Located in the northeast corner of the motherland, it borders Russia in the east and north, with a border of 3000 kilometers. In ancient times, it was a cautious place, and the Han Dynasty was a husband. It belongs to Tokyo, Shangjing Road and Metal Shangjing Road, and it belongs to Lingbei and Liaoning Province in Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was the land of Jurchen. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of General Heilongjiang, and in the late Qing Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang Province.

Now it has jurisdiction over one region, 12 prefecture-level cities and 20 counties open to the outside world.

The province covers an area of 40,000 to 60,000 square kilometers.

Heilongjiang Province is called Hei for short.

The provincial capital is in Harbin.

There are 10 ethnic minorities living in Heilongjiang province, among which Hezhe, Oroqen, Korean and Mongolian ethnic minorities have rich customs. Longquan House in Shangjing and Huining House in Shangjing were the capitals of Bohai State in Tang Dynasty and early Jin Dynasty respectively, which were the symbols of economic and cultural prosperity in Heilongjiang Province at that time. The construction of Harbin, Daqing and other cities is changing with each passing day, and the modern cities in northern Xinjiang have distinctive characteristics; More than 3,000 kilometers of land and water border with Russia is a channel for various exchanges between China and Russia. In addition, Heilongjiang province has a unique industrial culture and foreign culture, which are important foundations for the development of characteristic tourism in Heilongjiang province.

Natural environment:

1. Terrain

The topography of Heilongjiang Province is generally high in northwest, north and southeast, and low in northeast and southwest. It is mainly composed of mountains, terraces, plains and water. Daxing 'anling, which runs northeast-southwest, Xiaoxing 'anling, which runs northwest-southeast, and Zhangguangcailing, Laoyeling and Wanda Mountain, which run northeast-southwest, account for about 24.7% of the total area of the province. Hilly areas above 300 meters above sea level account for about 35.8% of the province; Sanjiang Plain in the northeast and Songnen Plain in the west are part of the largest northeast plain in China, accounting for 37.0% of the total area of the province, with an altitude of 50-200 meters.

2. Land

The soil area of the province is 44.37 million hectares (equivalent to 670 million mu), accounting for 93% of the total land area of the province. The area of cultivated land and forest land in the province ranks 1, and the area of grazing land ranks seventh. The land to be developed ranks fourth and the arable land ranks second. By the end of 2004, the province had 9.905 million hectares of cultivated land (/kloc-0.49 billion mu). High organic matter content. The soil suitable for agriculture accounts for 40% of the total soil area in the province, and the black soil, chernozem and meadow soil account for 67.6% of the total cultivated land area in the province. It is one of the three famous black soil areas in the world. The area of agricultural reserve resources in the province is 4.793 million hectares (72 million mu), accounting for 10.5% of the total land area in the province, and the area of land to be developed is second only to Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and the whole country.

3. Climate?

Heilongjiang has a continental monsoon climate from middle temperate zone to cold temperate zone. The annual average temperature is -4~5 degrees Celsius. The temperature gradually decreases from southeast to northwest, and the difference between north and south is nearly 10 degrees Celsius. Summer has high temperature, abundant precipitation and long illumination time, which is suitable for crop growth. Solar radiation resources are abundant, and the annual sunshine hours are generally 2300-2800 hours. The windy days are the most in spring, mostly in Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain.

Heilongjiang province belongs to cold temperate zone-temperate zone, humid-semi-humid monsoon climate, with long and cold winter, short summer and no summer in northwest China. The annual average temperature is -6-4 degrees Celsius, 1 month 32- MINUS 17 degrees Celsius, and July 16-23 degrees Celsius, with the lowest temperature in northwest China. Temperate and cold temperate monsoon climate, with long and cold winters and short summers. The annual precipitation is 400-700 mm. The frost-free period of the whole year is mostly between 90- 120 days. The average annual precipitation is between 50-700 mm, and the windward slopes of Xiaoxing 'anling and Zhangguangcailing are the most. 60% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June-August, and Keshan precipitation occurs in June 65438+July 0957.

Natural resources:

The mountain range covers 60% of the whole province, with moderate slope, good snow quality and large snowfall. There are more than 100 places suitable for building advanced ski resorts. There are more than 20 million hectares of forest land, and the forest coverage rate is 43.6%, ranking first in the country, and most of them are natural forests; There are many rivers in the province, and the water resources rank first in the northern provinces. Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Wusuli River, Nenjiang River and Suifenhe River constitute the five major water systems in the province, and Xingkai Lake, Jingbo Lake and Lianhuan Lake are beautiful and magnificent. Zhalong, Sanjiang and Xingkai Lake have vast wetlands and good biodiversity protection. Wudalianchi is a world-class resource with the most development potential because of its unique volcanic landform and rich mineral springs.

Cultivated land resources:

The land conditions in Heilongjiang Province rank first in the country, with the total cultivated land area and exploitable land reserve resources accounting for more than one tenth of the whole country, and the per capita cultivated land and farmers' per capita cultivated land are about three times the national average. There are 9.905 million hectares of cultivated land in Heilongjiang province, and the content of soil organic matter is higher than that in other parts of the country. Black soil, chernozem and meadow soil account for more than 60% of the cultivated land area, which is one of the three famous black soil belts in the world. Heilongjiang province is rich in soybeans, wheat, corn, potatoes and paddy soil.

The grassland area in the province is about 4.33 million hectares, with excellent grass quality and high nutritional value, which is suitable for the development of animal husbandry.

Mineral resources:

Found minerals 1, 3 1, and 74 minerals with proven reserves. Petroleum, graphite, sillimanite, as-cast basalt, basalt for asbestos, marble for cement, pigment loess, volcanic ash, marble for glass, potassium feldspar and other 10 mineral reserves rank first in China, and coal reserves rank first in the three northeastern provinces.

Forest resources:

The total forestry management area of the province is 3 1.75 million hectares, accounting for 2/3 of the total land area of the province. The forest area is 20.07 million hectares, with a total volume of 654.38+0.5 billion cubic meters and a forest coverage rate of 43.6%. Forest area, total forest volume and timber output rank among the top in China, and it is the most important state-owned forest area and the largest timber production base in China. Forest species reach 1. There are more than 30 species with high utilization value. Heilongjiang province is one of the major forestry provinces in China, and the ecological status of forestry is very important. Natural forest resources are the main part of forest resources in Heilongjiang Province, mainly distributed in Daxinganling, Changbai Mountain and Wandashan.

Energy:

Heilongjiang Province is an important energy industry base in China. In 2004, the province produced 7 1 169000 tons of raw coal, which is one of the major coal-transporting provinces. In addition, electricity and gas also occupy an important position. Before the founding of New China, there was only one Jingbohu hydropower station in Heilongjiang. In the past decades, hydropower and thermal power have developed simultaneously. By 65,438+0999, there are nearly 100 power stations in the whole province. The total installed capacity is nearly10 million MW. The province's hydropower generation reached 65.438+400 million MWh. Harbin Gas Chemical Corporation's Hayi Gas Project has a daily gas production of 6.5438+0.89 million cubic meters, and its total construction scale is "the highest in Asia".

Biological resources:

There are 88 species of wild animals and mammals, belonging to 6 orders and 20 families, accounting for 2 1.6% of the total number of species in China. Among them, 6 species of mink, mink bear, leopard, tiger, sika deer and musk deer are first-class protected species, and 36/kloc-0 species of birds belong to 57 families of 19 orders. It accounts for 29% of the national species. There are red-crowned crane, merganser, stork, golden eagle, etc. 12 species. It belongs to the first-class key protection. There are more than 2 100 species of wild plants, including 4 families, 8 genera, 0/7 species of gymnosperms and 0/07 species of angiosperms. There are11family, 644 genera and 1764 species of seed plants. There are about 2.5 million tons of wild plant resources with economic value, more than 250,000 tons of edible plants, more than 10,000 tons of wild papermaking raw materials 1 10,000 tons, and various medicinal materials10.25 million tons.

There are 163 nature reserves in the province (including 4 national 14 and 40 provincial).

Water resources:

There are many rivers and lakes in the province, including Heilongjiang, Wusuli River, Songhua River, Nenjiang River and Suifenhe River. There are more than 6,000 lakes and reservoirs with a water surface of over 800,000 hectares. Heilongjiang Province is one of the provinces with abundant water resources in China. 70% of the annual rainfall is concentrated in the growing period of crops, with the same season of rain and heat, and a good environment for biological growth.

Tourism resources:

Heilongjiang province is rich in tourism resources with distinctive features.

Economic development:

Heilongjiang is rich in forest mineral resources, with oil, coal, wood, machinery and food as the main industries. The output of crude oil, timber, power generation equipment, railway wagons, plywood, fiberboard, natural gas, gasoline, diesel oil and bearings ranked first and second respectively in China. Railways and highways in this province rank first and fifth among all provinces and regions in China respectively.

The main food crops are miscellaneous grains, mainly corn, rice and sorghum. Heilongjiang is an important wheat producing area in China, mainly distributed in the north. Heilongjiang soybeans occupy an important position in the country, mainly distributed in the plain area south of 50 degrees north latitude, and are exported in large quantities every year. Cash crops are mainly sugar beet, flax and sunflower, and the output often ranks first in the country.

Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling are the most important forestry bases in China, with the largest timber storage and logging. Korean pine and larch are the main tree species and the most important wood supply base in China. Coal, oil and gold are the main minerals in this province. Songnen Plain is rich in oil, and Daqing Oilfield is the most famous. Coal is widely distributed, famous for Jixi, Hegang, Shuangyashan and Qitaihe coal mines.

Environment and problems:

By the end of 2004, there were 4,090 employees in the province's environmental protection system, and there were 106 environmental monitoring stations at all levels. 288 smoke control zones have been built, with a total area of 1068.9 square kilometers. There are 30 1 noise standard zones, covering an area of 898.9 square kilometers. The treatment rate of industrial wastewater, dust emission rate and comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste are 92.0%, 90.0% and 72.0% respectively. At the end of the year, there were 163 nature reserves in the province, an increase of 12 over the previous year.