Rukai Su Xueliang, National Traditional Sports Department of Capital Institute of Physical Education
First, the research purpose
Wushu, China Wushu, is a concept system with profound connotation and rich content. With its unique oriental cultural attributes, it can almost be compared with the modern western sports system prevailing in the world. Many people of insight have been calling for and establishing the concept of "Great Martial Arts". However, there is still a lack of research results with wide practical guiding significance in accurately defining "China Wushu" and clarifying the context and level of the grand Wushu system. The lag of theoretical research has seriously affected the activities of China Wushu in modern society and around the world. With the practice of modern competitive Wushu and Sanda (with the unremitting efforts of relevant people, competitive Wushu is also expected to enter the Olympic Games), many professionals began to reflect on the development model of Wushu and began to worry about its development prospects. The core of their worries and arguments is whether competitive Wushu can represent China Wushu and whether Sanda is China Wushu. What is traditional martial arts? Is the development mode of modern competitive Wushu reasonable? Is it beneficial to the development of Wushu system in China? How to develop traditional Wushu, keep the essence of Chinese Wushu and carry forward the cultural characteristics of Chinese Wushu? Instead of merely transforming China Wushu according to the model of western modern sports. Through the analysis of anxiety and controversy, we can see that despite the heated debate, many people have intentionally or unintentionally walked into some limitations and ambiguities, or ignored the uniqueness of Wushu as a cultural system in the world Wulin, or the unclear content structure and level of Wushu as a technical system, which led to the argument being unable to have a common basis and it was difficult to reach a consensus, or even if a consensus was reached, it was impossible to form a clear point of view and an effective solution.
Many experts have studied and discussed the architecture of Wushu, but most of them focus on the method of analyzing logic, lacking the method of restoring and integrating various Wushu types and phenomena from the perspective of system integrity and explaining the organic connection of various components in Wushu system. According to China's traditional academic research method, this paper tries to use the organic and vivid "holographic tree diagram" to summarize and analyze the content system of China Wushu, sort out its "roots, stems, branches and leaves" and explain its internal relations, which will help to grasp the Wushu system from the perspective of culture and holography, locate and characterize various Wushu phenomena and forms, and lay the foundation for related debates and discussions.
Second, research objects and methods
Taking the contents and forms of China Wushu as the research object, and taking the analysis, comparison and induction of Wushu technology and cultural connotation as the basic research methods, this paper analyzes, compares and classifies the research objects. Finally, by using the methods of system theory and holographic theory, this paper analyzes and compares the differences and connections between various forms of Wushu, combs the context, describes the content system of China Wushu with vivid biological holographic tree, and shows the various components of China Wushu system with its roots, branches and leaves. Finally, on the basis of illustration, China's traditional thoughts of body and function, essence and end, and holographic theory are used to analyze and explain the Wushu system, so as to explore the real value and correct development direction of China Wushu.
Third, research results.
See the achievement later-Holographic Tree Diagram of China Wushu System.
Third, discussion and analysis.
1, the root of China Wushu-fighting and fighting techniques originated from the soil of China traditional culture.
Including instinctive fighting, military fighting, private fighting and so on. The source of Wushu is the spontaneous instinctive fighting when primitive people fight with wild animals in hunting activities or conflict with other individuals in society. Secondly, conscious primitive people actively summed up spontaneous instinctive fighting actions and applied them to civil private fights and large-scale military confrontation, thus forming a simple and effective "quasi-martial art form". It is not a mature China Wushu. This primitive and spontaneous fighting activity is the germination of all martial arts in the world, and it needs to be combined with specific soil and natural environment to grow into a mature tree.
2. The nutritional environment for the growth of China Wushu-the profound traditional cultural foundation of the Chinese nation.
The development and change of things are closely related to their surrounding environmental conditions, and different environments have created different types of things. On the contrary, different types of things contain different types of growth environment information. China Wushu grew up in China, a specific region, and has been drawing nutrition from the traditional culture of China. China's traditional culture has also created a unique "Chinese Wushu" in the world Wushu forest. For example, the theory of Yin and Yang in China's cultural soil created Tai Ji Chuan, and under the guidance of the theory of eight diagrams and nine palaces, the eight diagrams palm was formed. Five elements boxing under the guidance of Five Elements Theory. Under the guidance of China's theory of essence, dirty and collateral, he formed a unique concept of practicing and cultivating China Wushu.
Physiological methods, such as guidance, breathing and sedation, are the nutritional sources of China's theory and methods of martial arts training.
The idea that dance art pursues the dynamic beauty of human body is the ideological source of China's Wushu routine practice.
3. The trunk (main body) of Chinese Wushu tree-the unification of Sanshou, routine and internal strength dominated by Wushu.
Harmony is one of the value pursuits of China's traditional culture, which conforms to the thought of modern system theory and has its scientific rationality. Integration and unification must have a common goal orientation, otherwise unification has no premise and significance, let alone good coordination and unification. China Wushu is a highly unified body sport dominated by Sanshou, routine and internal skill. Sanshou, routine and internal strength are three main forms of China Wushu, and they are also three inseparable methods of Wushu training. Wushu is the core and leading direction of the integration of the three. Although in different schools of China Wushu, the ways and levels of integration of the three are different, it can be said that the combination of the three under the guidance of Wushu is the characteristic and key to distinguish the technical system of China Wushu from other Wushu in the world. Without any of them, it can't be called a complete, mature and holographic China Wushu.
Without internal training, Wushu cannot form a solid basic skill, and it is difficult to form an overall coordinated action momentum in routines and Sanshou, and it is also difficult to achieve Excellence in tricks and embroidered legs.
Without the confrontation practice of Sanshou, Wushu will lose its core attack and defense direction and the essence of "Wushu". As a sport, if it loses its dominant direction of origin and development, it will be "alienated" and produce qualitative changes. Although the form of routines and techniques has not changed, the "spirit" has changed.
Without routine practice, Wushu will lose the healthy cultivation values of pursuing the continuous sublimation of technical realm, but just become a brave and ruthless tool.
Therefore, the unity of the above three is a complete and holographic China Wushu, which is the backbone and noumenon of the Wushu tree in China.
4. The "main branch" of China Wushu Tree-Wushu attack and defense.
Attack and defense is the leading direction and main purpose of Wushu development. Wushu attack and defense is the main branch of Wushu tree, which leads the growth and development direction of Wushu tree. Without the dominant direction of Wushu and the practice content of Sanshou, the development of Wushu tree will be deformed-headless tree. The main branch is the main part of the whole tree and contains all the information of the whole martial arts tree. It is the unity of Sanshou, and the routine and martial arts are highly integrated. If the development of modern Sanda is divorced from the support of routine and internal strength, and there is no inevitable and direct connection with it, it cannot be called holographic China Wushu. At most, it can only be called the grafting product of a branch of China Wushu in the modern western fighting and confrontation sports system, and it cannot represent China Wushu.
5. The main "lateral branches" of China Wushu tree-Wushu performance and Wushu fitness.
As the main branches of the trunk, Wushu performance and Wushu fitness have all the information of the trunk, including routine performance, Wushu and Sanshou. Performance items include routine performance, Sanshou confrontation performance and martial arts performance. The ways of fitness are routine fitness, Sanshou fitness and Wushu fitness. Routine, Sanshou and martial arts exercises can all play the role of fitness and can be used to keep fit. It can be said that performance and fitness are the "uses" of China Wushu besides Wushu, and they complement each other with its main branches. They are the "decorative" components of the organic backbone of China Wushu, and the natural derivative and functional expression of China Wushu. In addition, the development of the main branch also needs the soundness of the side branches to support it, and the two complement each other and prosper together.
6. The "branches outside the branches" of China Wushu Tree-"Performing Wushu" and "Fitness Wushu"
Here, performing martial arts and fitness martial arts are different from performing martial arts and fitness martial arts, and they are distinguished according to whether performance and fitness are directly aimed at or indirectly derived. Wushu performance and Wushu fitness are the functions of Wushu, which are not divorced from its main direction, but indirectly derived from the main body of Wushu, but naturally produced without purpose. While performing martial arts and fitness martial arts are processed according to the specific requirements of performing arts and people's fitness purposes. Relevant people actively, consciously and systematically use related components in martial arts, which has a direct purpose. Performing Wushu is a unique form of artistic performance that uses the functional characteristics of Wushu performance to transform Wushu according to the specific requirements of performing arts. Fitness Wushu is a form of fitness activity formed by actively and purposefully applying it to fitness activities according to its functional characteristics. These two are the "ends" of the martial arts system, so I call them "branches outside the branches" here. It can also be seen as branches and leaves cut off from martial arts trees. Why? Although it contains all the information of China Wushu Tree to some extent, as a relatively independent component, it is not exactly the same as its parent, so it can be said that it has been separated from the parent. As a cut branch, it can only be kept in a vase for a period of time. If you want to continue to develop and survive, you must rediscover it and go back to your mother, otherwise you can only cut it out when you apply it, and it is difficult for you to survive, develop and reproduce. Of course, they can also devote themselves to grafting on the "matrix" of the art system or fitness system, but at this time, they have undergone essential changes and can no longer be called pure China Wushu. Moreover, the matrix of art or fitness he devoted himself to, as well as the differences between China tradition and modern western countries, will directly affect his development direction and future. For example, performing martial arts includes traditional opera martial arts, acrobatic martial arts, traditional performance routines and modern competitive routines, and fitness martial arts also includes fitness routines, fitness martial arts and fitness Sanshou.
In a word, every part of the whole Wushu system tree should be holographic, with all the connotations of China Wushu. On the contrary, it should not be regarded as real martial arts, and its development direction and foundation should be discussed separately and should not be confused with real martial arts.
Four. conclusion and suggestion
1, the study of Wushu should start with its overall connotation system, not limited to the dispute between tradition and modernity. We should establish a broad concept of Wushu culture, establish a Wushu culture system, and distinguish the origins and branches of Wushu culture, so as to facilitate the research and development of Wushu culture.
2. The research and development of China Wushu must go its own way. At a certain stage, it is necessary for some parts of Wushu to transform into western competitive sports, but this is temporary, not a long-term solution.
3. China Wushu should develop its own "multi-channel, all-round" competition system, instead of blindly following the modern western sports model.
Main references:
1, Introduction to Wushu Culture, trans. Kuang Wennan et al., Sichuan: Sichuan Literature and Art Publishing House, 1st edition, 1989.
2. Introduction to Traditional Sports in China, Li Hongjiang et al., Beijing: China Book Publishing House, first edition, 2000.
3. China Wushu-History and Culture, Cheng Dali, Sichuan: Sichuan Literature and Art Publishing House.
4. Theoretical basis of Wushu, Jiang Bailong et al., Beijing: People's Sports Publishing House, 1st edition,1995,65438+February.
5. Research on the cultural structure of the development of ancient Wushu in Kang National Wushu Management Center.
6. Cultural thinking on the development of Wushu, National Wushu Sports Management Center, Kang.
(28 April 2002)
This paper was selected for the 6th Shanghai Wushu Expo Wushu Symposium in May, 2002, and won the second prize of academic paper appraisal.