Yan Yuan further demonstrated the harm to human health by giving examples: "Only those who taste the evidence can know its great harm." . My friend Zhang Shiqing is a blogger. He claims that the history of books since the Qin and Han Dynasties has lasted for 2000 years, and he can hardly understand them. He has exhausted himself in explaining the meaning of books to teenagers. He has been breathing for a long time. He has exhausted himself. Not only did you hurt yourself, but you didn't become a talent. Qi, Diao Yang and Ji Meng devoted themselves to studying meditation, reciting during the day and thinking at night, and wrote hundreds of books. wet dream's expectoration and cough are not empty days. Three months before his death, he was silent. People in Yuanshi county study hard and lose their minds. I have worked with (Wang) Fa for 20 or 30 years, and I have no contact with other officials, nor have I ever been sick. "And I said earnestly," people sitting in the study today are vulnerable and laughed at by samurai farmers. Is this manly? " [ 13]
Yan Yuan, in particular, hated the fact that scholars in Song and Ming Dynasties valued literature over martial arts, which caused great harm to the country and society. He once said with emotion: "It's a shame that Confucian scholars from Song and Yuan Dynasties adopted a feminine attitude! There is nothing to talk about. It is the top grade to report to the king in case of danger! " , [14] and said: "Zhu Zi values literature over martial arts. In Yan Yuan's view, it is ok to cultivate people according to the educational thought of Neo-Confucianism.
00000000000000000000000 Summary Yan Yuan put forward a relatively complete sports thought based on his personal feelings and criticism of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, which can be summarized as "the combination of civil and military" and all-round development; He also paid attention to sports practice, and his sports thought and practice played an important role in the history of China's educational thought.
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Yan Yuan (1635- 1704), a native of Boye, Zhili, Qing Dynasty, was a great thinker and patriotic educator in the 17th century. His educational thought and practice, especially his physical education thought and practice, set a glorious precedent for the all-round development of the educated in the history of education in China, and had a far-reaching impact on China's modern and even modern educational thought and practice. This paper intends to make a superficial discussion on the sports thought and practice in Yan Yuan's educational thought system and teach it to academic predecessors.
First, the formation of Yan Yuan's sports thought
The formation of Yan Yuan's sports thought comes from two aspects: on the one hand, his own life experience; On the other hand, it is also the main aspect, which is his understanding after studying and criticizing Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
Yan Yuan has been studying with Mr. Wu Dongyun since he was eight years old. Although Mr. Wu is not an educator, he is versatile. In addition to his in-depth study of traditional classics, history, poems and songs, he is also good at riding and shooting, martial arts, and has unique research on the art of war. In the past three years under Mr. Wu, Yan Yuan has received a relatively comprehensive education and exercise. Although Yan Yuan did not develop in a straight line along the road guided by Mr. Enlightenment, this study experience undoubtedly had a great influence on the formation of his later educational thoughts. Yan Yuan started from the age of 1 1. Influenced by social fashion, he began to study eight-part essay, join the imperial examination and join the official career, and was admitted as a scholar at the age of 19. At the age of 20, his wealth declined, and Yan Yuan "plowed the fields and watered the gardens" and "worked hard" at home [1], which provoked all the burdens of life. At the age of 2 1, Yan Yuan read Sima Guang's History as a Mirror to study the rise and fall of the country and live in peace with the people. He often forgets to eat and sleep, so he hates stereotyped writing and abandons his career. At the age of 22, Yan Yuan began to study medicine in order to support his elderly parents and master more skills of "helping the world" and "helping the poor". In view of the fact that "Song Ru didn't understand the art of war, and eventually defeated Liao Xia and suffered the humiliation of Jin Yuan", he began to study seven art books from the age of 23 and learned the art of attack and defense. At the age of 24, Yan Yuan started his education career by starting a school to teach his apprentices, and he began to treat people from this year.
Although Yan Yuan realized the harm of Zen in reading classics through hard life practice, he was not far away from Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. On the contrary, for a time, he fell in love with Neo-Confucianism and fell at its feet.
When Yan Yuan was 24 years old, I occasionally read the quotations of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren, "I was deeply gratified to know that there was Taoism in the world, thinking that Confucius and Mencius were behind" [2]. But at the age of 26, he got the book "The Complete Book of Sexual Principles". "Seeing the quotations of Zhou, Cheng, Zhang and Zhu, he suddenly changed his mind and thought it was purer and more practical than Lu and Wang Erzi, the so-called Confucius and Mencius." [3] From then on, Yan Yuan's "daily advance and retreat, in the area, will serve" Wen "as a moment at @ ①; Books such as Elementary School and Records of Recent Thoughts are just like Confucian classics [4]. Even when others have doubts about philosophers, "arguing angrily is like scolding parents" [5] has reached the point of collapse. It was not until Yan Yuan was 34 years old that his thoughts completely changed. When Yan Yuan was 34 years old, his adoptive mother died, and Yan Yuan was heartbroken. He mourned for her in every way according to Wen's statement. As a result, Yan Yuan was sick and hungry, and almost died.
According to Yan Yuan's personal experience, "I thought it was quite against my temperament at that time, and I didn't know it was wrong to delete it until I read it for weeks." And mourning, observing the principle of nature, is to know to sit still and read non-Confucius, and temperament rather than goodness is also the purpose [6], thinking that Neo-Confucianism is fragmented and "empty words are useless." "Yan's" Three Deaths of Yao and Shun Kong Zhou, People are so extreme in smearing black charcoal "[7], angrily wrote" Save Compilation "and" Learn Compilation ",and then made" Comments ",which not only systematically expounded his thoughts, but also launched a sharp and profound criticism of Neo-Confucianism.
Yan Yuan's sports thought was gradually formed and perfected in his personal experience and feelings, and in his research and criticism of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
Second, the main content of Yan Yuan's sports thought
To sum up, the main content of Yan Yuan's sports thought is "the combination of military and civilian, all-round development"; "Habit" and "habit" strengthen the country and strengthen the body.
Yan Yuan deeply realized from his "witnessing and tasting" that Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties was a knowledge that was harmful to the heart and the country. Neo-Confucianism has repeatedly warned people to "learn", to "build a car behind closed doors, close the door to the country, cut off the four roads" [8], and get into the pile of old papers to "be poor". For the reason of "poor management", people are warned that they must "respect and advocate quietness", "a quiet person means that his mind does not act rashly" [9], "respect, ... there is no rash action inside and outside" [10], in a word, it is "immobile". Neo-Confucianism equates sports activities that are beneficial to people's physical and mental health, such as playing ball, kicking ball and flying kites, with rogue gambling and keeping in captivity, and clearly stipulates in the school rules that sports activities such as playing ball, kicking ball and flying kites are absolutely not allowed to enter the school gate (see Zhuzi School Rules compiled by Zheng Duan), that is, no sports activities are allowed. Do not exercise, but "read". As a result, human health has been seriously damaged, and lively and lovely red-faced teenagers have become fragile white-faced scholars, and their healthy bodies have been tortured by Neo-Confucianism.
Yan Yuan once pointed out angrily: "Zhu Zi teaches people to sit still for half a day and study for half a day, which is tantamount to being a monk and a Confucian scholar for half a day ..." [11], and solemnly pointed out: "Sitting in the study all day will make people weak and weak, making all the scholars in the world sick"; "For more than a thousand years, those who led the world to that pile of old paper, exhausted their physical strength and spirit, and became weak, sick and useless have all done it" [12].
Yan Yuan further demonstrated the harm to human health by giving examples: "Only those who taste the evidence can know its great harm." . My friend Zhang Shiqing is a blogger. He claims that the history of books since the Qin and Han Dynasties has lasted for 2000 years, and he can hardly understand them. He has exhausted himself in explaining the meaning of books to teenagers. He has been breathing for a long time. He has exhausted himself. Not only did you hurt yourself, but you didn't become a talent. Qi, Diao Yang and Ji Meng devoted themselves to studying meditation, reciting during the day and thinking at night, and wrote hundreds of books. wet dream's expectoration and cough are not empty days. Three months before his death, he was silent. Yuanshi county people, study hard, lose heart crazy. I have worked with (Wang) Fa for 20 or 30 years, and I have no contact with other officials, nor have I ever been sick. "And I said earnestly," people sitting in the study today are vulnerable and laughed at by samurai farmers. Is this manly? " [ 13]
Yan Yuan, in particular, hated the fact that scholars in Song and Ming Dynasties valued literature over martial arts, which caused great harm to the country and society. He once said with emotion: "It's a shame that Confucian scholars from Song and Yuan Dynasties adopted a feminine attitude! There is nothing to talk about. It is the top grade to report to the king in case of danger! " [14] added: "Zhu Zi values literature over martial arts. In Yan Yuan's view, it is possible to cultivate people according to the educational thought of Neo-Confucianism. As a patriotic thinker and educator, Yan Yuan has deep worries about his country. The reason why he gave up his career and devoted himself to education was to train useful talents for the country. Therefore, in his view, a person should not only be knowledgeable, but also master the real skills of governing the country, and at the same time have a strong body and soul. Only such people can "build the world". "Cultivate the world and bring forth the people" [17], for which he put forward the all-round development thought of "combining civil and military affairs" and "integrating military and learning". He said: "One school is to teach culture, education and martial arts" [18], that is, in addition to teaching students a subset of history, they must also be taught to shoot, defend and defend soldiers.
In Yan Yuan's view, this kind of education is the ideal education. As he said, "Duke Zhou's system is perfect. Cover enables everyone to be a soldier, and there must be a tendency to move in the sun; Everyone is polite and happy, so China will be vulnerable; Whenever the ceremony must be shot, the music must be danced, so that the family has bows and arrows, and the people can go out to war, which becomes the beauty of people's rule and the reality of military rule. When there is nothing to do, it is elegant and elegant, and the people are robbed; Once something happens, sit still and learn the ability to overcome it "[19].
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties advocated "respecting tranquility", but Yan Yuan did the opposite, and put forward the sports thoughts of "learning from time to time" and "learning from time to time". He said: "Confucians in Song and Yuan Dynasties were quiet, but now they are eloquent" [20]. In the process of "moving", on the one hand, what you think in your heart, what you say in your mouth and what you see in your book can be tested in practice; on the other hand, your body can also be exercised in the process of "moving", that is, "strengthening your bones and keeping company with others". What's more valuable for Yan Yuan is that he connects physical fitness with a strong country. The purpose of keeping fit is to serve the country better and make the country stronger. He said: "The small one is illness, and the big one is the safety of people and things. "For it, it is vital to generate yang and harmony, not to accumulate phlegm and stagnation, and to guard against the outside world" [22]; He also said: "moving is strong; If a family moves, then a family is strong; A country moves, then a country is strong; If the world moves, the world will be strong. " [23]
Third, Yan Yuan's sports practice.
In his nearly 50 years of educational career, Yan Yuan has never forgotten to practice his own sports thoughts. He put forward the requirements when enrolling students, that is, "anyone who wants to be my student must be determined to learn etiquette, music, shooting, defense, calligraphy, mathematics, military, agriculture, money, valley, water, fire, industry and danger" [24], not only to learn literature, but also to learn martial arts. In addition to teaching students to read and write, Yan Yuan often supervises students to "learn etiquette, sing poems, learn books, lift stones, fight in the distance" and often "discuss soldiers, farmers and businessmen today" with students [25].
In his later years, Yan Yuan was invited to preside over Zhang Nan Academy and further put his sports thoughts into practice. In addition to dividing the academy into literature, history, art and other disciplines, he also set up a special martial arts school to "teach the art of war of the Yellow Emperor Taigong and Sun Wu, as well as offensive and defensive, camping, amphibious tactics, shooting and defense and other subjects." At the same time, there is also a "shooting garden" outside the academy, which is specially used to practice riding and shooting. Yan Yuan is still "giving lectures in his spare time, riding a bridge with philosophers from all walks of life, or taking a boat into the pool in the courtyard, singing and laughing, making landscape music", [26] and carrying out colorful sports activities.
At the same time, Yan Yuan also attaches great importance to his physical exercise and has a lot of experience in keeping in good health. He said: "It is not easy to learn to exercise in fitness. Wake up at night, cheer up, find something to do, do things regularly, get tired and get stronger and stronger." And said: "Regular exercise will make your bones and muscles smooth and your pulse smooth" [27]. He studied horseback riding and archery since childhood, and studied the art of war and martial arts from his youth to his later years. He never stopped practicing martial arts all his life and his skills were superb. When he was 57 years old, he tried to compete with martial artist Li with bamboo as a knife. As a result, he hit his wrist (referring to Li). In his later years, he still often practiced moving stones, boxing and archery, so his body was always strong and he lived to the age of "ancient times".
In a word, Yan Yuan was an educator who paid more attention to physical education in ancient China. His sports thoughts and practical activities put sports and other disciplines in the same position, surpassing ancient and modern educators, and are the most shining part of his whole educational thought system, which still has important reference value.
Precautions:
[1] Mr. Yan Xizhai's chronicle.
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Notes on Xi Zhai, Volume 6.
[8] The Complete Works of Zhuzi Schools.
[9] Zhu University Notes.
[10] Brief introduction of Zhuzi schools.
[1 1][ 12] Yan Yuan's comments on Zhuzi schools.
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