Autotrophic anaerobic organisms include: light or chemical energy autotrophic but unable to survive under aerobic conditions (relatively primitive), such as green sulfur bacteria and red sulfur bacteria, which use hydrogen sulfide instead of water as donors, so they do not produce oxygen, but are simple substance S.
Photosynthetic bacteria are all anaerobic, and the electron donor for their photosynthesis is not water, so they do not release oxygen.
Heterotrophic aerobic organisms include chemotaxis (humans, animals, nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
Heterotrophic anaerobic organisms include: pathogenic bacteria (such as tetanus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
The facultative anaerobic organism is yeast, and its metabolites are different under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It's in the book. It can be seen that this test is more and more adaptable.
The facultative autotrophs include: Rhodosporium, which uses organic matter for heterotrophy in the presence of organic matter and uses light energy for autotrophy in the absence of organic matter.
Note: The essential difference between autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria lies in whether CO2-type CO32- salt is the only carbon source (heterotrophic bacteria can only use organic carbon as carbon source).
Sulfide bacteria (Thiobacillus), whose redox sulfide (H2S, S2O2-3) or elemental sulfur is sulfuric acid, have no sulfur particles in their bodies, and are specialized and autotrophic, mainly belonging to Thiobacillus.
The concept of metabolism Metabolism is the general name of all chemical reactions in living cells, including material metabolism and energy metabolism. Material metabolism refers to the material exchange between organisms and the external environment and the transformation of substances in organisms. Energy metabolism refers to the process of energy exchange between organisms and the external environment and energy transformation in organisms. In the process of metabolism, there are both assimilation and alienation. Assimilation (also called anabolism) refers to the process in which organisms convert nutrients obtained from the external environment into their own components and store energy. Alienation (also known as catabolism) refers to the process in which an organism can decompose a part of its constituent substances, release its energy and discharge the final products of decomposition.
The relationship between assimilation, alienation, substance metabolism and energy metabolism in metabolism can be summarized as shown in the left figure: the basic types of metabolic organisms have been interacting with their environment in the long-term evolution process, and gradually formed different types in metabolic mode. According to different ways of biological assimilation and alienation in nature, the basic types of metabolism can be divided into the following categories.
The two kinds of assimilation can be divided into autotrophic metabolism and heterotrophic metabolism according to whether organisms can make organic matter from inorganic substances during assimilation.
Autotrophic green plants directly absorb inorganic substances from the external environment, make inorganic substances into complex organic substances through photosynthesis, and store energy to maintain their own life activities. This metabolic type belongs to autotrophic type. A few kinds of bacteria can't carry out photosynthesis, but they can use the energy released by oxidation of some inorganic substances in the external environment to make organic substances, and rely on the energy released by oxidation and decomposition of these organic substances to maintain their own life activities. This synthesis is called chemical synthesis. For example, nitrifying bacteria can transform ammonia (NH3) in soil into nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3), and use the energy released by this oxidation process to synthesize organic matter. In short, in the process of assimilation, organisms can convert inorganic substances ingested from the external environment into their own components and store energy. This type of metabolism is called autotrophic.
Heterotrophic people and animals cannot carry out photosynthesis like green plants, nor can they carry out chemical synthesis like nitrifying bacteria. They can only rely on the ready-made organic matter in the external environment to maintain their own life activities. This metabolic type belongs to heterotrophic type. In addition, the metabolic types of fungi and most saprophytic or parasitic bacteria are also heterotrophic. In a word, in the process of assimilation, organisms convert ready-made organic matter absorbed from the external environment into their own components and store energy. This metabolic type is called heterotrophy.
According to the oxygen demand of organisms in the process of alienation, the basic types of metabolism can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic.
Most animals and plants need to live in an oxygen-rich environment. In the process of alienation, they must constantly absorb oxygen from the external environment to oxidize and decompose the organic matter in their bodies and release energy to maintain their own life activities. This metabolic type is called aerobic type, also called aerobic respiration type.
Anaerobic organisms include lactic acid bacteria and parasites in animals. In the absence of oxygen, they can still oxidize the organic matter in the body and obtain the energy needed to maintain their own life activities. This type of metabolism is called anaerobic, also known as anaerobic respiration.
Facultative anaerobic organism-Yeast is a kind of unicellular fungus, which is usually distributed in acidic environment with high sugar content, such as the surface of vegetables and fruits and the soil of vegetable gardens and orchards. Yeast is a facultative anaerobic microorganism, which decomposes carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions. In the absence of oxygen, sugar will be decomposed into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Yeast is widely used in production. Besides well-known brewing and fermentation, it can also be used to produce organic acids and extract various enzymes.
Autotrophic type: higher green willow
Alien: parasite
Aerobic type: nitrifying bacteria
Anaerobic type: ascaris lumbricoides
Special case: red yeast