime in Kamakura.
This period was regarded as the peak of culture by the Japanese. Its most obvious story is that the Japanese capital moved to Ping An Jing (now Kyoto).
Fujiwara ruled as a spouse. From 80 1 to 1068, three emperors ascended the throne, which lasted more than 200 years. Nominally, Japan is centralized by the emperor, but most of the time it is controlled by Fujiwara Beichuan to control politics. It can be said that it is a retrogression in Japanese political history. The state family controls important positions in the imperial court, and the legal system exists in name only. In this way, the emperor's power was marginalized, which indirectly led to the later martial politics and shogunate autocracy. In the Heian period, the samurai class developed. In the later period of this era, the samurai class seized power from the nobles and established the shogunate.
From the reign of the three emperors after 1068 to the rebellion of1kloc-0/56, the Japanese emperor did not announce the recovery of real power. Since then, power has fallen into the hands of Ping Qingsheng. It was not until Pingjia was defeated by Genji's family in Yuanping Hebei War, and then Genlai dynasty seized real power. Since then, it has entered the Kamakura era.
culture
Buddhism and Shinto
Buddhism sects such as Sanlunzong, Faxiang Sect, Huayan Sect and Legalist Sect prevailed in China in the early Tang Dynasty, so these sects were also very popular in Nara period. The Heian period is equivalent to the middle and late Tang Dynasty. At that time, Tiantai Sect and Tantric Sect were popular in China, so Tiantai Sect and Tantric Sect were also popular in Japan. Like the Tang dynasty, the so-called mountain Buddhism came into being, that is, the temple was built in a deep mountain forest for retreat. In the later period of Ping 'an, the Pure Land Sect, which mainly blessed the afterlife with the Infinite Life Sutra and Amitabha Sutra, became popular in Japan, and its advocates included Kongye, Yuanji, Ren Liang and Kong Yuan. Farmers at the bottom of society have a hard life. In order to get spiritual comfort, they pinned their hopes on the afterlife. Pure land Sect catered to the mood of working people, so it developed rapidly. At the same time, the Pure Land Sect has no flashy rituals and sacrifices, claiming that chanting Buddha can become a Buddha, thus winning the public's belief.
Pen names and literature
Before the invention of pseudonyms, Japan had only languages, but no characters. After the introduction of Chinese characters, the Japanese adopted Chinese characters as the official language of the country and introduced China culture through Chinese characters. Due to the development of Japanese culture, it is objectively required to have a written language that can express one's own language, and pseudonyms are Japan's own written language produced with the historical evolution.
Architecture and sculpture
There are few buildings left in the early period of Ping 'an, only the golden hall and five-story tower of Muruosheng Temple (Nara). This temple is different from other Buddhist temples in Ping 'an. It is laid out according to the surrounding nature. The building is extremely simple, but from the beginning, it reveals the simple and beautiful characteristics of Japanese architecture. In the late Ping 'an period, Japanese architecture developed greatly, and after Japan was localized, it had obvious China characteristics.
Painting and music
Japanese painting was also influenced by the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties in the early period of Heian (794-894 AD), and "Yamato Painting" or "Japanese Painting" depicting Japanese customs and figures came into being in the late period of Heian (894-192 AD). Yamato painting is a pure Japanese painting. In contrast, the paintings in the Tang Dynasty with the theme of personnel and scenery are called "Tang paintings". At the beginning, those who described the customs of the four seasons were called "Four Seasons Paintings" and those who described scenic spots were called "Famous Paintings". Later, painting, writing and poetry became a trinity with the theme of harmony song.
Calligraphy and Tea Ceremony
The so-called calligraphy is China's calligraphy. Japanese calligraphy came from China, and it was influenced by China and absorbed the essence. Japan had not invented pseudonyms in Nara era, so the Japanese wrote running script and cursive script. Pseudonyms began to appear in former heian period. Although the upper class can write Chinese characters, it is somewhat Japanese.
Tea ceremony is a unique custom of making tea and drinking tea in Japan. It is generally believed that it originated from the Sui Dynasty in China, and was used to cultivate the mind and learn etiquette. It is a kind of Japanese culture and is known as "the essence of oriental spirit". Tea spread to Japan from China a long time ago, and there was tea in Japan around the 6th century A.D., but at first it was only used as medicine, and it was limited to some nobles and monks. At the beginning of Guan Ping 'an, Emperor Hong Ren visited Chongfu Temple in Jinjiang in April of the sixth year (AD 8 15). Most monks in this temple made tea. In June of the same year, trial planting was carried out in Yinnei, Jinjiang, Danbo and Sowing. Drinking tea was very popular in the late Ping 'an period, and this hobby has continued to this day. Tea seeds brought back from China by Rongxi (1141-kloc-0/5) were planted in Beizhen Mountain in Zhu Qian (Fukuoka Prefecture) and then transplanted to Yawei Mountain, a mountain city in Guinei. Rong also wrote "Drinking Tea for Health" in two volumes (A.D. 12 1 1). Heian period is the tea ceremony period, which gradually became popular among ordinary warriors in Kamakura period and became a kind of social etiquette knowledge.
Education and learning
Before Heian period, there were only official schools in Japan, with universities as the center and local Chinese studies. When Konghai was studying in the Tang Dynasty, he saw that there were schools in every square in Chang 'an City, rural schools in every county and complete educational institutions. He regrets that there are no private schools in Japan. So after returning to China, in 828, he founded a variety school to train talents. Prior to this, Guang Lai and his husband founded Hong Wen Academy (in the early 9th century), and then in 82 1 year, Dongsi Fujiwara founded the School of Persuasion, in 850, and in 88 1 year, a scholarship academy was founded in Yuanhangping, and the wind of private lectures rose.
During the Heian period, the municipal government organized special personnel to write history books, which were successively compiled into Continued Japanese History, Post-Japanese History, Continued Japanese History, A Record of Emperor Wende and A Record of Three Generations. These five historical works of China, together with Japanese books in Nara era, are called History of Six Kingdoms.
In addition to the above chronicles, there is also a history of classification. In 1992, he was rescued and compiled the National History, and the Records of Japan to the Records of Wende were compiled into 205 volumes according to the factual categories, which was completed in 892 AD.
Clothing and appliances
There are basically three kinds of women's clothes in Heian period: etiquette clothes, formal clothes and obscene clothes. As the name implies, the dress is of course the formal dress worn during the formula ceremony, the formal dress is the dress worn by the queen's maid-in-waiting officials, and the secular dress is the household dress. Women officials and waitresses who wear formal clothes, commonly known as twelve orders, and serve in the court or noble house have to wear twelve orders on weekdays because they have to receive visitors. Twelve dresses with nepotism, scarf, crown and hairpin on their heads are a gift dress. Obscene clothing is a kind of household clothing. Empresses and imperial daughters in the harem generally wear obscene clothes, while female officials only have the opportunity to change into obscene clothes when they go back to their rooms to sleep at night or go back to their parents' homes on sick leave. No matter what clothes you wear, the innermost layer of the lower body is a trouser skirt, not a long skirt.
Diplomatic relations
During the Heian period, Japan and China had very close contacts, where Confucianism was respected and Mahayana Buddhism was developed.