[Edit this paragraph] Basic introduction
Ginkgo biloba grows slowly and has a long life. It takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting, and it takes 40 years to produce a large number of fruits. So it is also called "Gongsun Tree", which means that "the male species can get food from their grandchildren" [18]? Meaning of. The life span can reach more than a thousand years, and the trees that have survived for more than 3,500 years are still lush and fruitful. It's the birthday girl on the tree. There is a big ginkgo tree in Ding Lin Temple in Fulaishan, Rizhao, Shandong. It is said that it was planted in Shang Dynasty and has been a morphological feature for more than 3500 years.
This 3500-year-old ancient ginkgo tree is a deciduous tree, DBH 4 meters. The bark of young trees is nearly smooth, light gray, grayish brown, irregularly longitudinally split, with long branches and short distances, and slow growth. Leaves alternate, scattered radially on long branches, 3-5 clustered on short branches, slender petiole, fan-shaped, light green on both sides, notched or 2-lobed on the broad top edge, 5-8 cm wide (115), with many branched venules. Dioecious, sparsely coextensive, cones solitary in leaf axils of short branches; Male cones are inflorescence-shaped, each with many stamens and 2 anthers; The female cone has a long stalk and the stalk end is often bifurcated (sparsely 3-5 forks). At the fork end, 1 ovule with discoid funicle is produced, and often 1 ovule develops into a developing seed.
The seeds are drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous, oval, oblong-obovate, ovoid or nearly spherical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 65438 0.5-2 cm in diameter; The aril is fleshy, covered with white powder, and pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Testa bony, white, usually with 2 (sparse 3) longitudinal edges; Endosperm membranous, reddish brown. [History.
[Edit this paragraph] Related varieties
Ginkgo varieties are divided into five categories according to the shape of seed nucleus: eldest son, bergamot, bell, plum nucleus and roundsubclass.
Classification of Ginkgo Varieties
Cultivated variety types and representative varieties
Nuclear varieties: Jiafuzhi, Maling No.3 (Kuiling), Dajingou, Dongting Di, Dameihe, Haiyangdi.
Leaf varieties: Gaoyou Y-2, Anlu 1, WL43.
Ornamental varieties: ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo, ginkgo.
Male plant varieties: G ♂ ~ 12 #, Songyou 1, Guangxi Zaohua.
Wood varieties: Wan Yu 9# and Ginkgo biloba S-3 1.
The seed varieties of Ginkgo biloba are traditional excellent varieties bred in various ginkgo producing areas for many years, such as Taixing Fozhi, Dongting Bergamot, Tancheng Golden Pendant, [16] Maling, Tancheng Yuanling [17] and so on. [5]
[Edit this paragraph] Environmental distribution
Habitual environment
Ginkgo biloba has a long life span, and there are over 3,000 years old trees in China. Suitable for growing in subtropical monsoon region with superior hydrothermal conditions. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5 ~ 6. The initial growth is slow and the tillering is vigorous. Female plants generally begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and trees that have been 500 years old can still bear fruit normally. Generally, it germinates from late March to early April, blooms from early April to mid-April, and the seeds mature 10 from late September to early June, and shed leaves from late June to 10.
Ginkgo trees are mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei, Hubei, Henan and other places. The largest ginkgo planting base in China is Tancheng County.
Historical distribution
Ginkgo biloba first appeared in the Carboniferous period 345 million years ago. Ginkgo biloba was widely distributed in Europe, Asia and America in the northern hemisphere, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere in Mesozoic and Jurassic, and began to decline in the late Cretaceous. Until 500,000 years ago, the Quaternary glaciers carried Ginkgo biloba leaves, and the earth suddenly became cold. Most ginkgo plants are on the verge of extinction. They are extinct in most parts of Europe, North America and Asia. Only China has superior natural conditions, which have been miraculously preserved. Therefore, scientists call them "living fossils" and "pandas in the plant kingdom". There are still wild Ginkgo biloba remains in the mountainous area of western Zhejiang in Linyi (Tancheng County) in the south of Shandong Province in China and in the north of Xuzhou City in Jiangsu Province. There are wild and semi-wild ginkgo communities in Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Anlu City in Hubei, Dabie Mountain and Shennongjia. Due to the scarcity of individuals and dioecious plants, the remaining forests will be replaced if natural regeneration is not strictly protected and promoted. Ginkgo biloba distribution mostly belongs to artificial cultivation areas, mainly cultivated in China, French and South Carolina. There is no doubt that foreign Ginkgo biloba was introduced directly or indirectly from China. [6]
Existing distribution
Ginkgo biloba and deciduous ginkgo biloba are widely distributed in China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, France, Russia and other countries and regions. Ginkgo biloba is widely distributed geographically. From the perspective of horizontal natural distribution, Ginkgo biloba near 30 north latitude has the longest distance from east to west. With the increase or decrease of this latitude, the distance between east and west of Ginkgo biloba is gradually shortened. The higher the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the eastern coast, and the lower the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the plateau and mountainous areas in the southwest. [ 10]
Ginkgo biloba in China is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical climate zones, with the marginal distribution of "Shenyang in Liaoning Province in the north, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province in the south, Nantou in Taiwan Province Province in the southeast, Changdu in Xizang Autonomous Region in the west, and Putuo Island in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province in the east", which spans 2L of latitude 30'-4146' and longitude 97- 125. Ginkgo biloba resources in China are mainly distributed in more than 60 counties and cities in Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. In terms of resource distribution, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Guizhou and other provinces have the most resources, but the distribution of resources in various provinces is also uneven, mainly concentrated in some counties or cities, such as Xinyi, Dafeng, Pizhou and Wuxian in Jiangsu, Xincun, Tai 'an and Yantai in Tancheng County, Shandong Province, and Luo Yang Town and He Dian Town in Suizhou, Hubei Province. Many ginkgo experts believe that natural ancient ginkgo groups have been discovered in remote mountainous areas such as Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Dahongshan Mountain in Hubei and Shennongjia. They are extremely precious cultural heritage and natural landscape, and play an important role in improving the surrounding ecological environment, studying biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of ginkgo genetic resources. Natural resource researchers also found that Ginkgo biloba is accompanied by Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Davidia involucrata and other relict plant in the deep mountain valleys of Hubei and Sichuan. [ 14]
The vertical distribution of Ginkgo biloba is also due to the different latitudes and landforms in the region, and the distribution altitude is not exactly the same. Generally speaking, the vertical distribution span of Ginkgo biloba is large, and the well-grown ancient Ginkgo biloba trees are distributed in the eastern plain from several meters to tens of meters above sea level to the southwest mountainous area at an altitude of about 3000 meters, such as Taixing in Jiangsu, 300 meters above sea level in Wuxian, 40 meters above sea level in Tancheng, Shandong, 1600 meters above sea level in Dujiangyan, Sichuan and 1500 meters above sea level in Gansu. Yunnan is 2000 meters away, but these distribution conditions do not mean that Ginkgo biloba can be distributed in all areas within such a vertical span, because besides latitude and altitude, topography and soil are also very important factors, such as soil water content, salt content, sunshine and extreme temperature, which directly limit the development of Ginkgo biloba. In the marginal areas of natural distribution of Ginkgo biloba, there may be a microclimate conducive to the growth of Ginkgo biloba due to terrain and other factors, and Ginkgo biloba can still grow well. Similarly, in the natural distribution area of Ginkgo biloba, due to the differences of microclimate or topography, soil and hydrothermal conditions, there are also areas that are not suitable for the growth of Ginkgo biloba, so in the natural distribution area, Ginkgo biloba is mostly distributed in points. In terms of climatic factors, the vertical distribution is mainly concentrated in the altitude range of the annual average temperature of 8℃ -20℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is not lower than -20℃, which conforms to the ecological habits of Ginkgo biloba. [6]
[Edit this paragraph] Related values
Ginkgo trees are tall and straight with fan-shaped leaves. The canopy is large and cool, which has a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, which is conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has extensive requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire prevention and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall and straight, graceful, green in spring and summer and golden in late autumn. It is an ideal tree species for landscaping and roadside. It can be used as an ideal cultivated tree species for landscaping, roads, highways, field forest nets and windbreaks. It is listed as one of the four long-lived ornamental tree species (pine, cypress, locust and ginkgo) in China.
China is not only the hometown of Ginkgo biloba, but also one of the countries and regions with the earliest cultivation, utilization and research and the richest achievements. Throughout the ages, China ranks first in the world in terms of ginkgo planting area and ginkgo output. Judging from the age of the existing ancient ginkgo trees, ginkgo was planted between Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China. Ginkgo biloba L.
Ginkgo biloba is a unique and rich economic plant resource in China. The seed coat can be extracted with tannin extract. The wood is light yellow, thin, light and soft, and is used in architecture, furniture, sculpture and other handicrafts. Garden trees and street trees. Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid, histamine acid, protein, etc. Seeds and leaves can be used as medicine in traditional medicine in China. They are flat, bitter and slightly toxic. [ 1 1]
Children generally eat about 20 ginkgo nuts, and adults who eat about 50 ginkgo nuts are in danger of poisoning. The way to prevent ginkgo poisoning is to eat it after cooking, but the cooked ginkgo toxin has not been completely destroyed, so it is not suitable for excessive consumption. In addition, soaking ginkgo leaves in water is also dangerous. According to the investigation, Ginkgo biloba leaves contain ginkgolic acid, which will damage the heart if taken too much or for a long time.
[2]
Edible
Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must eat ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, baked food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol.
However, improper dosage and eating method of Ginkgo biloba can cause poisoning. In order to prevent ginkgo poisoning, cooked food and eating less are the fundamental methods. Raw food (with shell and coating) 5-7 capsules for adults and 2-5 capsules for children according to their age and weight, which can be taken again after 4 hours. Raw food must be shelled, red and soft, and removed from the heart (germ). If it is cooked food, it is advisable to take 20~30 capsules each time, such as shelling, removing red soft film and removing embryo, even if the dose is large, poisoning will not occur.
The taste is flat, sweet and bitter, and the toxicity is small; Enter the lung and kidney meridians.
Efficacy is mainly used to astringe lung qi, relieve asthma and cough, relieve stranguria, reduce defecation, disinfect and kill insects. Indications: Asthma, phlegm cough, wet dream, leucorrhea, turbid urine, infantile diarrhea, insect accumulation, intestinal wind and visceral toxicity, gonorrhea, frequent urination, scabies, lacquered sores and leukoplakia.
Every 100g nutrient contains protein 6.4g, fat 2.4g, carbohydrate 36g, crude fiber 1.2g, sucrose 52g, reducing sugar 1. 1, calcium 10mg and phosphorus 2 1 8mg.
food therapy
1. Bacteriostasis and sterilization
Ginkgo biloba leaves contain ginkgolic acid and ginkgolic acid, which have been proved by experiments to have antibacterial and bactericidal effects and can be used to treat respiratory tract infectious diseases. Ginkgo biloba extract can inhibit various fungi to varying degrees, and can relieve itching and treat tinea.
2. Eliminating illness and relieving cough Ginkgo biloba is sweet and bitter, and has the effect of astringing lung qi, relieving asthma and relieving cough. It has an auxiliary dietotherapy effect on cough caused by lung diseases, asthma with weak constitution in the elderly and asthma with various phlegm types.
3, flood control and pest control
Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains ginkgolic acid and ginkgol, which has anti-tuberculosis effect. Ginkgo biloba leaves soaked in oil have a strong inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fresh fruits soaked in raw vegetable oil have a certain effect on improving symptoms such as fever, night sweats, cough and hemoptysis, and loss of appetite caused by tuberculosis. Therefore, it can be used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis.
4. Stop turbidity and reduce stool.
Modern medical research has found that Ginkgo biloba can contract the bladder sphincter. It can be used for the adjuvant treatment of infantile enuresis, frequent micturition due to qi deficiency, excessive leucorrhea and unconsolidated nocturnal emission.
5. Reduce serum cholesterol and dilate coronary artery.
Ginkgo biloba leaves contain shikimic acid, ginkgo flavonoids, isoflavones, sterols and so on. In recent years, it has been used to treat hypertension, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, cerebral vasospasm, hypercholesterolemia and other diseases.
Medicinal value
The medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in three aspects: medicine, pesticide and veterinary medicine. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Entering the lung meridian can benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Feng Jing Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the effects of resolving phlegm, detoxicating and killing insects, and can be used to treat "furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of Ginkgo biloba appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use.
economic value
Immature ginkgo biloba, also known as ginkgo biloba, belongs to the category of dried fruit, and its economic achievements can last for thousands of years. Among many dried fruits, Ginkgo biloba ranks third in economic value. The value of ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in food and medicine. China's ginkgo production accounts for 90% of the world's total output. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba are important products to earn foreign exchange through export, especially important pharmaceutical raw materials for preventing and treating hypertension and heart disease. Ginkgo biloba extract can protect the heart and brain. There are 160 kinds of known chemical extracts of Ginkgo biloba. There are mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, polyisoprene, quinic acid, linoleic acid, python oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, α-hexenal, bilobanol, bilobanone and so on. The medicinal use of Ginkgo biloba is mainly reflected in medicine, pesticides and veterinary drugs. [8]
Ginkgo biloba was listed as a royal tribute in the Song Dynasty. Japanese people have the habit of eating ginkgo every day. Westerners must eat ginkgo at Christmas. As far as eating methods are concerned, Ginkgo biloba mainly includes fried food, baked food, cooked food, side dishes, cakes, candied fruit, canned food, beverages and alcohol. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen once said: "Entering the lung meridian can benefit the temper, stop asthma and cough, and reduce defecation." Ginkgo biloba in Ben Feng Jing Yuan written by Zhang Lulu in Qing Dynasty has the effects of resolving phlegm, detoxicating and killing insects, and can be used to treat "furuncle, ulceration of mammary abscess, dental caries, infantile diarrhea, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, chronic stranguria, nocturnal emission and enuresis". In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese patent medicines made of Ginkgo biloba appeared in Jiangsu, Sichuan and other places for clinical use. It has the functions of astringing lung and relieving asthma, and is mainly used for treating phlegm and asthma, cough, nocturnal emission, leukorrhagia and frequent urination.
Ginkgo biloba exocarp contains a lot of hydrogenated ginkgolic acid and ginkgetin. Ginkgo biloba leaves have the function of regulating respiratory organs, and the water-soluble components of exocarp have good antitussive and expectorant effects, similar to cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Ginkgo biloba leaves contain ginkgolic acid, which has a strong inhibitory effect on mycobacterium tuberculosis and dermatophytes, so it can be used to treat tuberculosis and dermatoses. The effective rate of epicarp alcohol intermediate in inhibiting 22 common clinical pathogenic fungi was 865438 0%. 0. 1% hydrogenated ginkgolic acid inhibited 25 clinical pathogenic fungi with an effective rate of 92%. Ginkgo biloba leaves have important medicinal value. Ginkgo biloba, bitter and astringent, contains biflavonoids. It has been proved by experiments and clinic that it can reduce serum cholesterol and dilate coronary artery, and has certain auxiliary treatment effect on coronary heart disease and hypertension. In 1960s, the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units developed Shuxuening injection with Ginkgo biloba leaves, which has certain curative effects on coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and cerebrovascular diseases.
The inhibitory rate of Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract on apple anthracnose and other plant pathogens was 88%- 100%. The control rate of ethanol extract on geometrid reached 100% within 3 days, and it also had control effects on Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae, Chilo suppressalis and other pests. According to Compendium of Herbal Medicine of Folk Veterinary Medicine, Ginkgo preparation can treat strain of livestock, nasal congestion, lung abscess, cough due to lung deficiency, blood drop in urine, leucorrhea of female livestock, etc. Dingchuan decoction developed by Shandong Animal Husbandry Medical Station is used to treat infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens, and the cure rate is 95%. Ginkgo biloba leaves can also be used as pesticides. 1kg leaves add 20kg water, boil for 30min, and then soak for 2-3 days. The control rate of spiders and Pieris rapae is over 90%, and there is no residue.
Using the effective chemical components of Ginkgo biloba leaves and its special medical and health care functions to produce health food, medicine and cosmetics is attracting the attention of research, development and production units at home and abroad. Many enterprises in various countries compete to develop and produce natural green products with ginkgo as raw materials to replace synthetic chemicals that have great side effects on human health. There are 20,000 kinds of ginkgo beverage, ginkgo peach juice, ginkgo beer, ginkgo tea and other health products developed from ginkgo leaves in Dafeng Ginkgo Base, Jiangsu Province. Pizhou City, Jiangsu Province is in the forefront of the world in the planting and processing of Ginkgo biloba extract. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgo biloba leaves are used to make healthy pillows. "Pillow" records that precious Chinese herbal medicines such as Ginkgo biloba leaves for more than three years are selected to make healthy pillows. Light and fragrant, it can improve the quality of human breathing and sleep, and can prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases after long-term use. A natural substance for preventing hypertension, apoplexy, diabetes, etc. It is caused by vascularization in adults, and makes adults maintain normal cardiac output and normal nervous system function, especially in middle-aged and elderly people, so that people can maintain normal cell life cycle as much as possible.
Ginkgo trees are tall and straight, and wood is a high-grade material for making musical instruments and furniture. Ginkgo wood is of high quality and low price, and is known as "silver fragrant wood" or "silver wood". Ginkgo wood has luster, straight texture, fine structure, easy processing, no cracking, strong corrosion resistance, easy painting, low nail digging power, special medicinal flavor and strong insect resistance. Ginkgo wood can be used to make carved plaques, wooden fish and other handicrafts, and can also be used to make high-end furniture such as cabinets and desks. Ginkgo biloba has the characteristics of singing, guiding sound and elasticity, and is an ideal material for making musical instruments It can be used to make surveying and mapping instruments, pens and other cultural goods, and it is also the first-class wood for making chessboards, chess pieces, sports equipment, seals and small handicrafts. In industrial production, silver wood is most suitable for making machine models and wooden models of X-ray machine filter plates, textile printing and dyeing rollers, bodiless lacquerware, plywood, chopping boards and wooden telephones.
Ginkgo biloba is recognized as an economic tree species with greening, beautifying environment and ornamental value. Ginkgo trees are magnificent in appearance, beautiful in leaf shape, long in life and few in pests and diseases. They are most suitable for shade trees, street trees or street trees. It has good ornamental value. Ginkgo biloba is lush in summer and golden in autumn, giving people a handsome, gorgeous, luxurious and elegant feeling. Therefore, ginkgo biloba is regarded as an important tree species in courtyards, sidewalks and gardens at all times and in all countries. When ginkgo biloba is used for street greening, male plants should be selected to avoid polluting pedestrians' clothes. Dandong is the first city in China to use Ginkgo biloba as a street tree, and there are three streets lined with centuries-old Ginkgo biloba.
Ecological value
The ecological value of ginkgo biloba was recognized late, and the highest level of ginkgo biloba value-ecological value, is priceless. The ecological benefits of Ginkgo biloba are mainly reflected in: from the perspective of cultivation, Ginkgo biloba belongs to fruit trees-dried fruits; Belongs to forest trees-timber trees, protective trees, insect-resistant trees, long-lived trees and pollution-resistant trees. Ginkgo biloba is an ideal tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forest, farmland shelterbelt, road shelterbelt, bank protection forest, beach shelterbelt, village shelterbelt, forest-grain intercropping and "four sides" greening. It can not only provide a large number of high-quality wood, leaves and seeds, but also green the environment, purify the air, conserve water and soil, control pests, adjust temperature and psychology. It is a good tree species for afforestation, greening and ornamental, which is of great significance to the adjustment of agricultural and forestry planting structure in the north and south of China and the forestry development in plain agricultural areas.
I. Greening the environment
Ginkgo biloba is recognized as a pollution-free tree species and the most ideal tree species for ornamental greening. Parks, gardens, communities, roadsides, urban greening and ginkgo planting can be described as "once and for all".
Second, purify the air.
Ginkgo biloba has the functions of preventing pollution, fireworks and dust. Ginkgo trees can be planted in industrial areas, residential areas, towns, densely populated areas and rest areas. According to a certain proportion, ginkgo forest area and ginkgo forest belt will be formed to naturally purify the air, reduce the content of suspended solids in the atmosphere and improve the air quality.
Three. conservation of water and soil
Ginkgo biloba has the functions of water conservation, wind and sand fixation, and soil and water conservation. In areas where deforestation, soil erosion and sandstorm erosion are serious, ginkgo shelter forest, shelter forest, road shelter forest, bank protection forest, beach shelter forest, sand prevention forest, etc. Planting is to maintain soil and water and improve the ecological environment. 1996 Puding County, Guizhou Province takes planting ginkgo biloba and developing ginkgo biloba industry as the road to get rid of poverty and become rich. The soil erosion in this county is serious, even a handful of soil should be planted with a corn, and the ground is covered with carboniferous azithromycin particles. In order to prevent soil erosion, farmers planted Ginkgo biloba, which not only improved the ecological environment, but also generated economic income (Ginkgo biloba leaves were sold to processing plants). Nowadays, Ginkgo biloba has been regarded as a new way to get rid of poverty and become rich in Dabie Mountain, Daba Mountain, Yimeng Mountain and other old, less and marginal areas, that is, planting Ginkgo biloba, improving the ecological environment and forming an industrial economy, which has multiple benefits.
Fourth, pest control.
Ginkgo biloba can kill crop diseases and insect pests, especially cotton, spider mite, peach aphid, Chilo suppressalis and so on. Planting ginkgo around agricultural areas is the natural enemy of crop pests and protects crops.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) regulates temperature.
Ginkgo tree has the special function of being warm in winter and cool in summer. In midsummer, the palm of your hand will feel cold when touching the trunk of Ginkgo biloba, and it will feel hot when touching other trunks (willows). According to the measurement, in midsummer, when the direct sunlight reaches 40.20℃, the temperature under ginkgo tree is 35.30℃, and the temperature difference between the temperature and the shade of ginkgo tree is 4.90℃, while the temperature difference between weeping willows is only 2.30℃, and the temperature adjustment ability of ginkgo tree is more than twice that of willow tree. Therefore, the construction of ginkgo forest area and ginkgo forest belt will form a scale, which will cause the climate of the community and have a good impact on regulating the temperature of farmland and residential areas and improving the climate.
artistic value
Ginkgo bonsai ginkgo is magnificent, its trunk is winding and lush. In the famous mountains and rivers and ancient temples in China, there are tall and straight ancient ginkgo biloba. They go through vicissitudes, trace back to ancient and modern times, and give people a sense of mystery. Poets and poets of past dynasties set foot in temples and left many poems and songs, proud of their beautiful scenery and merits. Ginkgo biloba with graceful posture is selected and processed into bonsai, and the majestic posture of Ginkgo biloba in nature is concentrated in the basin. It is elegant and interesting, and it is clear to the desk, which makes people feel happy. [ 12]
Ginkgo biloba is a famous long-lived tree species, with strong vitality, peculiar leaf shape and easy grafting, reproduction and pruning. It is a high-quality material for making bonsai. Ginkgo bonsai made of ginkgo milk is a must, with high ornamental value and economic value. Ginkgo biloba is a common tree species in bonsai in China. Ginkgo bonsai has become a must among China bonsai because of its thick stems, bent branches, exposed roots, unique shape, vigorous and unique taste. Summer is lush, and autumn is golden, giving people a feeling of precipitousness, grandeur and elegance. In recent years, people pay more and more attention to it, and it is known as "living art sculpture". According to people's different appreciation requirements, bonsai mainly includes ornamental bonsai, foliage bonsai and stump bonsai.
Protect value
Ginkgo biloba is the only living species of Ginkgo, which is a famous living fossil plant, precious medicinal materials and dried fruit tree species. Because of its many primitive characteristics, it is of great value to study the phylogeny of gymnosperms, paleoflora, paleogeography and Quaternary glacial climate. The leaves are peculiar and quaint, and they are beautiful garden ornamental trees. It has strong resistance to soot and sulfur dioxide and is an excellent anti-pollution tree species. Seeds are used as dried fruits. Leaves and seeds can also be used in medicine.
Endangered category: rare
Protection level: this species has been listed as a national first-class protected wild plant (approved by the State Council on August 4th, 1999).
West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang Province is one of the nature reserves in China, and the harvesting of wild ginkgo in this area should be strictly prohibited. On the steep rock wall at an altitude of 1000 meters, the trunk of an ancient ginkgo tree with five generations living under one roof is regenerated from the trunk and the trunk base, and reinforced with stones. The scattered ancient ginkgo trees in China should also be protected; Many provinces and regions have cultivated it. [7]
In addition, with the approval of the State Forestry Administration, Qianchong Ancient Ginkgo National Forest Park was established in Anlu City, Hubei Province. The annual meeting of the National Ginkgo Society in 2009 is scheduled to be held here, which will eventually be upgraded to the first Ginkgo Festival in China and the opening ceremony of Qianchong Ancient Ginkgo Forest Park.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultivation techniques
Related points
Seedling raising of ginkgo biloba. The embryo is dormant. After ginkgo trees or stratification on the sidewalk in winter, sow in early spring. When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation. [ 13]
Planting method
1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.
About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm. This method is easy to survive. Flowering and fruiting after about 10 years.
3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months.
4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't drown with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dryness, but soaking. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity, it is submerged by water, and the root system is suffocated by hypoxia, so it cannot produce new roots, and the root system gradually decays. Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight.
5. Seedling management
(1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. If the weather is dry in May, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba. Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice.
(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.
(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.
(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be once in spring and once in autumn.
(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off. The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them. Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way.
(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Selecting seedlings with DBH of 3 cm to 4 cm, cutting and grafting. Generally, a 3-year-old scion with shiny skin, 3-6 short branches and large fruit grains is better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.