They often gather under the bamboo forest in Yang Shan (now Xiuwu, Henan) and enjoy themselves freely, so they are called the seven sages of bamboo forest in the world. Most of them advocate the knowledge of Zhuang zi and Zhuang zi, and they are informal and open-minded. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong and Dan Tao successively took refuge in the Sima family, served as senior officials and became confidants of the regime. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives of article creation. For example, Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source", based on Lao Zi and Zhuangzi's devotion to nature, explained that he could not be an official, and publicly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. This article is very famous; Another example is Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems of "Yong Huai", which implicitly exposes the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group and satirizes the hypocritical ethical code people by means of comparison and sustenance. Therefore, through the article creation of the seven sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests.
Ji kang
Ji Kang (223-262) was a famous writer, thinker and musician in the Three Kingdoms Wei period. Word uncle night. Qiao Guozhi (now southwest of Su County, Anhui Province) was born. Ji Kang is the son-in-law of the Wei imperial clan. He used to be a doctor of Zhongsan, and he was known as Jizhongsan in the world. Advocating Laozi and Zhuangzi, stressing the way of keeping in good health and eating, and writing On Keeping in Good Health. Like Ruan Ji, he is one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Wei Chunqiu: "(Ji Kang) swam in the bamboo forest with Ruan Ji, Hanoi, Henan Xiangxiu, Zixian, Langxie and Peiren Liu Lingxiang, and was called the Seven Sages." His friend Dan Tao (Ju Yuan) later took refuge in Sima's position as a senior official and suggested that he go out to be an official. He then wrote a letter "Breaking up with Shan Juyuan" and refused. He was framed by Zhong Hui and killed because he was "not thin" and dissatisfied with Sima Group, which was in power at that time.
Ji Kang believed in Laozi and Zhuangzi in political thought, rejected the Six Classics, emphasized the opposition between Confucianism and nature, and advocated breaking the shackles of etiquette and law. His philosophy is based on the materialistic view of nature and adheres to the simple materialistic epistemology. He believes that "the vitality of Taoism endows all beings with innate qualities" ("On Ming Dan") and affirms that everything is endowed with vitality. Put forward the theory that "the more famous you teach, the more natural you are". Ji Kang was smart and studious since childhood. His article is "novel in thought and often against Gu Yan" (Lu Xun's The Relationship between Wei and Jin Manners and Articles and Medicinal Liquor). Breaking up with Shan Juyuan and Learning from Nature are his representative works. Poetry is longer than four words, with a clear expression; Complaining about poetry, giving scholars to join the army, is famous far and near. The theory of sound without sorrow and music thinks that the same music can arouse different feelings, and asserts that music itself has no distinction between sorrow and music, but its purpose is to deny the educational thought of etiquette and music promoted by the rulers at that time. He is good at guqin, famous for playing Guangling San, and once wrote Fu Qin, giving a detailed and vivid description of the playing method and expressive force of guqin.
Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji (2 10 ~ 263) was a poet of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. The word heir. Chen Liuwei (now Henan) was born. He is the son of Ruan Yu, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Ruan Ji has the ambition to help the world politically. He once went to Guangwu City to see the Chu-Han battlefield and lamented that "there was no hero at that time, and Li Zi became famous!" At that time, Cao Rui and Ming Di were dead, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang. The two men are fighting with each other, and the political situation is very sinister. Cao Shuang once called Ruan Ji to join the army, but he resigned due to illness. Ten years ago (249), Cao Shuang was killed by Sima Yi, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima killed dissidents, and many people were implicated. Ruan Ji was politically inclined to the royal family of Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with Sima Group, but at the same time he felt that there was no reason in the world, so he adopted an attitude of not causing trouble and preserving his sanity, or studying behind closed doors, climbing mountains near the water, getting drunk, or keeping his mouth shut. But in some cases, Ruan Ji was forced by Sima's arrogance and had to perfunctory. He accepted the official position granted by Sima, served as the lieutenant of Sima and his son, and was also a captain of the cavalry and infantry, so people later called him "Ruan Infantry". He was also forced to write "Persuade Jinwen" for Si Mazhao's self-styled Gong Jin and prepare wine Xi. Therefore, Sima adopted a tolerant attitude towards him, and did not pursue all kinds of madness and etiquette violations, and finally died. Ruan Ji's works include 6 poems, 9 essays and more than 90 poems. Ruan Ji's poems represent his major literary achievements. His main works are 82 five-character poems. Ruan Ji's work "Economic History of Sui Shu" is included in 13. The original series has been lost. However, his works have not lost much. Taking poetry as an example, Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin says that he wrote more than 80 poems, all of which seem to have been handed down from generation to generation. There were many editions in Ming Dynasty, among which Zhang Pu's Ruan Infantry Collection was included in 103 collections of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. The Collection of Ruan Ji was edited and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1978. People's Literature Publishing House 1957 published Ruan Infantry's Poems on Huai River with annotations.
Shan Tao
Dan Tao is the oldest of the seven sages of bamboo forest. He joined the bamboo forest celebrity because of his personal charm. Wang Rong, who is also the seven sages of the bamboo forest, commented on him: "Jade is uncut and abrasive." In other words, he gives a deep impression of quality. Gorgeous was one of the manners of celebrities at that time. Although Dan Tao has deep feelings with Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, their interests are actually different, which can be illustrated by his example of Ji Kang dying and the fact that Ji Kang broke up with him. He embarked on another road to being an official.
Dan Tao is a man of great insight. He approached power cautiously. At the critical moment of Cao Shi's power struggle with Sima's family, Dan Tao saw that the incident was just around the corner, and "invisibly refused to pay world affairs". Before that, he was an official in Cao Shuang, and Cao Shuang would be defeated, so he abdicated to avoid suspicion. But when the overall situation has been set and the power situation of Sima has been formed, he came out. Dan Tao and Sima Shi are in-laws, and he went to see Sima Shi by virtue of this relationship. Knowing his intentions and ambitions, Master Sima said to him, "Does Lv Wang want to be an official and do evil?" So, after a long time, "Minister Li Weixiu was appointed as a scholar, except for Lang, Chinese and foreign, and Wang Chang, a general in title of generals in ancient times, became a doctor." He threw himself at Zhao Xiang's hands and transferred to the official department. Of course, I started as a small official. When it comes to being an official of Shangshu, my career will be smooth sailing.
Ji Kang once wrote a "Dear John", so later generations despised Dan Tao very much. Although Dan Tao is not as straightforward and eager as Ji Kang, he just doesn't violate the custom. For example, he also drinks, but there is a certain limit until eight fights, which is different from other people's binge drinking. Dan Tao lived frugally and was highly praised by time theory. Twenty years after Ji Kang was killed, he recommended Ji Kang's son Ji Shao as his secretary. He told Ji Shao, "I have missed you for a long time. There is news at four o'clock in the world, but the situation is terrible! " It can be seen that he has not forgotten his old friends for twenty years.
As for his refuge in Sima's house, it seems beyond reproach. Because the purpose of scholars' seeking knowledge is to "apply what they have learned", there must be a problem of "realizing their own value". However, they only have few pure knowledge websites. Except astronomy and calendars, almost all other technologies are the basic industries of "medical astrology" and "all-round work". Law, economy and management are also mostly the patents of small officials. Piano, chess, calligraphy and painting are just hobbies for most people, and what they can do is to study and be an official. In a society where imperial power monopolizes everything, it goes without saying that those people who have only one skill, such as chicken singing and dog stealing, are all outstanding talents with latitude and longitude in the world, and rarely show their skills except "goods and emperors".
Xiang Xiu
Wei and Jin writers. One of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. Words are divided into periods. A native of Huai County, Hanoi (now southwest of Wuzhi, Henan). The year of birth and death is unknown. Shao. Get along well with Ji Kang and others. Xiang embroidery can't live in seclusion. After Ji Kang was killed in Jingyuan four years (263), he had to apply to Luoyang under the pressure of Sima. Later, he rode as an assistant minister and turned to Huangmen to ride as a constant waiter. Zhuangzi's Learning of Xiang Embroidery. At that time, Zhuangzi was quite popular, but the old annotation "Don't study its purpose" and Xiang embroidery "Zhuangzi Yinjie" had a great influence on explaining Hyunri, which promoted the prevalence of metaphysics. However, Xiang embroidery did not finish writing Autumn Water and Happiness. Later, on the basis of Zhuangzi Yinjie, Guo Xiang completed the annotations of Qiushui and Zhile, and then put them into play, which became the annotation of Zhuangzi seen today.
Liu Ling
Bolun was born in Guo Pei (now Su County, Anhui Province). One of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". At the end of Wei, he joined the army for Jianwei. At the beginning of Jin Wudi's reign, he called for countermeasures and emphasized inaction, so he was exempted. He opposed Sima's dark rule and hypocritical ethics. In order to avoid political persecution, he became addicted to alcohol and pretended to be crazy. Once a guest came to visit, he was naked. When the guest asked him, he said, "I live in heaven and earth and take my room as my clothes." Why did you get into my pants? " "His bohemian behavior shows the denial of Ming etiquette. Jiu de has only one ode.
Ruan Xian
Ruan Xian, whose real name is Zhong Rong, is one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji's nephew and an uncle are all called "Ruan Daxiao". He rode an assistant minister through the official calendar to supplement the magistrate. Dan Tao thinks that he is "chaste without desire, deeply aware of the troubled times, and everything is immobile. It is inappropriate to be an official "(see Biography of the Book of Jin), but Emperor Wu of Jin thought that he was too drunk to use it.
Like Ruan Ji, he let go of his birthday and was wild and uninhibited. He had a close relationship with his aunt's Xianbei handmaid in private. When her mother died, she should have returned to China, but Ruan Xian asked to leave her, which was ethically unacceptable at that time. Later, when the handmaid left, Ruan Xian borrowed a donkey to ride behind her, and finally got her back, and gave birth to a son named Ruan Fu, who was laughed at by the world. He doesn't make friends casually, but only makes friends with relatives and friends and drinks songs. Once, his relatives and friends were drinking together, and he also came to participate. He didn't drink from a glass, but from a big bowl and got drunk. At that time, a large group of pigs came to drink, and Ruan Xian also drank with them. He is really happy to play the piano while drinking. So "drinking with tapirs" became a joke.
Ruan Xianmiao became a famous musician at that time because of his understanding of temperament and playing pipa. In ancient times, there was a pipa called Ruan Xian. He once discussed temperament with Xun Xu, who thought he was far less than Ruan Xian and was extremely jealous. As a result, Ruan Xian was demoted to the northern magistrate. Ruan Xian's book "Law Discussion" has been handed down from generation to generation. See the note of Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yu Shujie.
Wang Rong
Wang Rong (234-305) was born in Linyi (now Shandong). Minister of the Western Jin Dynasty, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Young and enlightened, bright and beautiful. Good at talking and traveling with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. For a bamboo forest, and after tasting it, I said, "It's disappointing that vulgar things are back." He is the most vulgar of the seven sages. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, he successively served as Huang Menlang, Chang Shi, Hedong Taishou, Jingzhou Secretariat, and entered Anfeng County. Later, he moved to Guangluxun and Shangshu in the official department. Hui Di, an official of Stuart. I am obsessed with fame and fortune and have nothing to say about it. Sex is extremely greedy and stingy, and the countryside is all over the States, without accumulation. Every time I gnash my teeth and count day and night, if it is insufficient. The Rong family has good plums and often sells them, but they are afraid of others' planting and often sell them, so they are ridiculed by the world.