Guo Jingchun said in his poem: "There are no static trees in the forest, and there is no stopping flow in the river." Ruan Fuyun: "You are so bright and dim, I really can't say it. Every time I read this article, I feel like a ghost. "

Guo Pu, a native of Xianning, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, died in Taining, Jin Mingdi. He was an outstanding writer and exegetist in Jin Dynasty. Killed in the Wang Dun Rebellion, he was a rare loyal minister in the Jin Dynasty.

But throughout Guo Pu's life, despite his brilliant words, he was not proud of his official career, and he was only a clerk when he joined the army in Wang Dun shogunate. Investigate its reason, "The Book of Jin? The biography of Guo Pu contains:

Sex, no dignity, debauchery, sometimes excessive. Writer Gan Bao often said, "This is not the right way." Pu said: "I have my own limitations, so I can't help it. What you are worried about is debauchery! "

Although Guo Pu's behavior was out of line, Guo Pu's performance was not out of line compared with the style of celebrities at that time. The main reason why Guo Pu can't be reused is that he was born in poverty. His father Guoyuan was a historical official in the early Jin Dynasty, but his official was only Jianping Taishou. Another reason is that Guo Pu is "better than the lunar calendar" [57],

"Purely eliminating disasters, helping Eritrea to win, people talk about Beijing, but they can't manage it" [58], which is quite different from the image of Confucianism in the eyes of the world and looks more like an alchemist. For the Jin regime eager to respect Confucius and attempt to restore orthodoxy, it is not of much use value, and it is obviously impossible for Guo Pu to be awarded a high position. This is a great blow to Guo Pu, who is full of ambition. But he didn't have the courage to confront the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his resentment could only be vented through other channels. So he imitated his ancestors and created a lot of poems about immortals, expressing his thoughts in a mysterious and tortuous way? ? The chest.

If the collapse of personal career is the internal reason that prompted Guo Pu to write poems about immortals, then the sinister social environment is the external reason that prompted him to write poems about immortals. Guo Pu lived in an era when China and North Korea were forced to cross south for the destruction of foreign countries. After crossing south, they neither thought about the Northern Expedition nor continued civil strife. Guo Pu's hope for the country was punctured by reality, but when his ambition was difficult to stretch, he became the staff of Wang Dun and was involved in the whirlpool of internal power struggle in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This dilemma plunged him into great pain. He felt extremely lost and lost confidence in reality. As a result, he pursued the surreal fairy world and gave his heart a sustenance. In order to meet this psychological need, Guo Pu described the immortal world with the theme of wandering immortals, so as to show his ideal society, express his ambition and express his strong dissatisfaction and indignation with the social reality of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The spirit of worrying about the current affairs and the style of wandering in seclusion actually originated from Li Sao. The poem You Xian is a rare masterpiece in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with vivid images and wonderful words. The whole idea of this group of poems about immortals shows two points: first, real life, including seclusion against reality, is hopeless, and only the immortal life that is completely beyond life is wonderful, so the poems repeatedly lament that seclusion is not as good as immortals; Second, the life of immortality is beautiful, but it is illusory, which is completely unexpected in a limited life. Therefore, the poems repeatedly lament the hopelessness of wandering immortals, crying and even being sarcastic. The poet's thoughts seem to be caught in a strange circle. From real life to ideal fairyland, he wandered back to the old road of seclusion, which is still the starting point of realistic choice. But this is a spiral cycle. The poet's demand for seclusion has increased and his realm has been sublimated. He didn't stop at abandoning wealth to become an official, but demanded to be completely detached from reality, return to nature, no longer care about the fate of the country, and no longer restrain his own life situation, thus making seclusion a wonderful realm.

Fifth, I am eager to travel far. Qingyuan has not increased, and the sparrow is safe? Although Zhang Jue is very big, it is difficult to project a bright moon in the dark. Hidden spirits show resentment against Qingyang, and the mausoleum mourns autumn. Sadness came with sadness, and tears rolled down her cheeks.

Guo Pu wrote the sadness of frustration by wandering immortals, and expressed his feelings by chanting history with Zuo Si, which has the same effect.

In Guo Pu's numerous poems about immortals, apart from expressing oneself? ? Apart from the fate of "worrying about life" and "sighing with indignation",

He also used a lot of pen and ink to describe the hermit's seclusion life at that time, showing the carefree life of hermits, invisibly expanding the form and mechanism of immortals' poems, opening up new ways to reflect real life and greatly enriching the contents of immortals' poems. Another contribution of Guo Pu's poems about immortals is to describe the way of keeping in good health of scholars at that time, and to show the behavior of hermits taking medicine and eating gas at that time.

Seventh, just like a cycle, the average monthly surplus has recovered. Going west, turning white Zhu. Cold dew blows the mausoleum, and the female roots pine and cypress. Glory won't last forever, and you'll never see dusk. There is a strange chapter in the round mountain, and the spirit liquid comes out of Zhongshan. The king and grandson listed eight treasures, and five stones were refined in Ann. After a long absence from passers-by, come and visit the mountains.

First, the green radish bears a high forest and a mountain is covered by it. There are silent people in the middle, who are quiet and calm. Let go of your feelings and bite your heart and fly away. Red pine is near the upper reaches, flooding with purple smoke.

Here, lonely people refer to people who have reached the Tao, and this so-called "Tao" is actually a metaphysical spirit. However, in reality, Guo Pu indulges in pleasure, which is quite different from the way of keeping in good health emphasized by metaphysics. There is no such thing as Guo Pu keeping in good health in history books. It can be seen that Guo Pu's publicity and flag-waving for health preservation is only to express his subconscious Taoist thought and mysterious style.

"The Newspeak? "Literature" Liu Xiao quoted "Continued Jinyang Autumn" as saying: "At first, Wang Bi talked about how to win a total victory, but the world became more and more expensive, and the Buddhism crossing the river was particularly prosperous (to Jiangzuo and). So Guo Pu's five words began to rhyme with Taoist words. Ask Sun Chuo Taiyuan to turn to his ancestors, and give words for three generations. His poems are full of Sao. Guo Pu's five-character poems were directly classified as metaphysical poems, but they also influenced later metaphysical poets such as Xu Xun and Sun Chuo. It is not difficult to find traces of Taoist metaphysical words in his Notes on the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Pictures of Mountains and Seas and this group of poems about immortals. On reflection, it can be understood that the rising Feng Xuan in Jin Dynasty could not have an impact on Guo Pu's psychology, while Guo Pu's interest in Taoism, academic and political frustration made him have a special liking for metaphysics, which could solve the spiritual liberation well and achieve psychological balance. Of course, although Guo Pu also has some relations with metaphysics and metaphysical poems, there are not many in general. Therefore, Zhong Rong commented on Guo Pu's "Wandering Immortals" in his poems, with generous words and lovely Xuanzong. The Preface to Poetry also said: "... First, Guo Jingchun created his own style with his handsome talent, Wen Xin Diao Long? Collected Records also evaluated Guo Pu's Yan Jingchun Yi and attributed his achievements to excellent works.

What needs to be faced, however, is that since the publication of Wandering Immortals, later poets took it as a talk of metaphysics and left it as an image. "The Newspeak? Literature "includes:

Guo Jingchun said in his poem: "There are no static trees in the forest, and there is no stopping flow in the river." Ruan Fuyun: "You are so bright and dim, I really can't say it. Every time I read this article, I feel like a ghost. "

Ruan Fu is not far from the time when Guo Pu lived, so he should be quite familiar with Guo Pu's creative thoughts. But he understood the original cheerful and carefree artistic conception as "bright and desolate", that is, the so-called "supernatural and metaphysical".

This explanation that the donkey's lips are not right for the horse's mouth has not only not been laughed at by others, but also been recorded as a literary story in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, which shows that the aesthetic taste of people in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties focuses on the transcendence of form and spirit and despises the secular. Ruan Fu's intentional misinterpretation also reflected the general mentality of scholars at that time. In addition, Zhong Rong said that Guo Pu's "Wandering Immortals" used more generous words. However, these works, which are generous, sad, high-spirited and "lovely and far away from Xuanzong", are rarely seen, and most of them have been gradually eliminated in previous versions. It can be seen that the selective preservation of Guo Pu's works at that time was a tragedy of the times, but it was also a microcosm of the literati's mentality of talking about metaphysics at that time.