Since the Yellow turban insurrectionary failed at the end of Han Dynasty and Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, Cao Cao ordered Shi Tian to move northward, and Shi Tian Taoism spread all over the world. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the development of Wudou Mi Dao was temporarily stagnant due to the restrictions of the rulers on Taoist activities. However, some Shi Tian Taoists scattered in the society are still very active, and some new Taoists have gradually formed. The grandparents of Ge Xuan and Ge Hong are also called Gejiadao, and Gejiadao Taoist entrusted it to Yu Xia or Di Ku for the sake of mystery. Although its excuse is not credible, it was born earlier, but it can be judged from the ideological characteristics of the times reflected in the book. Although Lingbao Sutra appeared earlier, its volume has been less and it has not been widely circulated. It was not until Yang and Ge created Qing that he produced a large number of Lingbao classics on the basis of the ancient Lingbao Classic. It is also on the basis of Ge's massive creation of Lingbao classics that the Lingbao school named after this classic gradually formed. Fu wrote Lingbao Jing roughly after Yang and Xu wrote Lingbao Jing and spread Lingbao Jing before his disciples Ren Yanqing and Xu Ling. Compared with Shi Tiandao in Zhang Daoling and Shangqing School in Tao Hongjing, there is no so-called Lingbao School in history.
Discrimination of the so-called "Daoism of Kochi"
What is the "Koch Road"? According to Kobayashi's point of view, Zuo Ci, written by Gao Zhi, started in the Three Kingdoms and Wu, was inherited by Ge Xuan, Ge Hong, Ge and others after Zuo Ci. Gao Zhi seems to have disappeared in the last years of Liu Song Dynasty. four
The so-called "Daoism" of Kobayashi is what China researchers usually call "Daoism". He said:
During the Six Dynasties, there were three schools in the south of the Yangtze River: Shitian Road, Geshi Road and Shangqing School. The Tao flow mentioned here refers to the factions and ideological lines of people who * * * respect a particular Taoist scriptures, * * * believe in a particular god and * * * practice a particular magic. However, measured by Kobayashi's own Tao flow standard, the so-called high knowledge does not meet. We can discriminate from three aspects.
First, Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Ge Hong, Ge et al., who were cited by Kobayashi as descendants of Kochi Taoism, have several different situations in respecting Taoism (as for the lack of ready-made information, it is not under discussion).
As we all know, "Bao Puzi" is the most respected alchemy. Zuo Ci and Ge Xuan may also be "Jin Dan Jing Xian". Ge Hong's "Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter" clearly points out:
Yesterday, Zuo Yuan was placed in Tianzhu Mountain to meditate, and the man of God gave him the Jin Dan Xian Jing. In the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, he didn't cooperate, but crossed the river to the east, hoping to build a famous mountain and take the road of theseus. I took it from Zuhe and collected three volumes of Taiqing, one volume of Jiuding Jing and one volume of Jinye. If I were a teacher in Zheng Jun, I would be a disciple of Zu Gong Xian, and I would be influenced by Zu, but my family is poor, so it is useless to buy medicine. My marriage, which has been kicked out of the house for a long time, was accepted by the altar alliance in Ma Jishan, and all the formulas were not written. (< then >)
However, Andrew (Philip Burkart) most admired Huang San's inner text and the true picture of the Five Mountains. "Bao Piaozi's article? "Yuanguan" contains: "I listen to Zheng Zhi's words, and Taoism is the most important. "The text of Huang San is a classic of Huang San School, and the purport of Huang San School is different from that of the school at that time. According to the introduction of the sixth volume of Seven Signs of Clouds, Huang San's classic is "a spell called by life, and every cloud and Huang San receive a volume to manage the world. If there is an emergency, they all call the god of heaven and earth to make it. " Ge Hong introduced the significance of these two Taoist works in Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, but euphemistically expressed the existing reservations:
When the staff sergeant entered the mountain, he called the mountain gods with "Huang San's essay" and "the true picture of the five mountains", and according to the ghost records, he called the state department and the commandant of the mountain green house to ask them, so he didn't try people ... I heard what Zheng Jun said, but I couldn't know. ()
Perhaps Ge Xuan and Andrew were interested in the Huang San School and the school at that time, but Ge Hong explicitly opposed offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods, thinking that "it's useless to offer sacrifices and pray, but I have to rely on invulnerability instead of ghosts and gods to invade me" ("Pottery in Bao Puzi"). When it comes to "disgusting ghosts", I think "this is a trivial matter" ("Bao Puzi"? Micro-purpose ").
"True Letters Patent" records: "Chao Ge Fu Zao Lingbao was a great success". According to Japanese scholar Masami Kobayashi's textual research, Ge's Lingbao Jing is mainly five original works of Lingbao Hongbao Shu, and there may be Lingbao Hongbao Shu Yu Ji and Miaojing which explain the above original works. And entrusted the scriptures he created to Ge Xuan, who received them from real people. Ge is bound to respect the new Lingbao classics such as Five True Classics of Lingbao Red Book, but Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Ge Hong and others lived before the birth of the new Lingbao classics, so it is certainly impossible to respect the new Lingbao classics.
Visible, Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Andrew, Ge Hong, Ge and others are not "* * * with specific Taoist scriptures".
Secondly, in several different situations, the above-mentioned gods are the most revered.
What gods Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan and Zheng Yinzun worshipped, there is no direct material to test. However, they are all so, so we might as well infer indirectly that their main worship may be Yuan Jun and Laozi. Because at that time, the mythical god was sent, according to "Bao Puzi's inner chapter?" Then describe, it should be Yuan Jun, also known as Taiyi Yuan Jun, who is "the teacher of Laozi" and "all the immortals in the world follow the rules". If they study Huang San School at the same time (Huang Sanxue School in Andrew has the strongest color), then their main worship may also be Huang Sanjun, a man of heaven and earth. Because the highest deity in the myth of Huang San School, according to the Huang San classic quoted in the sixth volume of the Supreme Secret Sutra, should be Huang San, a heaven and earth person transformed from the "great ancestor spirit", also known as Tianbaojun, Shenbaojun and Lingbaojun. Ge Hong, as an important figure in that school at that time, also respected Yuan Jun and Lao Zi, but he did not regard Yuan Jun as the supreme god. Looking at the inside and outside of Bao Puzi, although it is a comprehensive study of various philosophers, the basic tendency is Confucianism. Teacher Tang pointed out that Ge Hong's scholarship is a combination of divination, etiquette and calendar. It is a characteristic of Dong Zhongshu's scholarship since the Han Dynasty, and it is also a characteristic of Confucian scholars in the south of the Yangtze River who turned to He Xun and even Ge Hong's own scholarship. Therefore, we have every reason to say that Ge Hong is a legacy of the Han Dynasty. Ge Hong advocated both Confucianism and Taoism in Bao Puzi's Inner Chapter, saying that "Taoism is the essence of Confucianism", but he wanted to consolidate the essence instead of leaving it behind. The inner chapter of Bao Puzi talks about the division of labor between Confucianism and Taoism;
It is also the task of Confucianism to teach elevation, hover the instrument of 3 thousand meters, make the offensive and defensive techniques interesting, emphasize the festival of righteousness, enjoy rites and music, and save the world and customs. Foreign things abandon wisdom, wash away machine changes, forget the rich and ease the expensive, Du Fu dissuades people from falling when they are down, does not pity the poor and help the poor, does not honor work, does not care about destruction, and is dissatisfied with reputation, which is a Taoist cause. Confucianism worships and prays for blessings, while Taoism cultivates righteousness and suppresses evil. ()
He put the religious activities of "offering sacrifices and praying for blessings" within the scope of "Confucianism", that is to say, in the sense of "Shinto teaching", Ge Hong is an unambiguous Confucian middleman. Therefore, I still think: "Ge Hong is neither a member of a Taoist organization nor a sympathizer of Taoist thoughts", "Later Taoists cited Ge Hong as a fellow philosopher, and only relied on Ge Hong's erudition and ability to strengthen the momentum of this teaching". nine
Ge Hong called Andrew "a great Confucian, a late Taoist, and often taught by The Book of Rites" ("A glimpse of Bao Puzi's inner chapter"). It seems that in Ge Hong's eyes, master Andrew, like himself, is a Confucian middleman who practices Confucianism and Taoism. I still believe that Ge Hong's "original ambition was to help the world with virtue, but only because of the unfavorable situation did he have to settle for the second best and become independent." 10 So Bao Puzi didn't talk about another god system and another supreme god different from the Confucian god system. If there is a supreme god in his mind, I'm afraid it should be the "heaven" between personality and impersonality in Confucianism, and its personification symbol is the "heaven emperor" who only the emperor has the right to sacrifice.
As for Ge, what he worships should be the new god constructed by the New Ling Bao Jing. The Five Classics of Lingbao, which he constructed, was originally unknown, and it was roughly the same as the Taoist scriptures of Tibetan points. This was awarded to the old gentleman in the name of the Yuan God, in which the Lord God was the Five Elders and their superior God "Yuan Shi". Visible, Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Andrew, Ge Hong, Ge and others are not "* * * believe in a particular god".
Third, the Daoism practiced by the above-mentioned people has several different situations.
Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Andrew and Ge Hong all worked hard to practice immortality. According to Bao Puzi? "Then" said that they formed several generations of mentoring relationship by teaching the classics of the elixir of life. "Bao Piaozi's article? He also said, "Zheng, Zheng and Zheng all succeeded in their experiments in Tongshan, Lujiang." "Were? The Biography of Zuo Ci contains Zuo Ci's expertise in the Yijing Art. This biography quotes Cao Pi's Dian Lun, saying that Zuo Ci is good at supplementing and guiding the art of keeping in good health. "Bao Puzi's inner chapter?" Relieving depression "means that Ge Xuan can hold her breath and have an abortion", and that "when she is drunk and hot in midsummer, she needs to go to the bottom of the abyss and probably go out one day". Andrew paid attention to Huang San's art of sending messengers to ghosts and gods. Ge Hongde taught many magic methods, but the most important one was alchemy.
Chao Ge's poem "Lingbao Hongbao Shu Wu Zhen Jing" emphasizes the power of the five Zhen Jing as a spell, which can be summarized as four: first, it can make people immortal; second, it can make the sky run normally; third, it can control ghosts in the underworld (Luoshan) (the sixth day); fourth, it can avoid drowning in flood. 1 1 Obviously, Ge lacks interest in immortal experimental techniques such as alchemy. The experimental technique of immortality is based on self-reliance, while the technique of immortality in the Five True Classics is based on otherness and relies on external divine power, and the two directions are opposite. Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Ge Hong's goal of Taoist practice is basically personal, while Ge's goal of Taoist practice is largely beyond his personal scope and involves the whole society. Later, many Lingbao Scriptures were developed on the basis of the Five True Scriptures, accepted the influence of Mahayana Buddhism, and even advocated infinite people, relegating the way of personal liberation to Hinayana. For example, the Tang Dynasty's "Cave Mysteries and Treasure Scriptures" collected by the Taiping Department of Taoist Collection said, "Those who live in the mysterious crystal in the three caves are called Mahayana. Measure people first, then measure things, sit up and rest, and always be kind to everything. " According to the karma sutra of Xuanling Baohang in Taishang Cave, a collection of the same line, in the third year of Chiwu (240), Ge Xuan told a group of Taoist priests in the old holy mountain that they were not immortal because of them:
"Shangbeizi, learn by the classics, do less good. I only want to measure myself, without considering people; Seek only your own way, not the way of others. I don't believe in the words of Da Jing and Hongyuan. I don't serve Zhai Jie. I don't respect Master Sankong. I am happy and rich, so I am immortal. Visible, Zuo Ci, Ge Xuan, Andrew, Ge Hong, Ge and others are not "* * * practicing special magic".
So we can't think that they belong to the same Taoism. The so-called high knowledge that there is a school of judgment cannot be established.
Thirdly, the discrimination of the so-called "Ge's Taoism"
Even if it is proved that the theory of Koch Taoism cannot be established, it does not mean that the theory of Koch Taoism cannot be established, because the genre attribute of Taoism is not immutable. So further analysis is needed. The following analysis from two aspects.
First, is Taoism the "family belief" of Danyang family in Wu Dong and Jin Dynasty?
"Outside the package shop? The autobiography contains information about Ge Hong's family background:
Hong Youzu is the secretariat of Jingzhou. Wang Mang usurped the throne, your majesty humiliated the country's thieves, abandoned his official position, and set out with Zhai Yi, the prefect of the East County, which would be defeated by Wang Mang and forgiven, so it was called self-destruction. A headstrong monarch is powerful, but he is afraid that he will eventually change, that is, move the monarch to evil. Your son, Pu Lu, rose up to assist Guangwu and made great contributions. Practicing martial arts, taking Lu as a vehicle to ride, moving a title of generals in ancient times, sealing 5 thousand households in Pixian and Shiyi. At the beginning of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding, his younger brother Wen followed Hou Dongzheng and won many wars. Hou Bi wrote a letter about the merits and demerits of the lawsuit, but the official furniture acted as his brother, and there was no military name, so I would not talk about it. Hou Yue said, "My brother and I were throwing stones, and we were scarred and blind in our right eye. I can't report size. I am tired of money, why should I be safe? " "It's from begging to sealing the younger brother. Books are supreme, please report them. The Han Dynasty wanted to be a noble and upright person, so listening is very important. If you don't take care of yourself, you will be honored. The first place to build a house in a title of generals in ancient times camp is in Bowang, which is based on this trillion stone. It also divided the levels of tenancy to worship officials and distributed them to the two kings. A title of generals in ancient times is diligent and disobedient. A title of generals in ancient times said, "This is even more annoying to China people. Why give way? " But he did, so he crossed the river to the south and his home was in Jurong. Children work hard and entertain themselves with classics. Wen is tired of welcoming a title of generals in ancient times, and a title of generals in ancient times does not return. It is also the guardian of Wang Bo's family to fight against the ancient title of general, as for those who had no family in the past. Grandpa Hong has dabbled in all his studies, and his studies are subtle, and his literature and art are very high, which is a moment for Moran. There is a talented person who knows the whole country, Ren Wu, who slaughtered Haiyan, Lin 'an and San County and became an assistant minister of the official department. He used to be the prefect of the empire, the satrap of Luling, the official minister, the prince of Shaofu, Zhongshu, Dahonglu, assistant minister, Guangluxun, assistant minister Wu, and the Hou of Wushou County. Hong's father heard that he was filial and behaved like a scholar, and he was recorded in books. Wu, Chiang Kai-shek, Cheng Jian, Nanchang County Magistrate, Zhong Shulang, Ting Wei, and the Guards, all of whom worshipped Huiji. Without hesitation, 8 jin j downstream, western border. Bo Jian grasped the talents of civil and military, and the theory of ruling and opposition pushed the king, so he transferred to five counties to go to the police. The commander-in-chief gave the pro-soldiers 5 thousand, and the president called up troops to defend and contain the battlefield. Heaven is bad, people can't support, the Lord respects, and nine people are the same guests. You took the old officer, went to the doctor, moved the doctor, and made a fat city order. There are 20,000 households in the county, and the state capital is the most governing. Virtue is different, and punishment is clear. There is praise in the wild, no rape in the road, no commons. If you cross the line like a city dweller, you won't give gifts or enter the door. The use of paper and pens is forbidden for personal wealth and punishment. Being an official in spite of illness, I sent a letter to see that I used it as the doctor's advice of the king of Wu. If it is seriously violated, I can take the place of it, and if I do good deeds, I will be at peace. Moved to Shaoling County and died in the official.
According to Tao Hongjing's "Huang taiji left official Ge Xiangong tablet":
Zu Moment, Anping Taishou, Huang Menlang. Taishou from Zumi, Zhang Yu and other five counties. My father is strict, the word is virtuous and Confucian, and I am the master book of the state government, under the order, riding a regular waiter and concurrently serving as a college student. On behalf of the British philosopher, the family crown Wu.
It can be seen that the Ge family in Danyang in Han Dynasty was a standard Confucian family, and its ancestors were a senior scholar-bureaucrat who adhered to Confucianism and faithfully served the country in the era of Wang Mang. The two brothers of this ancestor, the next generation of Gepru and Gewen, can not only make contributions to their ancestors, but also show the virtue of filial piety and comity, which is a model of Confucian scholar-officials. After Gepru moved from Xiapi to Danyang, he still maintained the Confucian tradition of self-cultivation and governing the country. It also spread to Ge Hong's grandfather Ge and his father Ge Wei (the two were named after the Book of Jin? Ge Hongchuan), are filial piety and loyalty, high officials and dignitaries. Has this family ever betrayed Confucianism and turned to Taoism as a whole?
There is a section in Liu Yi's latest book "God and Region", which is called "A Study of Noble Families in Jin and Song Dynasties", and the textual research is quite detailed. In the "conclusion" of this section, there is such a sentence:
Noble children also have some flexibility in their choice of beliefs. They are not related by blood in the true sense, and the whole family has served Taoism for generations. For example, his son followed the monk Hui Yuan to become a monk, Su and Tan brothers devoted themselves to Taoism, and Su's son devoted himself to Buddhism, and wrote the Buddhist Sutra. It can be seen that the Taoist belief in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is first determined by personal ambition and sentiment, and there is no fixed family belief and organizational ties at work. 12
It is reasonable, which can supplement circumstantial evidence and support the clumsy theory of this paper.
The abandonment of Confucianism by Ge Xuan, Ge and others, and Ge Hong's "Confucianism at the end of Confucianism" style, are obviously just their personal marginalization of abandoning the mainstream family tradition. 13 The "family belief" of the Young family in Wu Dongjin is obviously Confucianism rather than Taoism.
Therefore, the theory of "Kochi Taoism" is no more valid than that of "Kochi Taoism".
According to records, Sun Fu, a clan relative, attached more than 30 volumes of Lingbao Sutra, listing a set of sutras from Buddha to Ge Xuan and its descendants.
It's a long story The purpose of making up the story is to show that Lingbao Jing is a sacred book with a long history, which was handed down from generation to generation by the Ge family in Danyang during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. However, according to the research of modern scholars, most Lingbao classics were actually fabricated by Ge, and some of them were even published as late as the Southern Dynasties.
Because a large number of Lingbao classics except Lingbao Five Blessingg and their inheritance process can't be found in Ge Hong's works, there is a record of "Ge created Lingbao" in Volume 20 of True Patent compiled by Tao Hongjing, a Taoist priest in Qi Liang, so the academic community generally thinks that there are a large number of Lingbao classics except Lingbao Five Blessingg.