Cao Cao Yan and Du Kang can relieve his worries. Therefore, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, when literati lived in seclusion, the seven sages of bamboo forest often got together to indulge in wine, feel the way of nature with their hearts, and look for the beauty of mountains and rivers, and their free and easy lifestyle became the object of admiration. The elegant taste of Qushui is actually the serial point of poetry. Here, the cup stops, drinking and writing poetry, staying in nature and enjoying the wine. These people, for whatever reason, camped between mountains and rivers, and with wine as the medium, completed the blending of "I" and nature of mountains and rivers, and laid the foundation of China's view of mountains and rivers. Only by looking at the mountains and the water can we see the realm of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely"
The meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers. On June 1st, the laity said that people who really know how to drink should be as open-minded as Wei and Jin scholars since ancient times. Wine can help sex, and the taste of wine is often not in wine, so drinking a little is just right. A spoonful will make you more drunk. Drinking needs to be between the pavilions in the mountains. In ancient times, there were customs such as mountain drinking, water drinking, suburban drinking and wild drinking. Under the background of mountains and rivers, drinking and writing poems is more elegant.
Wang Wei bid farewell to his friend. "There's no reason to go to the West for a glass of wine." At this time, the scenery of hometown and foreign land are all in a glass of wine, with different scenery, different wine quality and different drinkers. Hu Zhang came to see Du Mu, and they took wine to Qishan. "The shadow geese of Jiang are the first to fly, and they are carrying pots." Drinking in the mountains tells the mood, and the role of wine is fermented in the mountains. Together, they feel that life has lasted for hundreds of years, and they really feel that they should not let go of their beautiful scenery by drinking.
Wine is the best communication medium, which is integrated with mountains and rivers. When people are in it, they suddenly feel that the sky is vast. What can't be understood about the nature of things? Wine, landscape and philosophy are in a state of mutual integration, and the foundation of China culture comes from philosophical thinking. Everything can be as capable as a poet to put Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts into wine, gain insight into the origin of things and get along with the relationship between people and things.
The invention and utilization of wine was originally used for offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods. The "Zhen" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is vanilla wine, which is brewed with black millet and turmeric. It smells fragrant and is specially used for ancestor worship. In addition, there is "ao", which is a sweet wine, and "Lao ao" is an old wine with high alcohol content. However, as far as human diet is concerned, the invention and creation of wine is great. It is the first artificially made food that is different from natural flavor, probably produced in early summer or earlier.
"Shiben" said: "Yidi started the wine mash and changed into five flavors, Shao Kang." Yidi is a courtier of Dayu and a cook who is good at cooking. He used mulberry leaves to ferment rice to make wine and presented it to Yu. Then it is unlikely that he invented wine alone. The wine-making process mentioned by A Jin man Jiang Tuo in The Classic of Wine should be credible: "The prosperity of wine originates from the emperor, or the cloud is also the emperor, and Du Kang is the sky. There was an endless supply of food, and the committee was empty. Stagnation leads to taste, and long-term retention of qi leads to fragrance. Because of this, it is not seven parties. " Therefore, in the new era, people are inspired by the smell of wine produced by the long-term fermentation of leftovers and porridge, and gradually explore ways to make wine. This is rice wine. Similarly, it is possible to make wine with flowers and fruits. Lu Zuofan's book Encounter in Western Guangdong has the following records on melon, fruit and flower wine: "There are many apes in the mountains of Pingle and other provinces in Guangxi, and they are good at picking flowers and making wine. When the woodcutter enters the mountain and gets his nest, his wine is like stones, and the smell of drinking is abnormal, so it is called ape wine. "
In the Dawenkou site in the new era, wine vessels, wine-making Weng, filter tanks and so on were found, indicating that wine existed six or seven thousand years ago and was not produced on a large scale until the Xia Dynasty. The ancient Liu Jue in Erlitou cultural site is the earliest bronze wine vessel discovered in China.
Agricultural production was developed in Shang dynasty, and the wind of brewing and drinking was more prosperous. Just think about the word "wine pool meat forest" and the Shang Dynasty will know that wine is made with distiller's yeast. In the Book of Life, Wu Ding of Shang Dynasty compared his ministers to "Qu Zi", that is, Qu Zi. Minister is the intermediary between monarch and minister, and Qu is the intermediary between grain and wine. The underground excavation also found that18kg yeast had been found in the Shang Dynasty restaurant site in Gaocheng, Hebei.
Therefore, from summer to Tang and Song Dynasties, for a long time, wine was boiled with fruits and grain, fermented with distiller's yeast, and then squeezed out. This is why yellow rice wine is regarded as the real "national wine" of China. At present, the oldest physical wine in China is the imperial wine of Han Dynasty unearthed in Xi 'an. According to experts' research, it is also a grain wine, and it is still mellow and drinkable.
Later distilled liquor, the biggest breakthrough to the original procedure was the purification of alcohol. After thousands of years of development, the wine-making industry has divided many famous wine categories with local characteristics, different regions and different nationalities, and evolved their own wine culture.
GSN
Friends come from afar, no wine is not enough to show hospitality: on a beautiful night, no wine is not enough to enjoy happiness; Farewell to relatives and friends, no wine is not enough to talk about parting; Spring breeze is proud, and no wine is not enough to express pride. China's wine culture is a kind of subtle and widely used social culture. Wine has become an indispensable adhesive, catalyst and spiritual thing for people to express their feelings, fly their ideals, enhance friendship, conduct business negotiations and adjust their lives.
In the ancient history of China, there were many theories about the origin of wine. The most widely known is Du Kang's brewing theory. Du Kang put the leftovers in a tree hole in a mulberry field, and the leftovers smelled of wine after fermentation, so there was a method of brewing wine. According to archaeological findings, as early as the cultural period of Pei Gang (6000-5000 BC), there were ancient wine vessels among the unearthed cultural relics. It can be inferred that the origin of grain brewing in China was at least 7000 years ago. In China's ancient writing Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, the word "wine" appears frequently. It is worth mentioning that in the Western Zhou Dynasty, China had the earliest legal documents about drinking, which were included in the Confucian Four Books and Five Classics, and had a very far-reaching impact on the formation and development of wine culture.
There are great differences in geography, history and culture around the world, so the wines brewed in different places are naturally different. Different flavors, different tastes, especially different cultures. Wine is the carrier of culture. When we talk about whisky, we naturally associate it with the rich flavor of Scotland. When it comes to vodka, the unrestrained enthusiasm of Russians will definitely catch our eye. China liquor contains a profound culture of 5,000 years. What we drink is not only a glass of wine, but also a beautiful consideration and mood.
China has a long history of wine-making, which has a history of more than 3,000 years since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. According to Zhu Yizhong's Wine Classic, in early summer, an official named Yidi made wine with mulberry leaves as a gift to Dayu. After dinner, Dayu felt very sweet and said with emotion, "Some descendants will die because of drinking." Therefore, it is forbidden to make wine, but this method of making wine is still circulated in secret in the palace. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, "Gu Qing Shao Kang made brooms and wine first, and Shao Kang and Du Kang also made them." Since ancient times, scholars have loved drinking because; Wine has many elegant names, such as "golden syrup", "wanye" and "Qiongjiang", and some of them directly enter poetry. Wine has become an important part of literati's life art, and wine has become a part of literati culture in "Hundred Poems of Li Bai Fighting for Wine".
Wine culture refers to the material culture and spiritual culture produced in the process of wine production, sales and consumption. Wine culture includes wine-making methods, wine tasting methods, wine functions, wine history and other wine cultural phenomena. It not only has the material characteristics of wine itself, but also has the spiritual connotation formed by wine tasting. It is a specific cultural form formed in the process of wine-making and drinking activities. Wine culture has a long history in China. Many literati wrote wine tasting and wine tasting works, leaving many stories about Dionysus, such as fighting wine, writing poems, painting, keeping in good health, feasting and farewell dinner. As a special cultural carrier, wine occupies a unique position in human communication. Wine culture has penetrated into all fields of human social life, and has great influence and function on human life, literature and art, medical care, industrial and agricultural production, political economy and other aspects.
Wine history:
In the first 359- 338, Shang Yang reformed, and taxes suppressed business, and the price of wine was ten times the cost.
The former 22 1- the former 206 Qin law prohibited Sichuan surplus grain from making wine and selling it for profit;
/kloc-before 0/38, Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the western regions to bring back grapes and introduced winemakers, and wine began to appear in China.
In 98 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the advice of Sang Hongyang, the chief financial officer, and set up a lawsuit of "liquor monopoly" and implemented the liquor monopoly system, which lasted 17 years.
Before 8 1, in the sixth year of Han Dynasty, officials sold wine at four yuan per liter, which was the earliest record of wine price.
From 533 to 544, Jia Sixie wrote 92 Books of Qi Yao Min, of which 6-9 were devoted to koji-making and wine-making, which was the earliest wine-making technology in the world.
1656, a Shu surname in Luzhou opened Shu Juyuan classic wine shop. It is said that the wine cellar used is still in use today, so the wine is named "Luzhou Laojiao Special Qu";
1842, Quanxing Old Winery was established in Chengdu, Sichuan to produce Quanxing Daqu liquor; 1860, the Hui people in Hualian, Jiangxi, set up a burning workshop in Maotai Town to produce Moutai for "Hua Mao";
1879, people in Renhuai County founded Rong Tai, and burned houses in Maotai Town to produce Moutai, which was called "Elvis Presley";
Changyu Wine Company was founded in 1892, and China began to use "Grenade" glass bottled wine, headed by Changyu Grape Brewing Company, and began to package according to foreign wine styles; During Guangxu period, Yu compiled four volumes of Jiuchao, including 322 kinds of liquor orders, which was a master of liquor orders before the end of Qing Dynasty.
/kloc-in 0/900, Russian technicians established the first beer workshop in Harbin-Wulubei levski Brewery;
Yingde Brewing Company, the predecessor of Tsingtao Brewery, was established in 1903, with excellent liquor quality and high reputation at home and abroad.
1904, the brewery in the three eastern provinces of Harbin was established, which was the earliest beer production enterprise founded by the national bourgeoisie itself.
Harbin Wuzhou Brewery was established in 19 14, which is the second brewery established in China.
19 15 Maotai won the gold medal in Panama World Commodities Fair;
19 16 Fenjiu won the first gold medal in Panama International Commodities Fair;
192 1 year1October 10, Shanxi winery was established. Its original purpose was to revitalize the national industry and produce wine, not to import products.
During the period of 1929, the Nanjing government promulgated the Provisional Regulations on Foreign Wine Tax, which stipulated that foreign wine sold in China should be taxed at an ad valorem rate of 30%.
Wuyang Brewery, founded by Song Ziwen in 1934, adopted Czech saccharification pot, a new equipment at that time.
1945 1 The government of Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Region promulgated the Brewing Regulations, which unified the decision of brewing, and the brewing industry was completely operated directly by the government.
1In August, 946, the National Government promulgated the Regulations on Domestic Tobacco and Alcohol Tax;
1947 Moutai was tried in Hong Kong and sold out immediately. Since then, Moutai has begun to enter the international market.
1949 In April, North China State Taxation Bureau and North China Liquor Monopoly Company held the first liquor management meeting in North China, and decided to monopolize liquor and stop private operation. The general policy of liquor monopoly is the combination of "unified management" and "decentralized management";
1 950 65438+1October1The State Taxation Bureau of North China was changed to the State Taxation Bureau of the Central Ministry of Finance;
1950 65438+On February 6th, State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China of the Ministry of Finance and North China Liquor Monopoly Corporation decided to levy ad valorem taxes on public beer, yellow wine, foreign wine, imitation foreign wine, reformed wine and fruit and wood wine in the Request for Instructions on Amending the Tax Administration of Public and Temporary Private Brewing in North China.
1951may, the central Ministry of finance issued the "provisional regulations on monopoly", stipulating that the monopoly products are alcohol and cigarette paper;
1952 the first national wine tasting was held in Beijing;
On February 1953 and 10, the Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration of The People's Republic of China and China Monopoly Corporation set the liquor tax and monopoly profit rate as 1 1%, and other liquors as 10%.
From 65438 to 0954, Tsingtao Brewery entered the international market as the first beer brand in China.
Tsingtao Brewery 1954 officially started exporting;
1955, Beijing held the first sugar and wine party;
1958, China established the first brewing university-Changyu Brewing University;
1959, China's beer output reached 107700 tons, which was the first time that China's beer industry broke through 10000 tons.
From 65438 to 0962, Mr. Zhou Henggang, a famous national liquor expert, praised Pingba liquor as "the essence of wine country, the wonderful flower of Guizhou, and the wonderful flower of Pingba".
1963165438+10 held the second national evaluation reception in Beijing in October;
1964 Shanghai first exhibition of sugar and wine party;
During the period of 1964, the turbid substances in wine tail were analyzed by Heilongjiang Institute of Light Industry for the first time.
In the long history of the Chinese nation, many things are in the forefront of the world, and so is wine, which has its own glorious chapter. There are always different opinions about the origin of wine. However, it is generally believed that apes can make wine,
Yi di Zao JIU
In the long history of the Chinese nation, Chinese culture shines brightly, and wine is one of them, which has its own brilliant chapter.
The origin of wine
There are two legends about the origin of wine. One is Yidi brewing. "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals" says: "Yidi makes wine." "The Warring States Policy" says: "In the past, the emperor's daughter ordered the righteous emperor to make wine beautiful, enter it, drink it, and be willing to drink it. Someone will die of drinking in the future, so she snubbed Yidi and refused to make wine. "
The other is Du Kang Brewing. The popularity of Du Kang's wine-making concept is mainly due to the fact that Cao Cao's Yuefu poem A Short Line mentioned that "Du Kang is the only solution".
Initial period
From 4000 BC to 2000 BC, people regarded it as a drink with magical power. "Warring States Policy" cloud:
period of expansion
From 2 1 century BC to 206 BC, wine was still confined to the upper class of society, and people already knew how to use Qu Tiller.
mature period
From the Qin Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, wine began to spread widely among scholars, literati and folk, and the development of wine culture entered a golden age.
Improvement period
From the Northern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, traditional liquor appeared. Drinking and brewing began to spread among the people and became a custom.
Period of change
Since 1840, many kinds of wines, such as wine, whisky, vodka, rum, etc., began to gain a foothold in China, and the western brewing technology competed with the traditional brewing technology in China, with more and more varieties and quantities of wines.
Through archaeological excavations, wine has been found in Shang bronzes three or four thousand years ago. Through the excavation of primitive cultural sites in China, we can know more clearly that both the early Yangshao culture, the later Longshan culture and Gu Liang culture have found pottery for holding wine, some of which are very exquisite, and also unearthed jars for brewing. This shows that there was wine in China long before the era of Yidi and Du Kang. In the late Shang Dynasty, the legendary ancestor Yi Di or Du Kang may have further improved the brewing technology on the basis of predecessors, increased the alcohol content of the wine, and made it more sweet and rich, so that the initial brewing gradually evolved into a conscious and purposeful brewing activity of human beings and became a conscious production behavior.
Bisoxalate
Copy history:
1. China ancient wine originated from grain fermented wine and developed into the final product, namely yellow rice wine.
2. Fruit fermented wine (wine) is imported from western regions. According to historical records, after Emperor Taizong made Gaochang (now Xinjiang) his capital, he introduced technology and became popular.
3. Distilled liquor is a distillation process of extracting alcohol components and other aromatic substances on the basis of fermented liquor (grain distilled liquor with the fermentation characteristics of China Qu is today's liquor, and fruit distilled liquor gets other liquors, such as brandy). According to historical records, this technology was introduced from abroad in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the long history of the Chinese nation, many things are in the forefront of the world, and so is wine, which has its own glorious chapter. There are always different opinions about the origin of wine. However, people generally agree that there are three ways of brewing: ape brewing, Yidi brewing and Du Kang brewing.
Shuanggou, known as the source of China wine, is located in Shuanggou Town, a thousand-year-old town surrounded by Huaihe River and Hongze Lake.
1977 hominid fossils unearthed in Xiacaowan near Shuanggou were named drunken ape fossils by experts from the Institute of Paleontology, China Academy of Sciences. Scientists infer that the ape-man who lived in the subtropical virgin forest in Shuanggou area more than 654.38 million years ago was drunk because he swallowed the naturally fermented wild fruit, and turned into a fossil thousands of years later. This thesis has been included in China Modern Encyclopedia. In order to fully explore the ancient connotation of Shuanggou as the source of China wine, in 200 1 year, archaeologists of China Academy of Sciences conducted a second more detailed scientific study on Shuanggou area, and found that there were paleontology groups in Shuanggou area as early as10000 years ago.
On this basis, vertebrate paleontology Institute of China Academy of Sciences, together with three famous scholars, You Yuzhu, Xu and Ji Hongxiang, wrote "The Drunken Ape in Shuanggou" and distributed it at home and abroad. The unique geographical environment has created a long history of brewing in Shuanggou. According to He Zhi of Sihong, Shuanggou Brewing was founded in 1732 (the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty) and has a history of nearly 300 years.
China's wine has a long history of more than 5000 years. In the long process of development, it has formed a unique style. This is characterized by multiple fermentation and semi-solid fermentation, in which koji with growing mold as the main microorganism is used as saccharifying starter. This has become a typical representative of the oriental wine industry. China's wine is mainly made of grain raw materials. And a small amount of fruit wine; Since modern times, beer has developed rapidly in China, and now its annual output ranks second in the world. According to the latest China people's standards and national standards, alcoholic beverages in China can be divided into three categories: fermented alcoholic beverages, distilled liquors and comprehensive alcoholic beverages. Fermented wine is subdivided into beer, wine, fruit wine, yellow wine and other fermented wines. Distilled liquor is subdivided into China liquor and other distilled liquors (such as brandy, whisky, Ouedec and rum).