Female internal genitalia, including a pair of ovaries, two fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and urethral glands.

ovary

Ovary is the gonad or gonad of women, which is responsible for producing eggs and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone). In the abdominal cavity, the natural position of the ovary is located on both sides of the uterus, which is vertical and about 1.5 inches long (about 100px), and its position is maintained by the surrounding ligaments. Ligament is a solid cord-like tissue, which is generally not easily confused with fallopian tube, leading to uterine cavity.

The ovary itself has no direct communication with the outside world. After the egg leaves the ovary, it is picked up by the umbrella-shaped end of the fallopian tube. In order to make the eggs easy to be discharged, the capsule of the ovary is very thin. Before puberty, the surface of the ovary is smooth and bright. At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, eggs are regularly discharged every month, and the scars on the surface of the ovary gradually increase and become uneven.

oviduct

The fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes located between the ovary and the uterus, about 4 inches long (about 10 inch). Their names were taken from GabrielloFallopio,/kloc-an Italian anatomist in the 6th century. He mistakenly thought that the fallopian tube was a ventilator for the uterus. In fact, the fallopian tube connects the ovary with the uterus. The end of fallopian tube is called oviduct funnel, which is funnel-shaped. Sawtooth and irregular protrusions are called umbrella hairs. The umbrella is close to the ovary, but not in direct contact. After the egg leaves the ovarian surface, it must enter the fallopian tube mouth. The egg is only the size of a needle tip, and the opening of the fallopian tube is just a crack the size of a grain of rice. When it is pulled in, it can skillfully pick up eggs. This strange skill is really amazing. Other parts of the fallopian tube include ampulla, isthmus and uterus. Part of the uterus passes through the uterine wall and leads to the uterine cavity. oviduct

Figure 2.6 Female reproductive system.

The uterine cavity gradually shrinks from the ovarian end to the uterine end. The inner surface of the lumen is covered with a large number of cilia. Unlike sperm, eggs have no fluidity, and their movement depends entirely on the oscillation of cilia and the contraction of fallopian tubes. If an egg is as big as an orange, the cilia are as big as eyelashes.

Egg fertilization is usually carried out in the funnel outside the fallopian tube 1/3 part. Operationally speaking, although the fallopian tube is not as easy to be attacked as the male vas deferens, it is still the most common target for female sterilization.

womb

The uterus (also called uterus) is a hollow muscle organ. Embryos grow and develop in the uterus until delivery. The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear and usually leans forward slightly. The uterus is mobile. It is supported by the surrounding ligaments and keeps a certain position. The fundus of normal adult women is generally 3 inches long and 3 inches wide (about 187.5px 187.5px). During pregnancy, children can stretch extremely to meet the space needs of embryo development, and then contract back after delivery. (3) As previously known, there is no organ in the human body that has undergone such remarkable changes in shape as the uterus.

In Greek, the uterus is called hystera, which is the root of some words, such as Hys-Hys-tere resection (surgical removal of uterus) and hysteria. The latter is a psychological disorder caused by the ancient Greeks' belief that the uterus wandered around in the body looking for the fetus (Veith, 1965).

The uterus is usually described as moving forward or leaning forward. Because of this tendency, those who have no conditions to try spontaneous abortion or abortion often end up in complete failure. When the probe or long needle is pushed into the uterus, the instrument will not enter the uterus, but pierce the top of the vagina and the abdominal cavity, and the arch I will be infected.

The uterus consists of four parts: the fundus, the uterine body, the cervical canal and the cervix (cervk) (Figure 2.7). The uterine fundus is the circular part above the oviduct opening on both sides of the uterus. The uterine body is the main part of the uterus. The isthmus of uterus is a narrow part of cervix and upper vagina connected with uterine body. The lower part of the cervix extends into the vagina, which is called vagina. The uterine cavity is widest at the oviduct opening plane and narrowest at the isthmus plane. The opening of the uterine isthmus is about the size of a pencil head, which leads to the vagina (Figure 2.6) and expands during childbirth. The uterine wall is divided into three layers, the inner layer is mucosa, also called endometrium, which is composed of a large number of glands and rich in blood vessels. This is where embryos grow. Its structure has different changes in women's life (pre-puberty, reproductive period and menopause), and the endometrium also changes with the menstrual cycle. The middle layer is called myometrium and consists of smooth muscle. During childbirth, the fetus can be excreted through the contraction of these muscle fibers. The outer layer is called the endometrium or endometrium.

vagina

Vagina (meaning sheath, sheath) is a female organ, and it is also a channel for menstrual blood discharge and fetal delivery. Vagina has no urination function.

Vagina is usually a collapsed muscle tube and a potential cavity. The vaginal side wall is narrow, so the vagina is slit-shaped when viewed from the side. The vaginal cavity inclines forward and downward. The upper end of the vagina is connected with the cervical canal, and the lower end is opened in the vaginal vestibule between the labia minora.

The inner layer of vaginal wall is called vaginal mucosa, which is similar to oral mucosa. Unlike endometrium, it has no glands, but there is clear lubricating fluid oozing from vaginal mucosa during sexual excitement.

The vaginal wall of premenopausal women is wrinkled, soft and fleshy, and becomes thinner and smoother after menopause. Because the nerve distribution of vagina is not rich, other parts of vagina are relatively insensitive except vaginal opening, which can be highly excited. In the fertility test conducted by Kinsey 1953, 98% women can feel the touch of clitoris; On the contrary, less than 14% of women can feel the touch of vagina. However, the area near the vaginal opening can be very irritating. Recently, however, some people think that the anterior vaginal wall is a sexually sensitive area (that is, Grafen wave point).

Vaginal submucosa is the muscle layer of vaginal wall, which can be stretched to a considerable extent during sexual intercourse, especially during childbirth.

Cowper gland

Bulb of urethra, also known as vestibular gland; Sglands, the vestibular gland, is located behind the bilateral frontcourt balls and opens between the hymen and the labia minora. In the past, it was thought that urethral bulbar gland mainly lubricates vagina, but at present, it is considered that it has no obvious effect in this respect.

chest

Although the breast is not a sex organ, it is closely related to reproduction and estrus. Breast is the characteristic structure of vertebrates (mammals) such as _ _, which is used to feed offspring. Mammary organs are called mammary glands. Among female primates, only human females keep their breasts full during non-lactation period. Inside the breast, the breast is surrounded by loose fibrous tissue and adipose tissue.

Although we usually associate breasts with women, men actually have the basic structure of breasts, but they are not fully developed. If you inject estrogen into men, men will also develop breasts that look similar to women.

The breast of an adult woman consists of 15~20 lobules. Each lobule has a separate catheter leading to the nipple. Breast lobules are divided by loose fibers and adipose tissue, which keeps the breast in a certain shape and texture.

The nipple is the protruding part of the breast, where the mammary duct opens. Nipples contain smooth muscle fibers and can erect when stimulated. The urethra is the annular part around the nipple. Nipples are rich in nerve fibers, so they are very sensitive. Nipples play an important role in sexual excitement. Some women have sunken nipples, but this does not affect their sexual response ability.

Nipples vary in size and sometimes droop due to pushing, which is usually harmless and will not affect breastfeeding.

The size and shape of breasts have nothing to do with their response to sex. Women with smaller breasts are not necessarily worse at breastfeeding than women with larger breasts. Most women (but not all), including some men, find that stimulation of breasts and nipples can cause sexual excitement. In addition to individual differences, breast sensitivity is also related to sex hormone levels. Sex hormones fluctuate during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Due to age, weight and other factors, different women's breasts vary greatly in size and shape, even for the same woman. Sometimes big breasts are fashionable, and sometimes small breasts are popular. Size and shape have nothing to do with breast milk production and sexual response. In addition to personal hobbies, breast sensitivity also depends on hormone levels, which fluctuate during menstruation and pregnancy.

Female breasts begin to develop at puberty. Sometimes one breast develops faster than the other. The asymmetry of breast development puzzles many women, but in the end, both breasts will develop to be basically equal in size. With the increase of age, breasts will naturally change. Due to the relaxation of ligaments that maintain breast morphology; The breasts become droopy. After menopause, breasts become smaller and no longer firm. Although these changes are normal in physiology, some women may be depressed in psychology. How to deal with these changes depends entirely on personal wishes.

Exercise, breast augmentation and those widely publicized methods in newspapers and magazines have not been proved to have the effect of breast enhancement. If a woman is really dissatisfied, she can ask for plastic surgery. Surgery can make the chest bigger or smaller, and can correct left-right asymmetry (naturally caused) and deformity (possibly caused by breast surgery). The method of injecting liquid silica gel for breast enhancement has caused many complications. The safer method now is to implant soft silica gel into people; The material implanted into human breast is filled in the inactive sac and does not directly contact with breast tissue.

Is it reasonable to perform cosmetic surgery on some parts of a healthy body? This is a matter of personal choice. Some women feel happier after surgery; Other women who lost their breasts to treat cancer still think they are complete women, just like their behavior.