Wanli (1573- 1620) is the national name of Zhu Yijun, Ming Shenzong. Wanli nianhao was used in the Ming Dynasty for 48 years, which is the longest used nianhao in the Ming Dynasty. Huang Renyu, a historian, wrote the book Fifteen Years of Wanli from the perspective of "Great Historical View", which is a monograph on the study of Ming history.
Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun (1563-1620) was the 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty. The following year (1568), Qin Long, the third son of Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, was awarded the title of prince. In the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), Mu Zong died of illness and Zhu Yijun succeeded to the throne. In the second year, the year number was changed to Wanli. There is a saying in "Benevolence": The longest reigning emperor in Ming Dynasty was incompetent Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun.
Zhu Yijun was only 10 years old when he acceded to the throne, assisted by Gao Gong, Zhang and Gao Yi. With the support of Zhang Jiezhang, he carried out political and economic reforms in the first year of Wanli (1573). Politically, it is necessary to rectify the official management, implement the examination law and inspect officials at all levels as the basis for promotion and enthusiasm. Militarily, we should rectify armaments, strengthen border defense, select generals who can recruit good fighters, lead troops strictly, and adopt a policy of appeasement and good neighborliness towards Mongolia. Economically, cleaning up the fields all over the country and implementing a whip method, the basic content is to merge taxes and fees and simplify the complicated ones; Unified service law, introduced into the underground; Land rent and silver tax: official closure solution. This can be called a major change in China's tax system, which has promoted the development of monetary economy. Zhang also managed the Yellow River and achieved good results. These measures eased social contradictions and the country's situation gradually recovered. At that time, the grain accumulated in Taicang could be used for 10 years, and the national treasury reached more than 4 million yuan. The Zhu Ming Dynasty, which was in the crisis of rule, experienced a short period of recovery and prosperity.
Unfortunately, the good times did not last long. After Zhang died in the tenth year of Wanli (1582), bureaucrats who opposed the political reform rose up to attack and frame Zhang. Took Zhang's titles and posthumous title, and raided the Zhang family. The reform was abolished and the court was in decline. Zhu Yijun was an emperor who enjoyed himself to the fullest. As an adult, he didn't often look at the DPRK and lived in the inner palace. We should not only enjoy it when we are alive, but also think of happiness after death. It took us six years to plan our own mausoleum early and build Dingling. He also had a bad habit of amassing money by hook or by crook, and advocated that officials pay tribute to him, taking the amount of tribute as the standard to measure whether officials were loyal to the emperor. In order to plunder the people's wealth all over the country, he sent a large number of eunuchs to serve as mine supervisors and tax collectors in various places, arbitrarily plundering the people's wealth paste. This makes people angry, civil unrest rises, and society becomes more and more turbulent.
The contradictions within the ruling class are more due to his disregard for state affairs, and the ministers' memorials and political orders are conveyed by the chamberlain. The long delay in awarding the crown prince has led to the intensification of conflicts and partisan struggles among various factions of the bureaucratic group. The struggle between Lindong Party and Evil Party lasted for a long time, and the Ming Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), Zhu Yijun died at the age of 58, trapped inside and outside, and it was stormy. Buried in Dingling, posthumous title Fan Tianhe Road, Wu 'an, Xian Di, the temple number is.
Zhu Yijun, Emperor Wanli, was born in 1563. He was the first 13 emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the longest-serving emperor. 1573, Mu Zong, Ming Taizu, died, and Zhu Yijun, who was only ten years old, succeeded to the throne as the Crown Prince. This is Ming Shenzong in history. 1620, Zhu Yijun died of illness at the age of 58, and the 48-year Wanli era came to an end. Because Ming Shenzong was in office for 48 years, he only used the title of "Emperor Wanli", so people usually call him Emperor Wanli.
[Edit this paragraph] Wanli Zhongxing
In the first ten years of his reign, because of his young age, his mother listened to politics on his behalf. The Queen Mother handed over all the military and political power to Zhang, and implemented a series of reform measures such as whipping, which greatly developed the social economy and made it "prosperous in Wanli".
[Edit this paragraph] Wanli lazy politics
However, after Zhang's death, in November of the 14th year of Wanli (1586), he began to indulge in debauchery (it is said that he was addicted to opium). After arguing with the cabinet about the establishment of the prince for more than ten years, he finally decided not to leave the palace gate for 30 years, ignore the state affairs, go to court, see, approve and talk. 1589, it no longer appeared, and the cabinet appeared the phenomenon of "people are stuck with officials" and "Cao is empty"; As a result, courtiers who entered the central government after the middle period of Zhu Yijun's rule did not know what the emperor looked like. In the forty years of Wanli (16 12), the history of Nanjing's discussions is sparse: "Taiwan is empty, and everything is abolished. It has lived for more than twenty years, and there will be worries about Lu Chen in the world." . Ye Lu said that the emperor could meet the axe king twice a day. In the forty-five years of Wanli (16 17), in November, "the Ministry and the temple were short of six or seven, and the first place was vacant for several years. Four people in six subjects were stopped, and five people were stopped in thirteen ways. " The prisoners have been in prison for twenty years without asking a word. They beat themselves with bricks in prison and cried grievances in a pool of blood. Qian Ruogeng, the magistrate of Linjiang, was put into prison by Zhu Yijun, who kept him for 37 years, but he was not allowed to be released. His son Qian said: "In my father's thirty-seven years of life ... his blood was exhausted ... his limbs were swollen, his whole body was covered with sores and his feet were full of tumors." The ears are deaf, the eyes are blind, the hands are motionless, the feet are motionless, and there is a little breath in the throat, which means that it is not dead, and it is an ear between reality and death. "Prime Minister Li Tingji was ill and resigned one hundred and twenty times in a row, but he didn't get any news. Finally, he left without saying goodbye. Forty years of Wanli (16 12), Sun Piyang, an official minister, said, "I want to leave you. ".Forty-one years (16 13), Zhao Huan, an official minister, also" ran away from home ".
In the middle and late period of Wanli, he did not go to court for 30 years, and there were very famous six quasi-and six quasi-laws.
The main reason why Wanli failed to go to court was that there was a fierce conflict between the imperial power and the civil service system, and the imperial power was suppressed, and Wanli confronted it in a negative way. However, two things are still worthy of recognition. Emperor Wanli did not kill a person because the minister opposed or even scolded the emperor's imperial concubine, which was quite lenient. Secondly, not going to court does not mean not going to work. During the Wanli period, national events and minor matters were handled by Wanli, such as the three characteristics of Wanli, especially the non-Chen war between tomorrow, which was always conducted under the guidance of Wanli. Small ones such as Matteo Ricci's missionary work in Beijing, the construction of churches, monthly offerings and even cemeteries were all carried out smoothly under the questioning of Wanli. Western missionaries were full of respect and affection for Wanli, which played a considerable role in the communication between eastern and western civilizations.
Secondly, sending eunuchs to set up mine supervisors and tax supervisors to collect money is definitely a bad side, but it should be analyzed in detail. The appearance of the mine supervisor is based on the decree of Wanli, and mining can be started from now on. The original intention is not to compete with the people for profits, so the mine supervisor is sent. The eunuch's chanting was crooked, which made a lot of noise. The medical malpractice in this period lasted for about four years. Four years later, Wanli banned eunuchs from leaving the palace to collect money, but the mine ban was cancelled. Undoubtedly, it will promote the development of capitalist economy from now on. In the history of all countries, feudal countries deprived industry and commerce of excess profits. What the Ming Dynasty did was to make excuses and raise the tax rate. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, businessmen were ordered to give up half of their property to help the government, which led to "a large number of businessmen's families were ruined". However, the industrialists and businessmen in the Ming Dynasty have become quite powerful social forces, and they can't stand this kind of tax increase. The mine manager was opposed on a large scale, and civil unrest caused by taxation continued to occur. (See Confucian civilization) From the perspective of the growth of new things, appropriate conflicts and contradictions are conducive to their growth.
The contradictions within the ruling class are more due to his disregard for state affairs, and the ministers' memorials and political orders are conveyed by the chamberlain. The long delay in awarding the crown prince has led to the intensification of conflicts and partisan struggles among various factions of the bureaucratic group. The struggle between Lindong Party and Evil Party lasted for a long time, and the Ming Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), Zhu Yijun died at the age of 58, trapped inside and outside, and it was stormy. Buried in Dingling, posthumous title Fan Tianhe Road, Wu 'an, Xian Di, the temple number is.
[Edit this paragraph] The harm of mining tax
In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), Ming Shenzong sent eunuchs as tax inspectors to plunder businessmen. Once it is thought that there are seedlings underground, all the houses will be demolished to facilitate mining. When mining fails, the merchants nearby will be accused of "stealing" and must pay all the compensation for "stealing". Wherever the mine supervisor went, the people gave their money, "flogging officials and plundering tourists were anathema to merchants", "his party went straight into people's homes, raped women, or plundered the tax supervision department, and the people were angry", while "the emperor didn't ask" became a major evil policy in the Ming Dynasty. Records of Zhu Geng said sadly: "Today's regime is not a cabinet, but a ceremony." Shen Li, a college student, also pointed out in "Please Stop Mining Tax" that "all mining taxes are paid by the company to the people to compensate". Tadashi Nakata, appointed by Hook, criticized him beyond forbearance and said, "Money is the lifeblood." From the twenty-fifth year of Wanli (1597) to the thirty-first year of Wanli (1605), mining tax brought nearly three million silver into the state treasury, "half the floating fee, half the jewelry", and more property flowed into the eunuch's pocket.
[Edit this paragraph] Three characteristics of Wanli
It refers to the Bozhou campaign during the period of Zhu Yijun (1573 ~ 19), the Wanli emperor of Ming Shenzong, to quell the rebellion in Ningxia and support North Korea in resisting Japanese aggression. The three wars were successful, but the manpower and material resources of the Ming Dynasty also suffered great losses.
The battle of Ningxia was to suppress the rebellion of worshipping ghosts. Bai Yuan was a Mongolian. During the Jiajing period, he turned to the Ming Dynasty, and he made meritorious deeds and was promoted to the command of the capital. At the beginning of Wanli, he was a guerrilla general, commanding thousands of troops and horses, tyrannizing Ningxia and saving his life. In the seventeenth year of Wanli, he and his deputy were all officials. In nineteen years, the Taohe River was in an emergency, and three thousand people were invited to follow it to Jincheng. When they saw that the soldiers in the town were out of the way, they took the road to the Great Wall on their way home, and the soldiers also avoided it. Because of their arrogance, they have the heart to despise China and foreign countries. On February 8, 2010, the governor's party letter was punished and charged with the crime of reimbursement. On February 18, 2000, he reconciled his son Cheng En, his son Xu Yun and Xiu, and ordered Liu Dongyuan, the military front, to rebel, kill the Party letter and its deputy stone, set fire to the government, collect the seal and release the prisoners. Zhang Weizhong, the company commander, was coerced by the party to report "sudden change in salary deduction" and asked for a seal, but hanged himself. Since then, Dong Yun claimed to be the company commander, taking worship as the teacher, Cheng En and Xu Chao as the left and right company commanders, and Wen Xiu and Xu Yun as the left and right generals, occupying Ningxia Town and sacrificing alliances. He sent troops to Zhongwei, Guangwu, Yuquanying, Lingzhou (now Lingwu, Ningxia) and other cities, but Pinglu could not persist. The rebels also used the grazing in Xuhuamachi area as bait and had to enlist the help of Mongolian leaders such as rabbits. The stronger their strength, the whole Shaanxi shook. On March 4th, Shao Li, the deputy company commander, was ordered by Governor Wei Xuezeng to take the company commander to take action, but the rebels relied on the support of Mongolia and were very powerful. Since then, Ma Gui, the deputy governor of the Ming Dynasty, rushed to help. You led the Cangtou army to attack the city while blocking the cover of Mongolia, and gained a lot. In April, Li was transferred to the general company of Ningxia, supervised by Mei Guozhen, the suggestion of Zhejiang Province, and unified Liaodong, Xuanda, Shaanxi, Zhejiang and Miao troops to carry out encirclement and suppression. In July, Magway and others destroyed Taub's camp, chased him to Helan Mountain and drove him out of the fortress. Under the command of Ye Mengxiong, the governor of Primary School, reinforcements from all walks of life surrounded Ningxia City and decided to fill it with water. The rebels lost foreign aid, and the city ran out of ammunition and food. At the same time, internal conflicts broke out. On September 16, Liu Dongyuan killed Xiuhe with courtesy, and killed Liu Dongyuan the following week. The army was distracted. After Li broke into Dachengchi, he besieged the whole family and committed suicide behind closed doors. Paul and others were captured. At this point, all the chaos of worship subsided.
Bozhou is located between Sichuan, Guizhou and Hubei, with dangerous mountains and rivers and far away from Wan Li. Since Tang Yangduan, the Yang Dynasty has ruled this place and accepted the appointment of the Central Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was attached, and Ming appointed him as the Xuanwei ambassador of Bozhou. At the beginning of Wanli, he was appointed as the ambassador of Bozhou Propaganda and Comfort Department. He was arrogant and evil, and he made public insurrection for seventeen years in Wanli. The Ming Dynasty hesitated about the chaotic situation in Yang Yinglong and failed to take effective measures. So, on the one hand, Ying Long pretended to pay for the Ming Dynasty's atonement; on the other hand, he led Miao soldiers into dozens of bunkers and towns in Sichuan, Guizhou, Huguang and other places, ransacking and killing residents, raping and plundering. In twenty-six years, Tan Xisi, the governor of Sichuan, fortified Qijiang and Hejiang (now Luzhou East, Sichuan). In the second year, Yang Feng, the governor of Guizhou, ordered him to lead an army of 3,000 people to suppress it. Yang was defeated and killed. The Ming court ousted Jiang Dong and replaced him with Guo. Li Hualong, a former adviser to the imperial court and assistant minister of the Ministry of War, was also used to take charge of military affairs in Sichuan, Hunan and Guizhou provinces, and transferred Liu Ge, Magway, Chen Lin and Dong Yiyuan to the south. Twenty-eight years, conscription, in February, under the command of the governor Li Hualong, Ming army was divided into eight roads, each with about thirty thousand people. Liu Ge invaded the Qijiang River, breaking the natural barriers of Nanmushan, Yangjiantai and Sanmao. He also defeated Miao Jun, the son of Yinglong, and unified the East. Qin Liangyu, a heroine, and her husband Ma Qiancheng also led troops to capture seven villages, including Zhu Jin, and captured Sangmuguan with Youyang and other toast, ranking first in Nanchuan Road. Several other Ming armies also won. At the end of March, Liu Ge captured Loushanguan. In April, Yang Yinglong led Miao to die and was defeated again. Jin Ge occupied the natural barrier of Yang Yinglong, African Claw and Haiyun, and arrived at Hailongdun (now northwest of Zunyi), surrounded by various armies. In June, Liu Ge broke into another big city. Knowing that the tide was over, Ying Long hanged himself with his second concubine Chaodong. The Ming army entered the city and the state was safe. Later, it was divided into Zunyi Heping Yue, which belonged to Sichuan and Guizhou.
The Korean War was a war to aid Korea and expel Japan. In the 20th year of Wanli, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was in power in Japan, ordered Katou Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga to capture Busan in North Korea, cross the Tianjin River and advance towards Wang Jing (now Seoul). Korean king Liu Yun indulged in debauchery and relaxed his arms, and the army suffered a crushing defeat. Li Yong fled to Pyongyang and later to Yizhou (now northeast of Sinuiju). After the Japanese invaded Wang Jing, they destroyed graves, robbed princes, accompanied ministers and robbed treasuries. Also broke into Kaesong and Pyongyang. Almost all of the Eighth Route of Korea fell. In this situation, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to aid Korea at the request of North Korea. However, due to the weak strength of the serenade and unfamiliar geography, the guerrilla Shi Ru died, and Zu Chengxun, the deputy commander, was only exempted. After the defeat of the Ming court, Song Yingchang was the commander and Li was the prefect's crusade army, which assembled 40,000 soldiers and horses and left for North Korea. In the first month of the following year, he attacked Pyongyang, defeated Konishi Yukinaga, won a great victory in Pyongyang, and then reopened the city to turn the tide. Later, he marched on Wang Jing, but because he underestimated the enemy, he suffered heavy losses in Bitou Pavilion, three miles away from Wang Jing. In March, Liu Gan and Chen Lin led troops to the DPRK. The Ming army seized Tianjin, Baoshan and other places and cut off the supply of Japanese military supplies. The Japanese army was short of food and had to give up Wang Jing and retreat to Busan and other places to start negotiations with the Ming army. Shi Xing, the minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, made peace. However, the talks broke down because of Japan's unreasonable request to take Datong River as the boundary. Twenty-five years, the Japanese army attacked again, and Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun sent Shi Xing to prison, with Xing Jun as the governor of Hebei and Liao and Ma Gui as the Japanese general, and transferred soldiers and Wusong sailors from Hebei, Liao, Fu Xuan, Datong, Shaanxi, Fujian and other places to aid Korea, and raised Sichuan and Han soldiers to help. In February of the following year, the Ming army was divided into four roads, with Li Rumei in the middle, Magway in the east, Liu Gan in the west and Chen Lin in the waterway. Chen Lin cooperated closely with Li Shunchen, the general of North Korean water army, and defeated the most elite enemy Konishi Yukinaga at sea. In August, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, the Japanese army retreated, and the Chinese-Korean allied forces took advantage of the situation, and the Japanese army was defeated. However, Li Shunchen and Deng Zilong, a veteran of the Ming army, also died in the naval battle with the Japanese. 1 1 month, the war is basically over.
Although the three battles won, they also caused great losses to the manpower and material resources of the Ming Dynasty. The history book says: "In twenty years, Ningxia used soldiers and spent more than two million. North Korea fought for eight years in winter and spent more than seven million yuan. In twenty-seven years, Bozhou used soldiers and spent two or three million yuan. The three major levies are connected, and the country uses a big pot of rice. " After these three battles, the vitality of the Ming Dynasty was greatly damaged, which became one of the important reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] The rise of Jurchen
At this time, the rise of Nuerhachi nationality in Northeast China became a hidden danger of the Ming empire in the future.
16 19, Levin, commander of Liaodong Military Region, attacked Houjin and was defeated by Salhu, killing more than 40,000 people. Kaiyuan and Tieling fell, and Beijing shook. Before the situation in Liaodong was reversed, Zhu Yijun used Xiong Tingbi to defend Liaodong and stationed troops to build a city. However, Zhu Yijun's decapitation politics in the past 30 years has completely stopped, even the "draft ballot" and "Zhu Pi". Even though military science and technology were ahead of the times, agricultural technology was obviously superior to that of the previous dynasties, and the administration of the Ming Dynasty was paralyzed for many years.
Zhu Yijun died in the second year after the Battle of Salhu (1620) and was buried in Dingling. The Ming Dynasty Mausoleum mentioned that Wanli Dingling was excavated in 1958, and the remains of Wanli were restored. "His upper body was hunched before he died."
[Edit this paragraph] Memorabilia
Sweet potato was introduced into China.
Six Years of Wanli —— Li Shizhen wrote Compendium of Materia Medica.
In the 12th year of Wanli, Matteo Ricci drew the first map of China world, Shan Hai Jing.
In the 12th year of Wanli, Zhu Zaiyu published Lu Lu Jing Yi.
Twelve years of Wanli-Dingling was opened.
Twenty-nine years of Wanli-Matteo Ricci introduced oil painting to China.
Twenty-nine Years of Wanli —— Yang Jizhou wrote a great book on acupuncture.
July13, thirty-three years of Wanli —— An earthquake of magnitude 7.5 occurred in Qiongzhou, Hainan.
Thirty-six years of Wanli-Catholicism was introduced to Shanghai.
be born
Six years of Wanli-Shen Defu, writer.
Twelve years of Wanli-Hu, engraver.
Thirty-nine years of Wanli, 65438+ October-Zhu Youjian, Ming Sizong
stop
Twenty-two years of Wanli-Liang Chenyu, playwright.
Thirty-three years of Wanli-Yi Tian, eunuch.
[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation
"History of Ming Dynasty": "Therefore, it means death, and it actually died in Shenzong." Zhao Yi's The Harm of Mining Tax in the Twenty-second History of Wanli: "The commentator said that Ming died, not in Chongzhen, but in Wanli." In the Monument to the Immortal Virtue of the Ming Tombs, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty said: "The demise of the Ming Dynasty was not because of hooligans, but because of the absurdity of Shintoism and the tyranny of eunuchs at the time of the apocalypse. Ministers are interested in money, and hundreds of officials specialize in flattery. And four acceded to the throne, although the inverse castration has passed, but the trend of the world, such as a river, can never be re-plugged, fish rotten can not be re-collected. However, the censorship is too harsh, and people are relieved. Wang did not report his sufferings, so he became a thief, and the thief took advantage of it, while Mingshe went home. Oh! There are people in the world, but I don't know what to be afraid of? "
In the book "Fifteen Years of Wanli", Huang Renyu linked the laziness of Wanli emperor with the confrontation between Wanli emperor and civil servants with the concept of "the struggle between the establishment and the storage". Ignoring the government was the revenge of Emperor Wanli on the civil service group. Huang Renyu said, "When did he (Emperor Wanli) undergo great changes? No one can give a definite answer. However, dating back to the issue of succession to the throne and a series of problems that made the emperor feel extremely unhappy, then 1587 Dinghai, that is, fifteen years of Wanli, can be used as a boundary. There was no major turmoil on the surface this year, but it was particularly important for the history of North Korea. "
However, from the psychological point of view, Zhu Yijun's political laziness can also be understood as the clinical manifestation of learned helplessness or depression.
At the end of the article "Fifteen Years of Wanli", it is concluded that "1587 is Wanli 15 years, and it seems that the world is peaceful and there is nothing to remember. In fact, our Ming empire has reached the end of its development. At this time, the emperor tried to govern or indulge himself, recording dictatorship or reconciliation, senior generals were creative or used to peace, civil servants were clean or corrupt, and thinkers were extremely progressive or absolutely conservative. The final result is that there is no distinction between good and evil, and all of them cannot achieve meaningful development in fact. So our story has to end tragically here. Wanli Dinghai Yearbook is a total record of failure in history.
He is much more confused than the king, but he is really not a wise king.