1. Common Sense of Literature 1, Zuo Zhuan is an old biography written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was regarded as a historical masterpiece and a literary masterpiece by people in the Warring States Period.

2. Source: Selected from Zuo Zhuan? Ten years of Zhuang Gong

Two. notes

(1) attack: attack

(2) Ji an: participation.

(3) mean: mean, here refers to short-sightedness.

(4) How to fight: that is, "how to fight" and what to fight. Take: Shit, shit.

(5) Have no worries about food and clothing, and dare to be an expert: clothes and food are health-preserving things that you dare not enjoy alone. Ann, this means "raising". Christopher, no. Exclusive, personal exclusive.

(6) Divide people by necessity: that is, "divide people by necessity" and give them to others.

(7) Variability: "all over", all over, universal.

(8) Sacrifice jade (bó): ancient sacrifice. Sacrificial pigs, cows, sheep, etc. Jade, jade articles; Silk, silk fabrics.

(9) Supplement: false report. (10) letter: the truth.

(1 1) Small letter is not enough (fú): (This is only) a small contribution, which failed to convince the immortal. Fu's words are convincing.

(12) Fu: Nouns are used as verbs to bless and bless.

(13) prison: case. (14) review: observation (15) situation: truth.

(16) Loyalty belongs to Ye: It is a person's duty. Loyal, do your best to do your job.

(17) you can fight: that is, "you can fight", and you can fight with this condition.

(18) When fighting, please follow: (If fighting, please allow (me) to follow.

(19) Ride together: Duke Zhuang of Lu shares a chariot. , refers to Cao Gui.

(20) Drums: Nouns as verbs, beating drums to move forward.

(2 1) Late: Catch up. (22) Zhe (zhé): the trace of the wheel running over.

(23) Stone: The crossbar in front of the ancient carriage was used as the armrest for passengers. This refers to the crossbar in front of the car.

(24) Bicycle: It has been defeated. Yes, it has already started. (25) surplus: full, full. Here refers to high morale.

(26) Test: estimate and predict. (27) Mi (mǐ): Fall down. (28) although: even if.

(29) High spirits: The first drum beating (can) cheer up (soldiers). Cheer up.

(30) Therefore, only. (3 1) defeated: defeated (32) Genus: class

Third, text understanding

1. The title of the article is "Cao Gui Debate". The two sides of the argument are Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong, but at the beginning of the article, what is written is the dialogue between Cao Gui and his fellow villagers. what is the purpose?

(1) The villagers' indifference to meat eaters and state affairs is in sharp contrast with Cao Gang, which shows Cao Gui's patriotic enthusiasm and sense of responsibility. At the same time, the people are unwilling to cooperate with the government, indicating that the rulers at that time were unpopular.

(2) Cao Gui's answer is the general outline of the full text. The following is a description of Lu Zhuanggong around "meanness" and Cao Gui around "foresight" (paving the way for the following).

2. What is the basis of Cao Gui's composure, calmness and self-confidence on the battlefield?

(1) Before the war, Lu won the trust of the people politically and won the support of the broad masses of the people.

(2) In the battle, Cao Gui avoided the enemy's sharp edge and maintained the spirit of our army; Investigate the enemy's situation in detail and know yourself; Have military command ability and the ability to defeat the enemy.

3. Where does the article show Cao Gui's foresight?

Before the war, Cao Gui foresaw that "meat eaters underestimate their enemies and fail to make long-term plans"; Please take the initiative to let Duke Zhuang of Lu realize that winning the trust of the people politically is the prerequisite for the victory of the war, which is his political foresight; In the course of fighting, we should not dispute the attack and chase, avoid the enemy's sharp edge, cultivate my spirit, judge the enemy's situation, know ourselves and know ourselves, grasp the fighter plane and defeat its division; After the war, he summarized the situation in detail and showed his strategic vision.

The distinctive personality of the characters is a major feature of this article. Could you please talk about the author's methods of portraying characters? What are the advantages of using these methods?

On the one hand, the characters are portrayed through dialogue, on the other hand, the characters are portrayed through comparison. Compare the villagers' indifference to state affairs with the rulers' scheming and Cao Gui's initiative to highlight Cao Gui's patriotic enthusiasm and sense of responsibility; Contrast the contempt of Duke Zhuang of Lu with Cao Gui's foresight, and highlight Cao Gui's political foresight and outstanding military command ability.

5. This paper compares and describes Lv Zhuanggong and Cao Gui in many places. Please find one of them and analyze the benefits of this writing.

Before the war; Lv Zhuang is humble; Cao Gui is far-sighted. In wartime; Lu does not investigate; Impatience and rashness; Cao made a field trip and seized the opportunity. After the war; Lu was at a loss: Cao told the whole story in detail. By comparison, Cao Gui's military command ability is highlighted.

6. How to evaluate the image of Lu Zhuanggong?

Duke Zhuang of Lu is a mediocre monarch, but he is not fatuous. He pinned the hope of war on the implementation of "small favors" and prayed for the blessing of the gods, indicating his political incompetence; His desire to fight shows his ignorance in military affairs. However, inspired by Cao Gui, he finally realized that he had followed Cao Gui's correct command in the battle, which showed that he was different from the general bad king.

7. According to the content of the article, analyze the role played by Cao Gui in this movement.

Cao Gui played a decisive role in this movement. On the basis of "those who fight bravely are brave", he put forward that "others are tired and we are profitable" as an opportunity to launch a counterattack, and we must wait for the "three drums" to drum up and seize the favorable fighters. It is also based on the fact that great powers are unpredictable and "fear is hidden", and it is proposed that we must always pay attention to judging the enemy's intentions in combat. So he thought that he could pursue them by "looking down on the situation and looking down". The above two key tactics decided Lu's victory.

8. Cao Gui, a grassroots, stepped forward when the country was in danger and commanded and won a battle that decided the country's life and death. What did Cao Gui inspire you?

We should learn from Cao Gui's patriotism and sense of responsibility. When the country is in trouble, we should step forward, give full play to our intelligence and make due contributions to the motherland.

2. Summary of the test sites of the second volume at the end of the third year of Chinese high school.

Rhetoric methods In the curriculum standards, students are required to analyze and use eight figures of speech: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, duality, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. The figures of speech that often appear in textbooks are metonymy, quotation and irony. For figures of speech that need to be mastered, we should first memorize its definition and understand its main points. The senior high school entrance examination focuses on four rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, parallelism and antithesis.

1. Metaphor: According to the similarity of things, use concrete, simple and familiar things to illustrate abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar things, that is, metaphor. Function: It can make the content expressed vivid and concrete, give people a vivid and profound impression, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with simple and common things, and help people understand them deeply. There are three types of metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy.

Don't treat all sentences with "like" and "like" as figurative sentences. In most cases,' like',' as if' and' as if' are metaphors, but it should be noted that the following situations are not metaphors:

(1) means comparison. He looks a lot like his brother.

(2) expressing speculation or conjecture. He seems to have gone out just now.

(3) Give an example. Many students have made great progress in this exam, such as Zhang Hao and Li Shutong.

(4) express imagination. When I closed my eyes, the tree seemed to be covered with peaches, Xinger and pears.

2. personification: write things as adults, endow things with people's words and deeds or thoughts and feelings, and describe things with words that describe people. Function: Personalize specific things and visualize language.

3. Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the nature and characteristics of things. Function: Reveal the essence of things, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power and cause the associative effect.

4. parallelism: three or more sentences or components with the same or similar structure, consistent tone and related meaning are arranged together. Function: enhance language momentum and expression effect.

5. Duality: a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings. Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generalization, easy to remember, and musical beauty. Such as: reed on the wall, top-heavy, shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.

6. Repetition: In order to emphasize a certain meaning or feeling, a word or sentence is intentionally repeated. Types of repetition: continuous repetition and interval repetition. There are no other words in the middle of continuous repetition. There are other words in interval repetition.

7. Ask questions: In order to attract others' attention, deliberately ask questions first and then answer them yourself. Function: Remind people to think, and some highlight certain contents.

8. Rhetorical question: There is no doubt, express definite meaning in the form of doubt, express negation in the form of affirmation, and express affirmation in the form of negation.

9. Citation: Quoting existing words to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into direct quotation and indirect quotation.

10. Metonymy: Replace what you want to express with related things. Types of metonymy: features replace things, concreteness replaces abstractness, and parts replace the whole.

3. Induction of the test sites in the second volume at the end of the third year of Chinese high school.

First, the point at the end of the sentence: period, question mark, exclamation point; Second, the points in the sentence: comma, pause, semicolon, colon.

Three. Tags: quotation marks (""), square brackets ((), dashes (-), ellipses (...), bullets (...), hyphens (-) and spaces (...).

Fourth, punctuation shorthand formula

(A) formula review method

1, question mark: First, pay attention to the choice of questions and use them at the end of the whole sentence. Second, pay attention to the inverted sentence, and ask at the end of the whole sentence. The third note refers to questions, and questions are used at the end of each sentence. Fourth, there is no doubt that the tone of the statement need not be asked.

2. exclamation point: the key point is to pay attention to the inverted exclamation point and use the exclamation point at the end of the whole sentence.

3, pause: big and small, big and funny, small and sudden. Coordinate predicate and coordinate complement, don't fight in the middle. Stick the words together tightly and don't interrupt. Probably the figures are not exact, so don't eat a meal in the middle.

4. Semicolon: There are jokes in clauses, and points are used between clauses.

5. Colon: Prompt to use a colon below and summarize the above.

6. Quotation marks: the quoted language is not independent, and punctuation marks outside quotation marks. The quoted language can be independent, and punctuation marks are in quotation marks.

7. Brackets: The notes are partially close to each other and the notes are separated as a whole.

(2) Formula explanation and example sentences

1, question mark:

(1) Please choose the question first and use it at the end of the whole sentence. (multiple choice questions, pause with commas in the middle, and only put a question mark at the end of the whole sentence. )

Are you going to Xi or Guangzhou? Are you going today or tomorrow? C. Are you scared on the spot or are you unwell?

(2) Second, pay attention to the questions of inverted sentences, which should also be used at the end of the whole sentence. (In inverted sentences, the question mark is also at the end of the whole sentence. )

Example: A. What's the matter with you? Comrades, what the hell is going on here?

(3) The third attention refers to questions, which are used at the end of each sentence. (For specific questions, put a question mark at the end of each question. )

Who else can go to Exodus except him? What about you? Can you go? I don't think you can go?

(4) Fourth, be careful not to ask about the tone of the statement. Some sentences have interrogative words in some parts, but the tone of the whole sentence is declarative. Such sentences cannot be questioned. )

I don't know his name. No one knows his name. C.let's see if this evaluation is appropriate. D. After the news that an overpass will be built in the west of the city came out, many people were very concerned about how to build the overpass and what to do with nearly a thousand trees there. E. whether the basic knowledge is solid or not has an important influence on further study in the future.

2. exclamation point: the key point is to pay attention to the inverted exclamation point and use the exclamation point at the end of the whole sentence. (inverted exclamation point, the exclamation point should be typed at the end of the whole sentence. )

How beautiful, the spring of the motherland!

4. Induction of the test sites in the second volume at the end of the third year of Chinese high school.

1. Pay attention to the words added. Hoarse burst (zhàn) (zhànɡ)

Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ ⑵ ⑵ Υ Υ Υ]]]]Υ]

Tell (bǐnɡ) to pour wine (zhēn) and talk nonsense (y)

Clouds (mái) surge (π xi in the north) and wither (qiáocuì √).

Scoop it out (yo) and laugh (h! N π) Pubao (pú)

Shyness (qiè) fragrance (xρn) greed (lán)

Pray (o) review (ù) drowsiness (x and n ɡ s are not n ɡ)

Guilt (kuì) ashes (jìn) ordinary (dǐ)

Feng (stone) pen, ink, paper and inkstone (Yan) Beifeng (Shuo).

Rest (qi), mental terror (hài), ankle bone (huái)

Chaos shows () gloom

Snoring (hān), generosity (chuò) and water (chàn).

Tánɡ threshold (k ǐ n) arrogance (shē)

Owl (xiāo) vortex (xuánw) whisker (qiú)

Pity and fear shadow (yn)

Pronunciation of polyphonic words.

The coat (jiá) was chewed (jiáo) and the leg (shé) was broken.

Quotes (hánɡ) rose to ten (zh m: n ɡ), bloody (xiě).

Flushed (zhànɡ) mediation (tiáo) appearance (mú)

Correct the typos in the text.

Zheng Yi (Rong) dug out (dug out) (Kui)

Yang Ai (overflow) storage notes (death) trap (trap)

Avoid (fear) and ignore (despise) talented wolves (jackals)

Forgive (forgive) and give (feed) (qi)

Correct the typo in the phrase.

If you sit on a needle blanket, you will be afraid (hanging) and disdainful (arguing).

Find fault and expect to change.

Drowning in one breath (dying), throwing a bow to the ground (head) and worshipping (movie)

5. Induction of the test sites in the second volume at the end of the third year of Chinese high school.

Sentence imitation is also called sentence imitation. It is used to examine students' understanding ability, analytical ability and expressive ability, as well as their accumulation and application of rhetoric knowledge, grammar knowledge and sentence pattern knowledge. This kind of question type generally requires the proposer to provide a certain context, and requires candidates to imitate writing with reference to the prescribed sentence patterns. Its essence is to ask students to write sentences with the same or similar content and form and closely related meanings according to different contexts and requirements. Mainly examine students: the ability to accumulate and use rhetorical methods; Ability to accumulate and use grammar knowledge; Ability to understand and use expression.

Imitation and content are very rich, specifically:

(1) text type

Example: imitate the right words on the horizontal line in combination with the context.

For example: "If life is water, dignity is flowing." If life is, dignity is.

Imitation: if life is a fire, dignity is burning; If life is an eagle, dignity is fighting.

(2) Rhetoric types

Example: Write a sentence according to the example, and it is required that the sentence consists of two figurative sentences. Metaphors should be reasonable and clauses should be related. "History" and "Time" are still ontologies.

For example, if history is a long river, then time is the surging waves on this long river.

If history is a piece of music, then time is a beating note on this piece of music.

(3) the meaning of the object

Example: imitate examples, choose things, explain their characteristics in words, and explain some reasons.

For example: candle A. If it doesn't stand upright, it will cry much and live short. B, shed tears for not illuminating all the darkness.

Imitation: chalk A. Zhang Zhihui's plow, plowing in the magical black land. B.i'm not afraid of being smashed to pieces, but I want to remain innocent in the world. Coal a. the expectation of the Millennium is only to burn one's own life. B. you can't shine with life without going through tempering.

(4) Famous sayings

Example: Imitate sentences to coordinate the content sentence pattern with the previous sentences.

Example: Happiness is the concern that "she sewed carefully and repaired thoroughly, fearing that it would delay his time to go home"; Happiness is the harvest of "planting a millet in spring and harvesting a thousand seeds in autumn".

Happiness is the leisure of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" and the pursuit of "not afraid of floating clouds to cover your eyes and stay in the layer"

(5) Situational type

Example: Complete the sentences according to the information provided in the sentences. Books are my spiritual food and reshape my soul. Jane Eyre said: "We are equal, I am not a machine without feelings", and I understand the self-esteem as a woman. Bai Lanning said, "Take away love and the world will become a grave." I understand how important it is to give love to others. Lu Xun said: "If you don't break out in silence, you will perish in silence." I learned the value of the spirit of resistance. Every time I finish reading a book, I complete a feeling of life.

(6) Topical type

Example: imitate the following sentences and write a supplementary sentence on the topic of "decay"

There are only two ways to live: rot or burn. We choose to burn, because burning means giving, and when giving, it will make us shine. We abandon decay, because decay means deterioration, and deterioration will make others sick.

(7) Reading types

Read the article, analyze the characteristics of sentence patterns and write sentences on the horizontal lines.

The earth where we live has been engaged in a decisive battle between green and death since ancient times. Where there are green eyes, there must be plenty of water and lush vegetation, which is a paradise for life. Where there is diffuse, there must be dry water and raging dust. This is a desert where life is dying. In China, the desert is spreading at a rate of more than 2000 square kilometers per year, and the destruction of green is absolutely ruthless.