Dai people mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma, Menglian and other places in Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in more than 30 counties such as Xinping and Yuanjiang. The population exceeds 1.025 million (the fourth census in 65438 +0.990).
1953 65438+1On October 24th, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture was established. Later, Yunnan Dehong Autonomous Prefecture (1July 24th, 953), Yunnan Menglian Dai Lahu and Wa Autonomous County (1June 6th, 954) and Yunnan Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County (1June 6th, 955) were successively established. Yunnan Yuanjiang Hani Yi and Dai Autonomous County (1980165438+122 October) and Yunnan Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County (1980 65438+125 October).
Dai is a nation with a long history. As early as the first century AD, there were records about Dai in China history books. In the Han dynasty, it was called "point moon" and "mountain"; In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called "Golden Tooth", "Hei Chi" and "White Dress". It was called "Bai Yi", "Bai Yi" and "Bai Yi" in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. After 1949, it was named "Dai" according to the wishes of the Dai people. Usually, people refer to the Dai people in the mainland and the frontier as "Han Dai" and "Shui Dai" respectively. The former is called Han Dai because it is close to the Han nationality and absorbs more Chinese culture, but it is misinformed as "Han Dai", while the Dai people in Xishuangbanna, Menglian and Ruili, which maintain more national characteristics, are called "Shui Dai". Dai people call themselves "Dai Nuo", "Dai Ya", "Dai Na" and "Dai War".
Dai nationality dragon boat race
Dai people have their own language. Language belongs to Zhuang and Dai branch of Sino-Tibetan language family. Xishuangbanna and Dehong, two popular Dai languages, are pinyin characters, which evolved from Pali in southern India. Dai people can not only sing and dance well, but also create splendid culture, among which Dai calendar, Dai medicine and narrative poems are the most famous. Dai calendar year is solar calendar year, and month is lunar calendar month. A year is divided into three seasons: cold, hot and rainy, and September every three years is a leap month. This calendar is still widely used in Thailand, Myanmar and other places. Dai medicine, together with Mongolian, Tibetan and Uygur medicine, has become the four most famous ethnic medicine systems in China. There are many long narrative poems circulating in Dai areas, such as Zhao Shutun and Nanmu Nannuo, Lanjiaxi River and Ayi's Story. Dai opera has a history of 100 years. Most Dai people believe in Hinayana Buddhism.
The output of Dai rubber in Xishuangbanna has increased significantly. Pu 'er tea is well-known at home and abroad, and local and township enterprises have developed rapidly, including mining, machinery, electric power, chemistry, ceramics, leather, paper making and other factories and mines.
The main festivals of the Dai people are the Dai calendar New Year-Water-splashing Festival, Closing Festival and Opening Festival. The "Water-splashing Festival" is a traditional festival for the Dai people to bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year. The time is in the middle of April in the Gregorian calendar. The main activities during the festival are ancestor worship, sand piling, water splashing, packet loss, dragon boat race, lighting fire and singing and dancing carnival.
Taboo: it is forbidden for outsiders to ride horses, drive cattle, carry loads and enter the stockade unkempt; When entering the Dai bamboo house, you should take off your shoes outside the door and walk gently inside. You can't sit above or across the fireplace, enter the owner's inner room, or sit on the threshold; The tripod on the fireplace can't move, and the fire can't be pushed; Don't whistle and cut your nails at home; Don't use clothes as pillows, and don't sit on pillows; When hanging clothes, the coat should be hung at a high place, and the pants and skirts should be hung at a low place; Take off your shoes when entering the Buddhist temple, and avoid touching the head, Buddha statue, spear, banner and other Buddhist sacred objects of the young monk.
Daily Eating Habits Most Dai people have the habit of having two meals during the solar eclipse, with rice and glutinous rice as the staple food. Dehong Dai's staple food is japonica rice, and Xishuangbanna Dai's staple food is glutinous rice. Usually eaten immediately. People think that japonica rice and rice need to be eaten immediately without losing their original color and fragrance, so they don't eat overnight meals or rarely eat them, and they are used to pinching rice with their hands. Migrant workers often eat fish meals in the wild. They make glutinous rice balls out of banana leaves or rice, which can be eaten with salt, pepper, sour meat, roast chicken, Mi Nan (which means sauce in Dai) and moss pine. All dishes and snacks are mainly sour, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour pea powder, sour meat and wild sour fruit; I like to eat pickled cabbage. It is made by drying vegetables, then boiling them in water, adding papaya to make the taste sour, and then drying them and storing them. Put a little stir-fry or put it in soup when eating. This kind of sauerkraut is eaten almost every day by Dai people in some places. It is said that Dai people often eat sauerkraut because they often eat sticky rice food that is not easy to digest, and sour food helps digestion. The daily meat is pigs, cows, chickens and ducks, and don't eat or eat less mutton. Dai people who live in the mainland like to eat dog meat, are good at roast chicken and roast chicken, and are very fond of aquatic products such as fish, shrimp, crab, snails and moss. Eating with moss is a unique flavor dish of Dai people. The moss eaten by the Dai people is the moss on the rocks in the river in spring, preferably dark green. After fishing, tear it into thin slices, dry it, and put it on with a bamboo stick for later use. When cooking, the thick ones are fried and the thin ones are roasted with fire. Crushed into a bowl after crispy, then poured in boiling oil, then stirred with salt, and dipped in glutinous rice balls or bacon, which was extremely delicious. Cooking fish, mostly sour fish or roasted citronella fish, in addition to making fish chops (that is, grilled fish mashed with coriander and other spices), fish jelly, grilled fish, white sauce eel and so on. When eating crabs, they are usually chopped into crab paste with shell and meat for cooking. Dai people call this crab sauce "crab rice cloth". Bitter gourd is a daily vegetable with the highest yield and consumption. In addition to bitter gourd, Xishuangbanna also has a kind of bitter bamboo shoots, so there is also a bitter taste in Dai flavor. The representative bitter vegetable is a mixture of cowhide and cold dishes cooked with ingredients such as ox gall.
There are many kinds of insects in the hot and humid areas of Dai nationality. It is an important part of Dai food to make various flavor dishes and snacks with insects as raw materials. Insects that are often eaten are cicadas, bamboo worms, Okubo, soft-shelled turtles and ant eggs. Catching cicadas is every evening in summer. When the cicada community is in the grass, the cicada wings are soaked by dew and cannot fly. The women quickly picked the cicada into a bamboo raft and baked it in a pot to make a sauce. Cicada sauce has the medicinal functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving pain and swelling. Dai people generally like to eat ant eggs. They often eat a yellow ant that nests in trees. When taking ant eggs, drive the ants away first, and then take eggs. Ant eggs vary in size, some are as big as mung beans and some are as small as rice grains. They are white and bright, washed and dried, and fried with eggs. They are delicious. They can be eaten raw or cooked. Make a sauce when you eat it raw, and fry it with eggs when it is cooked. Commonly used sour fruit and bitter gourd.
Dai people are addicted to alcohol, but their alcohol content is not high. They brewed it themselves, and it tastes very sweet. Tea is a local specialty, but Dai people only drink big leaf tea without spices. When drinking, only stir-fry on the fire until it is burnt, and drink it slightly after brewing. Chewing betel nut, mixed with tobacco and lime, all day long. Because of long-term chewing, the lips and teeth are black and the mouth fluid is like blood, which makes people feel beautiful. Pottery-burning industry is relatively developed, and tableware is mostly fired by women.
People celebrate the Water Splashing Festival in the Dai calendar 1367.
Festivals, Etiquettes and Sacrifices Dai people generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism, and many festivals are related to Buddhist activities. Songkran Festival is the biggest festival held by Dai people every June. At that time, Buddhists will be worshipped, and monks, relatives and friends will be entertained to splash water on each other. During the Songkran Festival, besides wine and vegetables, there are many Dai snacks. If there is a kind of Ciba, it is a round cake made of glutinous rice and sugar stuffing, and it is wrapped with banana leaves coated with wax oil. It can be baked with fire or fried with honey. Shredding is to stir rice flour with water into granules, steam it, mash it into balls, roll it into thin and big round cakes, cool it and stack it. When eating it, blanch it in a bowl and sprinkle with various seasonings. Water-splashing Ciba is made of glutinous rice flour, steamed with brown sugar, wrapped with a layer of fried bean flour, and then wrapped with banana leaves as a reward. There is also a crispy rice made of fried glutinous rice paste. The more important festivals are the Harvest Festival (July in Dai calendar 15) and the Opening Festival (February in Dai calendar 15), both of which are Hinayana Buddhist festivals. Dai people in Xinping, Yuanjiang, Jinggu and Jinping celebrate the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Its content and activities are basically the same as those of the local Han nationality. Typical foods are dog meat soup pot, dried pork, salted eggs and dried eel. Dai festival
Every Dai family in Xishuangbanna should help build a house. Congratulations on the completion of the new house. First of all, the young man went upstairs, carrying a cow's head and singing a song of blessing. Mature men carry boxes, and married women carry bedding. The girls take turns carrying food. Then they set up a tripod on the fireplace, put it on the table, bought wine and prepared dishes, and sang songs to congratulate the new house. The villagers also want to give some auspicious gifts to their owners.
"Catch yellow chicken" is a way for young men and women in Xishuangbanna to seek love by eating rumors, that is, girls take braised chicken to the market to sell. If the buyer is a girl's lover, the girl will take the initiative to take out the stool and let him sit next to it. Through conversation, if the two sides love each other, they will hold the chicken and carry the stool to pour out their feelings in the Woods; If the buyer is not the girl's lover, the girl will double the asking price; Another example is "drink some wine". A man and a woman are engaged, and the man goes to the woman's house to treat them. The guests dispersed, the man was accompanied by three male companions, and the woman and three female companions set the table for dinner. "Eat some wine" means eating three dishes: the first one is spicy; The second way is to put more salt; The third course should have sweets. It means passion, depth and sweetness. On the wedding day, the wedding will be held in both parties' homes, mostly in the woman's home first. At the wedding reception, the table should be covered with green banana leaves, and the dishes include blood flourishing (white flourishing) symbolizing good luck, rice cakes and various dishes. Before the banquet, the bride and groom should make a tie ceremony, that is, the wedding uses a white line to bypass the shoulders of both sides, and two white lines are tied to the wrists of the bride and groom respectively, symbolizing purity. Then, the old man pinched the glutinous rice into a triangle, dipped it in salt, and placed it on the top of a tripod on the fireplace, letting it fall off naturally after burning, symbolizing that love is as strong as iron. The bride in Daping Township of Yuanjiang should sit on the bench with the groom after entering the door, eat glutinous rice mixed with four eggs and drink two glasses of wine; When the bride of the Dai family on the Yuanjiang River enters the door, the man gives each farewell four pieces of meat, four ribs, four meatballs and four pieces of crispy meat, and then has dinner.
Dai gourd silk
Dai people also worship the village gods. Dai people call it "going to Raman" or "Piman", which is a kind of protector. They worship twice a year. Before sowing, they pray for a bumper harvest, and after the autumn harvest, they are grateful. They collectively killed a cow or a pig. Every family prepares tributes and sends them to the room dedicated to social gods. After reading the sacrificial words, everyone ate together. New members of the club should provide chicken, wine and bacon strips to the god of society. In Menghai and other places, the custom of slaughtering cattle and eating fish hides still exists. In the western version of a tribal god, some sacrifices must be black cows and white pigs. The Dai people in Yuanjiang and New Equality generally worship dragon trees and dragons. When the Dai people in Yuanjiang sacrifice the dragon tree in the third month of the lunar calendar every year, the whole village will slaughter the red bull. Before slaughter, it will be covered with white ash and covered with red and green cloth. In the same month, in order to protect the safety of livestock, pigs will be sacrificed to Heaven and Earth.
Among the Dai people, especially in some remote areas, there are still some taboos in cooking, such as: burning firewood from the roots first; Don't cross the fire pit; You can't just move a tripod or something on the fireplace.
Typical food Dai hot and cold pickles have typical dishes and snacks. Such as: coconut casserole chicken, fried sesame crisp, beef skin, sour meat, grilled fish, pickled cow's head and so on. The customs and habits of Zhuang nationality
build
Zhuang people like to live by mountains and rivers. Between the green mountains and green waters, there are scattered wooden buildings, which are traditional folk houses of Zhuang nationality. People live on top of wooden buildings and livestock are enclosed below. No matter what house it is, the shrine should be placed on the central axis of the whole house. The front hall is used for celebrations and social activities, with people living in the wings on both sides, and the back hall is the living area. Life in the house is centered on the fireplace, and three meals a day are carried out by the fireplace. ?
Dress
Most Zhuang people use homemade home-made homespun as their clothing material, with various styles. Zhuang women's clothes are generally blue and black, with slightly wide pants, jacquard towels on their heads and exquisite aprons around their waists; Young men wear double-breasted coats with a belt around their waist.
marriage customs
"Artillery fire" entered the bridal chamber.
A marriage custom of Zhuang nationality. On the wedding day, the bride must be baptized with "guns and fire" before she can enter the house. This marriage custom is popular in Zhuang villages such as Yufeng in Tianyang County, Guangxi. Before the bride comes to the groom's house, she should stop for a while and prepare to "charge" into the house, because there are seven or eight "artillery" groups of young men at the door, hall and new house, holding a string of firecrackers waiting for the bride to come over. When the bride was approaching the door, the "gunman" lit firecrackers to form a "fire wall" to stop the bride from approaching. If you are a timid bride, you have to retreat to the door and wait for the second "charge". The "gunmen" also summed up the experience of victory and prepared for the second "blocking". It can be said that the bride can't enter the door without two or three "charges". The onlookers, three floors inside and three floors outside, are very lively. After a hard struggle, the bride jumped over the door and came to the bridal chamber. This is the last sad hurdle, because the "gunner" has to put a "gun". At this time, the clever bridesmaids and bridesmaids "scouted around" and jumped into the bridal chamber with the bride in their arms when the "gunfire" was sparse. Suddenly, cheers thundered, congratulating the bride on "winning the flag". After the wedding reception, guests will watch the bride go out to "carry water" in the dark under the guidance of the bride. The bride will fill the water tank, which is a test of whether the bride can bear the pain. In this way, the bride can't enter the bridal chamber until late at night.
memorize words
In some places at the junction of Yishan and Huanjiang County in Guangxi, young Zhuang people get married, and the custom of "reciting characters" has been popular to this day. "Bei Zi" is a transliteration of Zhuang language. In fact, it is not a word, but a broadband one foot four feet long and more than one foot wide, which was sewn by the woman's mother with dark black (the best color) homespun woven or bought by herself. On the daughter's wedding day, ask the man to assign a person who can recite words to take the cloth back to the groom's house in case the nephew is born as a baby. This custom is called "memorizing characters" in the local Zhuang language. A person who "recites words" must have three conditions: a father and a mother; Unmarried young men; Smart and polite. The ceremony of reciting characters was held in the main hall of the woman's house. The person who presides over the ceremony must be a respected elder in the village and has become a grandfather. The elders first offered two cups of local famous wine to the people who recited the words. The person who recited the words politely held cups in both hands and respectfully gave the elders two cups as a gift, which both sides had to drink at once. Then the elders tie the prepared tapes to the shoulders of the people who recite the words, and then toast each other and say auspicious words. After reading the word "nian", set off firecrackers to bid farewell to the wedding guests and return safely. People who recite words bow to their elders and say goodbye, step out of the gate and open an umbrella, which means sheltering "grandchildren" from grandma's house. Back to the man's house, the host burned incense and fired a gun, welcoming the "back word" person to return home in triumph. When I was young, the ceremony of "removing Chinese characters" was also presided over by my elders. After toasting each other, the elders gently took off the cloth and gave it to my mother for safekeeping. The groom's parents should also reward those who recite words. Soon after, the bride and her girlfriends came to the groom's house in droves, and the wedding day was even more lively.
Bride crossing the river
The marriage custom of Zhuang nationality is popular in Longsheng Autonomous County in northern Guangxi. In the mountainous area of northern Guangxi, there were only forty or fifty miles of mountain roads, but it was necessary to wade across the river five or six times and cross three or four bridges. So when getting married, the bride should be carried across the river and bridged. People who carry brides are called "sailors", mostly unmarried young men. When crossing the river, three guns were fired and horns sounded. "Sailors" hold their knees with two palms and bow down. Only when they have a good back can they cross the river or cross the bridge. Bride-carrying pays special attention to civility and politeness, and can't be rude in action, let alone ridicule. Therefore, people who carry their brides are mostly the best in moral character. When crossing the river, "Ying Niang" (held by unmarried young women) holds an umbrella to shade the bride. On the river about 50 or 60 meters wide, the wedding procession was pulled into a line, which was very lively. After landing, the clever "Ying Niang" put the umbrella very low to prevent others from peeking at the veiled bride. Longsheng's Zhuang marriage has to go through "three customs" and "ten doors". First fall in love, then get engaged, and then get married. This is the so-called "three customs". Greeting, singing, going out, crossing the village, crossing the river and bridging the bridge, getting started, singing, returning to the door, going home and entering the bridal chamber are called "ten doors". "Crossing the river" is only the fifth "gate" among the "ten gates", and you can only enter the bridal chamber after passing the "ten gates".
Ler and Buji
When a Zhuang woman gives birth to Lejiao (Zhuang language, that is, baby), her housewife should personally find a "wet nurse" to nurse her daughter-in-law. This is to let the postpartum daughter-in-law have a good rest and keep healthy. The "wet nurse" is usually taken by a woman five months after giving birth, without pay. It is a great honor to be a "wet nurse" and have the reputation of "second mother". When children grow up, they should bring gifts to the "wet nurse's house" on holidays. Four or five-year-old children are sick, so parents should look for "Buji" (Zhuang language, that is, second father) as their children's backer to ensure their health. Buji is very professional. After taking office, he often discussed with his parents, sought medical advice, and cooked in many ways to make his children grow up healthily. When children grow up, they will treat Buji like a wet nurse and do their best to be filial.
Enter the village on stilts
In the Zhuang village in Jinlong area, Longzhou County, Guangxi, people have to walk on stilts when going out or entering the village. Go out to the village entrance. Hang stilts on specific nails, and then work in the fields or go somewhere else. When entering the village, take the stilts off the nails and step on them, jump off the stone steps at the door, then hang them by the door, wash your hands and feet, and then go upstairs. It is said that these shoes were handed down from ancestors. They are located in the subtropical zone, rainy all the year round, with muddy roads and inconvenient walking. If they enter the house with muddy feet, it is really unsanitary, so they invented this "non-"shaped "stilt shoes".
Social sacrifice
It is a sacrificial ceremony for Zhuang people in Huanjiang, Guangxi, to pray for the vigorous growth of rice seedlings, disease-free children and fat livestock in the New Year every summer on New Year's Eve. Miao is an ancient and colorful nation, calling itself "Mu".
Meng, Damu and da ji. He said that there are several situations, one is clothing.
The colors are called "red seedlings", "flower seedlings", "white seedlings" and "black seedlings"; The second one is
Crops planted according to the place of residence or planting are called "highland seedlings", "Bazhai seedlings" and "planting ginger".
Miao "and so on. ; Third, the rulers of the old society insulted them, such as "Miao" and "Shu"
Miao ","Ma Miao "and so on. After the founding of New China, it was collectively called Miao. The Miao people in Guangxi account for 5.5% of the national Miao population.
It accounts for 1% of Guangxi's population, ranking fourth among all ethnic groups in Guangxi after Han, Zhuang and Yao. The main points of Miao nationality in China
Miao people in Guangxi mainly live in the north and northwest of Guangxi, bordering Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan.
Ministry and western mountainous areas. The biggest feature of Miao nationality is that it is rich in all kinds of wood and local products and maintains a splendid and simple national tradition.
Culture.
Culture, art, folk customs, Miao folk customs
Miao people have their own traditional festivals, such as Miao Year, Drum Festival and Lusheng Festival. But they are the most ambitious and content-oriented.
Wealth is the year of Miao.
The time to celebrate the Year of Miao varies from place to place. The Miao year in Rongshui, Sanjiang and Longsheng areas is generally in November of the lunar calendar.
The Miao Year in Rihai is grand and warm. Besides ancestor worship and feasting, various activities will be held. When the new year comes, the whole family will keep the old age. eat
After the "over-the-land meal" (the reunion dinner that Miao people and their ancestors ate in the underworld), people began to celebrate the New Year with various activities. Offering sacrifices to Longtan, Tian Shen and blowing sheng for dancing is the most grand scene in the Year of Miao. Praying for a bumper harvest is a major theme of Miao Year activities.
During the Chinese New Year, Miao people have all kinds of food, such as rice, glutinous rice, meat (sour meat) and fish (sour fish), and there is a special food called "Chili bone", which is fragrant and spicy, which can stimulate appetite, keep out the wind and cold, and prevent colds. It is a standing food for Miao people and a good treat for guests. Shameless dividing line Dai, Zhuang and Miao hope to help you.