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On the influence of Zhouyi philosophy on TCM health preservation
Zhouyi is the oldest work in China, and its dialectical thought permeates all disciplines, especially traditional Chinese medicine. Zhang Jingyue put it well: "Doctors can communicate easily, and the principles are the same". This paper briefly discusses the philosophical thoughts in Zhouyi, such as "harmony between man and nature", "prepare for danger in times of peace", "don't use dragons" and "reflexive Xiu De", as well as the great contribution of Zhouyi philosophy to TCM health preservation.
Zhouyi is a famous philosophical work in ancient times. It has been highly respected since ancient times and is regarded as the first classic. As the Summary of Siku said: "The Book of Changes covers a wide range, including astronomy, geography, music, art of war, phonology and arithmetic, all of which can help us to speak out." [1] Obviously, Zhouyi is the cornerstone of ancient culture recognized by the Chinese nation, and of course, Chinese medicine is no exception. Zhang Jingyue in the Ming Dynasty put it well: "Doctors are easy to communicate, and the principles are the same", "Doctors are easy to use" and "Doctors are not easy, and there is no medicine easy." [2] It can be seen that Chinese medicine has formed an indissoluble bond with Zhouyi from the beginning. This paper makes a superficial discussion on Zhouyi and TCM health preservation, in order to correct the mistakes of scholars.
First, the "harmony between man and nature" in Zhouyi and the "four qi regulating spirit" in TCM.
"The correspondence between man and nature" is the essence of the philosophical thought in Zhouyi, and it is known as "the oldest philosophy in the universe". "Phoenix melon? "Xunzhuan" contains such a meaning: "Heaven and earth are all empty, keeping pace with the times, but what about people? "Man and nature are a unified whole, and nature is the external environment for human survival. As a product and part of nature, human beings are bound to be dominated and restricted by nature. Therefore, only by adapting to the changes of nature can human beings live with the sun, the moon and the sky and achieve the ultimate goal of supporting life.
TCM health preservation completely absorbed the philosophy of Zhouyi, and put forward its own health preservation viewpoint of "four qi regulating spirit".
Neijing holds that spring and March are the seasons when everything grows old, so it is necessary to "lie down at night and get up early, stride in the court, slow down and be ambitious"; Summer and March are beautiful seasons for all things, so we should "lie down at night and get up early, and be insatiable every day, so that we will have no anger"; In autumn, winter and March, the spirit is dull, and it is necessary to "go to bed early and get up early, have fun with chickens, and have a peaceful mind"; In winter and March, when the air is closed, it is necessary to "lie down early and get up late, wait for the sun", "cold to warm up, no skin leakage" and "keep your mind hidden." [3] The classic also warns people that "Yang should be raised in spring and summer, and Yin should be raised in autumn and winter". At this point, we can see that the author of Neijing put forward the specific measures of "four qi regulating the spirit" according to the natural change law of "storage in spring, summer, autumn and winter". The purpose of "four qi regulating the spirit" is to maintain the abundance of yang and make the human body full of yang. In ancient times, the four types of health care practitioners, the real person, the wise man and the sage, practiced the promise that "the health care of the wise man must be suitable for cold and summer" [4], so they could "support heaven and earth, grasp yin and yang" and "balance heaven and earth" without danger. The reason why they don't do the opposite is because they are well aware of the serious consequences of the reversal of the four seasons: "If the spring qi is reversed, the shaoyang will not be born, and the liver qi will change internally; Contrary to summer, the sun is not long and the heart is hollow; Anti-autumn qi, the day is not collected, and the lungs are full of qi; Against the winter, the yin is not hidden, and the kidney is alone. " The experience of [5] reveals an eternal truth: "Yin and Yang bend, everything ends, and life and death are fundamental. If it is reversed, it will be disastrous, and from then on, it will be difficult. " [6]
Second, Zhouyi's "Be prepared for danger in times of peace" and Chinese medicine's "prevent micro-duration"
"Be prepared for danger in times of peace" is an important part of the philosophy of Zhouyi. "under the copula" said: "goodness without accumulation is not enough to become famous; The accumulation of evil is not enough to destroy the body. Small people and good people are useless, but they are also blessings. Therefore, evil cannot be hidden, and there is no solution to sin. " The sixth day of Kun Gua said, "Frost is hard ice." The meaning of the above two verses reminds people that things will always change from quantitative change to qualitative change. To prevent things from turning into bad things, we must "see the micro-knowledge" and "be prepared for danger in times of peace". Therefore, there are some sayings in Zhouyi, such as "those who fear always exist", and there are also some sayings that "a gentleman thinks about troubles and prevents them", and "a gentleman is safe without forgetting danger, saves without forgetting death, and governs without forgetting chaos" is solemnly put forward as a resounding motto to warn the world.
TCM health preserving inherits and develops the philosophy of Zhouyi, and puts forward its own health preserving concept of "preventing danger for a long time". In Neijing, "the sage didn't cure his disease, but didn't cure it." [7] It embodies the philosophical thought of "treating diseases before they occur", and illustrates the significance of treating diseases before they occur with the metaphor of "fighting over a well and casting a cone with thirst". What is preventive treatment? Zhang Jingyue in the Ming Dynasty was deeply touched: "A disaster starts in a small way and is at stake. What can be predicted is said to be cured, and what cannot be predicted is said to be cured. People in know life are only willing to be small. " [8] Zhang also pointed out: "The frost is firm, the ice is firm, and the most important thing is modesty. This is the program of sincere medical skills and the cardinal of life. " [9] Zhang Jingyue hit the nail on the head, saying that "being prepared for danger in times of peace" is the key to "preventing diseases". Everything in the world has a sign. The so-called "coming events cast their shadows before them", and health is no exception, which can nip the signs that affect health in the cradle. This is to master the medical procedures and the laws of health care.
In the aspect of "preventing disease", TCM health preservation also has its unique features. Traditional acupuncture, massage and tonic medicine can all be the best way to "prevent diseases". Dou, a doctor in the Song Dynasty, said: "When people are not ill, they often moxibustion Guanyuan, Qihai, Mingmen and Zhongwan. Although not a fairy, it can live for a hundred years. " [10] Neijing and Qianjinfang also recorded that acupuncture at Guanyuan, Zusanli and Moxibustion plaster points had a physical strengthening effect. Zhang Dai, a doctor in the Song Dynasty, famously said, "If you want to be safe, you can't be three miles long." Massage Zusanli in a specified period has the health care function of relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation and promoting metabolism. In addition, the role of Chinese medicine tonic can not be underestimated. The drugs listed as "top grade" in Shennong Materia Medica Classic are all labeled as "nourishing intelligence and benefiting qi, not aging". Such colorful preventive measures are really a great pride of TCM health care.
Three, "Don't use the hidden dragon" in Zhouyi and "Don't act rashly" in TCM.
"Don't use hidden dragons" is another important topic in the thought of Zhouyi. Gangua Day 9: "Hidden Dragon, no need." The dragon refers to Long Xing. In Shuowen, "the dragon ascends to the sky at the vernal equinox and dives into the deep at the autumnal equinox", so "hidden dragon" refers to the dragon that dives into the deep, hiding but not seeing. Rude remarks remind people that in this state, they should sit tight and wait for the opportunity. "Hey? Xun Chuan also said, "Gen, stop. "Stop when time stops, just go. Sports will not lose its time, and its road will be bright. " The meaning of divination is static, which comes down in one continuous line with "Don't use hidden dragons". Their remarks show that we must wait for the opportunity and be cautious in everything, but we should not act rashly and lose our minds; Otherwise, it will be difficult.
Boss, disaster is inevitable.
Traditional Chinese medicine health care accepted the philosophical thought of Zhouyi and put forward the health care viewpoint of "getting something for nothing".
Neijing said: "Ancient people, who knew, learned Yin and Yang, and counted tricks. They lived regularly and didn't rush into things, so they became artifacts and died at the age of 100." [12] Taking "don't be reckless" as one of the necessary conditions for "dying" shows its important position in health preservation. So, who should "inaction" start from in daily life? First of all, we must be "mentally alert." Traditional Chinese medicine pays attention to internal causes, and the so-called "mental internal injury will destroy the body" and "healthy qi should be kept inside, and evil should not be done." The maintenance of true qi is an important sign of human health. Therefore, Neijing advocates that "nothing is indifferent, the true qi will follow, the god will hide inside, and the disease will be safe." [13] Zhuangzi, a Taoist representative who is famous for keeping in good health, is spiritually.
In terms of internal defense, there is also a quip with the same effect: "Ignoring and not listening, silently holding God, will be self-righteous; It must be quiet and clear, you can live forever, get something for nothing, and never shake your essence; You can't see anything, you can't hear anything, you don't know anything, and your God will keep his shape, and his shape is immortal. " [l4] Secondly, we should pay attention to abstinence. Lust is human nature, sexual activity is human instinct, and normal sexual life is beneficial to human health, but sexual intercourse must be controlled. If you indulge yourself and overwork your house, you will' consume kidney essence' and shake the root, leading to imbalance of yin and yang, premature aging and numerous diseases. "Fang said:" Indulge, life is like morning dew. Neijing also warned people: "If you enter the room after drinking, you should
I want to exhaust my essence in order to dissipate its truth. I don't know how to hold it full. From time to time, I resist the gods, speed up my heart, and go against my life, so I will fail at half a hundred. "[15] Therefore, paying attention to the maintenance of kidney essence and kidney qi is one of the secrets of longevity. Third, pay attention to diet. Diet is one of the important conditions for human survival and health. "The Ninth Five-Year Plan needs divination and wine, Zhen Ji. "People need to eat wine and food (the wine of the ancients was fermented from low-grade grain and fruit), but they can't be trapped in wine and food. Therefore, to "drink without drinking", it is necessary to "diet". If you eat improperly and overeat, it will seriously damage your spleen and stomach and your health. There is advice in Neijing: "Take care of yourself, but your stomach hurts." "Internal injury to the spleen and stomach, all diseases. "Fourth, pay attention to moderate work and rest. Neijing opposes "overwork" and warns people that "overwork consumes gas" [16], which leads to exhaustion of gas and exhaustion of spirit; If you push too hard, you will lose yin blood and lose your mind. Therefore, the harm caused by "karoshi" to the human body should not be underestimated. For example, Neijing said: "Long-term vision hurts blood, long-term lying hurts gas, long-term sitting hurts meat, long-term standing hurts bones, and long-term walking hurts tendons" [17], which shows that "overwork" is the enemy of health. Hua Tuo believes: "The human body wants to work, but it should not be extreme. If you shake it, the grain gas will disappear, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. " [18] His disciple, Upu, was "over 90 years old" when he got the true biography of his "Five-Animal Play". Therefore, moderate activities will make life a reality.
Fourthly, the "reflexive Xiu De" in Zhouyi and the "moral integrity is not dangerous" in TCM.
"Reflexive Xiu De" is another essence of the philosophical thought in Zhouyi. Zhouyi pays attention to moral cultivation. Attach importance to self-improvement, emphasizing self-improvement, self-reliance, introspection and self-modesty. There are many aphorisms about virtue cultivation in the Book of Changes. For example, in the interpretation of Yi Zhuan, Gan Gua and Jin Gua, there is no mention of "the gentleman reflects on Xiu De", "the gentleman strives for self-improvement", "the gentleman shows his virtue" and "the gentleman carries things with great virtue". What is virtue? Zheng Yun summed it up very well: "Anyone who speaks virtue. It is also called goodness, fairness and light. " The cultivation of virtue is the guarantee of success in one's career and the magic weapon to avoid misfortune. "Yi Gua" and "Da Zhuan" profoundly reveal "kindness, Mo Wen, Yuanji." "If there is a good family, there must be Qing Yu".
Traditional Chinese medicine health care inherits the philosophical thought of attaching importance to morality in Zhouyi and puts forward its own health care view of "morality is not dangerous"
Neijing said: "Ancient people ... so those who can live to 100 years old and never lose their actions are not in danger because of their morality." [19] Therefore, "a man of great virtue will live his whole life." Therefore, "moral integrity" is the premise of "let me live happily for one hundred years". As the saying goes, "the bottom of my heart is selfless and the world is wide." A virtuous person is open-minded, generous, kind-hearted and decent. Therefore, I can feel at ease and relax. Lu Aigong once asked Confucius, "How long can a wise man live?" ? How long can the benevolent live? Confucius said, "The wise and benevolent can live a long life." Looking around the world, people with gentle temperament, good quality, generous quantity, heavy appearance and simple words will live for a long time. Gavin is gentle, kind, generous, heavy and simple, all of whom are benevolent. Its longevity is by no means beyond the reach of those who are fierce, cruel, intolerant, frivolous and shallow. [20] Confucius's subtle answer reveals an irrefutable truth: "There is no second way to cultivate one's morality." Throughout the whole text, we can see that Confucius not only advocated "the benevolent lives long", but also fulfilled his promise with lofty virtue. In his later years, "Reading the Book of Changes, Wei compiled three unique skills." [21] After 70 years old, he still insisted on writing books, tirelessly teaching and educating people, and benefiting future generations. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty, lived a long life and was told by later generations. He not only has superb medical skills and noble medical ethics, but also pays attention to the cultivation of virtue. "Sincerity and integrity" and "self-cultivation" are his wise sayings. /kloc-after 0/00 years old, he still climbs mountains to collect herbs, makes house calls to practice medicine, studies the Book of Changes and writes medical books. The glorious lives of Confucius and Sun showed people the inevitable result of "great virtue leads to longevity".
Be a model for future generations to keep healthy.
To sum up, the philosophy of Zhouyi is the living source of medicine in Neijing, which fully absorbs the rich dialectical thoughts and thinking modes in Zhouyi and creatively combines them with health preservation, thus creating a unique health preservation system of traditional Chinese medicine and making immortal contributions to the health of the Chinese nation. Let's deeply study the Yi-ology, reveal its mystery and promote the innovation of TCM health preservation.
Precautions:
[1] "Four databases summary? A brief introduction to simple courses.
[2][9][ Ming] Yi Yi.
[3][5][6][7] "Su Wen? Four-qi talks about God.
[4] "Lingshu? This god.
[8][ Ming]' s masterpiece? Photography class? Treat the disease before it is treated.
[10][ Song Dynasty] Dou Cai's Bian Que Heart Book.
[1 1][ Song] Zhang Gao's medical theory.
Su Wen? Ancient naivety.
[14] Zhuangzi? In the future.
[16] "Su Wen, citing pain".
[17] Uncle Ling? Nine needles theory.
[18][ Western Jin Dynasty] Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Wei? Biography of Hua Tuo.
[20] "Xu Yijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Collection" Yellow River Publishing House, 1990 edition, 398 pages.
[2 1][ Korea] Sima Qian's Historical Records? Confucius family.
Traditional Taoism and TCM Health Preservation
Taiping Jing, as a classic work of folk Taoism Taiping Dao, contains a lot of health care and medicine contents. The theory of yin and yang, the theory of viscera and the theory of spirit in Taiping Jing are consistent with those in Huangdi Neijing, which runs through the whole process of health preservation and treatment. In terms of health care, Taiping Jing pays attention to internal cultivation, saying, "The way of health care lies in keeping your breath alive, and don't get angry. People have no worries, so they live long. " This kind of self-cultivation emphasizes keeping "God" and puts forward: "There is no one in the empty room, and it is painted in its hidden color, corresponding to the four seasons, and the window is bright." "Think about the elephant, and with the four seasons, Yin and Yang are harmonious." Just draw an idol for each of the five internal organs in advance. At the beginning of the exercise, hang the corresponding portrait as a signal and prompt according to the season, day and time, and concentrate on that organ after lying down. Through this skill, we can achieve the purpose of health preservation and disease prevention.
Ge Hong's Inner Chapter of Bao Pu Zi in Jin Dynasty is a masterpiece of Taoist theory and cultivation methods. Ge Hong believes that everything comes from "Tao" or "One", and whoever can keep the Tao will live forever. Many useful theories and methods of monastic fitness are put forward in the book. For example, the article "Extreme Words" said: "Those who are good at keeping in good health will lie down at four o'clock in the morning and evening and live in harmony; Adjust the bones and muscles, there is a way to raise the weir; Du Ji is idle and evil, and has the skill of throughput; Popular in Rongwei, there is a method of reinforcing and reducing; The important thing is to have and take. Suppress anger with yin and suppress happiness with yang. Then, first take the vegetation to save the red, and then take the elixir to set the infinite. The reasons for longevity are all here. " There are some cultivation methods, such as rest, guidance, breathing, feeding and taking medicine. Ge Hong particularly emphasized the internal preservation of essence. He said: "Those who are good at qi are good at exercising from the inside, and evil is treated from the outside." (Zhi Li) He divided the methods of activating qi into three types: breathing, guiding and fetal breathing. Breathing and breathing are used to promote qi, guidance is used to promote qi with the body, and fetal interest is used to promote qi with the combination of breathing and emotion. The cultivation methods and matters needing attention were introduced in detail. Most of these training methods were absorbed by later generations and developed in Qigong, which is still in use today.
Wait, the list goes on. Taoism has created many methods of keeping in good health, and left a lot of information about keeping in good health in Taoist works of past dynasties, such as keeping thinking, keeping one, external elixir, internal elixir, guiding, breathing, taking the bait, swallowing body fluid, convincing, re-transmitting, Zhong Fang and so on.
"Keeping thinking" and "keeping one" belong to spiritual cultivation. External elixir refers to the elixir of life, while internal elixir is a comprehensive cultivation method that integrates mind and spirit into one furnace, which is equivalent to Qigong. The early alchemy school mainly practiced external alchemy, and the later alchemy school practiced internal alchemy, which is called the later alchemy school. The theory of internal alchemy is based on Huang Lao's philosophy of "Taoism is natural" and "human body is a small world", which holds that the human body is the cauldron of alchemy, and the essence, qi and spirit in the human body are the raw materials of alchemy. Through certain cultivation, you can refine your spirit, spirit and spirit, and achieve immortality. From the initial establishment to the prosperity of Taoism, there are a lot of works about the cultivation of Inner alchemy. With the rise of Neidan School, Neidan's theory and achievement method have been gradually deepened and improved. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the traditional Inner alchemy was deeply influenced by Zen, and Taoism and Zen merged, forming a profound system theory and a safe and effective method. Although it can't live forever, it can help people keep fit, get rid of diseases and prolong life. This is undoubtedly the precious wealth of TCM health care.
The cultivation of Taoist body mainly includes guidance, massage and martial arts. Guidance, through the flexion and extension of limbs, achieves the functions of relaxing muscles and activating collaterals and strengthening the body, which is always emphasized by Taoism. All monks start with guidance. Among the medical books unearthed in Mawangdui, there is a picture with a "guide map". Ge Hong's "Bao Pu Zi" contains various methods to imitate animal movements, such as dragon guide, turtle swallowing, swallow, snake bend, rabbit fright and so on. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, effective exercise methods such as Baduanjin, Yijinjing and Tai Ji Chuan were gradually derived from the guidance. It can be said that Ge Hong's Taoist guidance and Hua Tuo's physician guidance are the predecessors of these methods.
The culture of bait mainly includes taking elixir (minerals), five fingers (fungi), swallowing body fluid, taking gas and so on. As mentioned above, Taoism believes that the elixir of life and the fairy medicine five fingers refined from mineral drugs can become immortals, which is obviously absurd, but they have the effect of fitness and disease removal, so they cannot be buried. The method of swallowing body fluid includes a series of actions, such as knocking teeth, stirring tongue, drum washing, swallowing body fluid, etc., which are the daily work of Taoists. About pharynx and body fluid, it was discussed as early as Neijing. For example, the legacy of Su Wen? "Acupuncture Theory" says: "You can face south at the right time, keep a clear head and hold your breath for seven times, so as to lead the neck and throat to be smooth, such as swallowing hard objects. After seven times, the bait will place countless orders. "Ge Hongceng wrote in" Bao Puzi "? In Miscellaneous Answer, the method of knocking teeth was introduced, which was called "the method of strengthening teeth". This method was very popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it also developed in methods. This method was recorded in detail in Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respecting the Sacred in Ming Dynasty. Facts have proved that this kind of oral health care is beneficial to human health. Being convinced is also called eating gas. During the exercise, we mainly drink water and eat gas, and at the same time take some auxiliary foods, such as yam, Polygonatum sibiricum, peanut, jujube, walnut and other Chinese herbal medicines. In the medical books unearthed in Mawangdui, there are records about eating grains and eating gas. This method was popular from the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, but it was rare after the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The spell of the seal is forbidden, and this is the wish. The forbidden spell department was established for the first time in the Tang Dynasty, and there was also the post of "doctor of forbidden spells", which was the product of the prevalence of Taoist and Buddhist forbidden spells at that time. Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties all had this branch, which was collectively called Zhuyouke. It can be seen that its influence is deep. As early as Huangdi Neijing, there was a discussion about wishing. "On the Essence of Soviet Culture as Qi" said: "I have heard about the ancient rule, but I can only wish to turn essence into Qi." The so-called "transforming essence into qi" is to adjust patients' mental activities and divert their attention from diseases, thus forming a state of mental defense and producing positive therapeutic effects. This is actually a religious primitive psychotherapy. In a sense, it can be regarded as the pioneer of psychotherapy and suggestion therapy today. This method can really play the role of psychotherapy and spiritual comfort for some mental diseases in a certain period of time. Especially in a certain religious atmosphere, it is more effective for those devout believers. This is "sincerity is the spirit". But mainly by means of prayer, spells, spells, divine water and so on. After all, it is superstition. This is the product of the ignorance period when human beings are in a low level of production and understanding, and it is also the same phenomenon in the underdeveloped period of human medicine.
As for the art of sexual intercourse, sexual hygiene knowledge can be used for reference, but the dross must be eliminated.
In a word, Taoism is the religion that has the closest relationship with medicine, especially TCM health preservation, and has had a far-reaching impact on the development of TCM health preservation.