Here are some common varieties:
First, Sanhuang chicken
The body feather is yellow, the cock's neck feather is golden yellow, the main wing feather is red with black, the tail feather is black, the hen's main wing feather is half yellow and half black, the tail feather is black, and the neck feather is mottled with black gray. Beak yellow, single crown, rooster crown is higher, crown teeth 5 ~ 7. The crown meat is bright red, the eyelids are thin, the rainbow is orange, and the ear color is yellowish. The tibia and claws are yellow and have no feathers. Compact structure, well-proportioned, small and exquisite, with straight back, tight wings and high tail feathers, it looks like an "ingot". The head size is moderate.
Adult weight (22 weeks old): rooster: 1600 ~ 1800g, hen:1250 ~1400g; Delivery age: 130 ~ 150 days. Birth weight:1150 ~1200g. Egg weight: 42 ~ 46g. Number of eggs laid at 500 days old: 180 ~ 200. Male to female ratio: 1: 12 ~ 15. The fertilization rate was 88% ~ 91%; The hatching rate of fertilized eggs is 90% ~ 93%. The slaughter rate is 88.5%; The total clean bore rate was 65%, the leg muscle rate was 25.0%, and the chest muscle rate was 18.8%. Now the so-called Sanhuang chicken does not refer to a certain variety, but refers to the floorboard of high-quality broilers with yellow feathers. This kind of chicken includes many varieties and is widely distributed. Guangdong mainly includes Sanhuang Chicken, Ma Qing Chicken, Xinghua Chicken, Zhongshan Salan Chicken, Yangshan Chicken, Wenchang Chicken and Hu Aixiang Chicken. Shanghai Pudong Chicken, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Chicken, Beijing Oil Chicken, Fujian Putian Chicken, Shandong Shouguang Chicken, etc. These Sanhuang chickens are well received by consumers in the domestic market, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia. But the colors of feathers are different, such as light yellow, golden yellow, red yellow, brown yellow, brown yellow, ephedra, hemp brown and so on. Foot color, beak color and skin color are also different; There are differences in appearance, appearance and production performance.
With the improvement of people's living standards and the increase of consumer market, the demand for broilers has increased. In order to meet the needs of consumers, chicken science and technology personnel actively cultivate and breed Sanhuang chickens according to modern genetic breeding principles and technologies. Since Guangdong introduced Shi Qi hybrid chickens from Hongkong, the broiler industry has developed rapidly and the number of Sanhuang chickens has increased. At present, Sanhuang chickens in Guangdong Province can be roughly divided into the following four categories according to their production performance and size:
(1) Guangdong local thoroughbred farm, commonly known as local breeders.
(2) High-quality "imitation soil" yellow chicken represented by Shiqiza and Huangyue chicken.
(3) Based on the improvement of Shi Qi hybrid chicken, its growth speed is faster, commonly known as "Zhongkuai" Sanhuang chicken.
(4) A kind of "fast-growing" Sanhuang chicken, represented by Huang Yue "882", is a big and fast-growing broiler breed with certain blood relationship. These Sanhuang chickens not only keep the high-quality flavor of traditional Sanhuang chickens, but also improve the growth rate, feed conversion rate, meat production and egg production.
Second, Qingyuan Maji
Qingyuan Chicken originated from Qingyuan County (now Qingyuan City) in Guangdong Province. Because the hen's back feathers have tiny black spots, it is called a pheasant. Known for its small size, well-developed subcutaneous and intermuscular fat, thin skin and soft bones, it is one of the famous small broilers exported from live chickens in China. Physical characteristics can be summarized as "one wedge", "two thinness" and "three hemp bodies" "One wedge" means that the hen is wedge-shaped, with compact forequarters, large hindquarters, "two thin fingers" and thin feet; "Three hemp bodies" means that the surface of hen's back feathers mainly has three colors: ephedra, hemp brown and hemp brown. The cock has a moderate neck length, with golden feathers on its head, neck and back, black feathers on its chest, abdomen, tail and main wing, and purple feathers on its shoulders and withering feathers. The length of the hen's neck is moderate, and the feathers on the head and the first third of the neck are dark yellow. The back feathers are yellow, brown and brown with black spots, forming ephedra, hemp brown and hemp brown. Single crown upright. The shin toes are short and thin and yellow. The adult weight of cock is 2 180g, and that of hen is 1750g. Slaughter determination: 6-month-old hens have a semi-clean chamber of 85%, a full-clean chamber of 75.5%, castrated cocks have a semi-clean chamber of 83.7% and a full-clean chamber of 76.7%. 70 ~ 80 eggs are laid every year, with an average egg weight of 46.6 grams, egg shape index 1.3 1, and light brown shell color.
Third, black-bone chicken
Black-bone chicken, also known as Wushan chicken, shredded bamboo chicken and black-bone chicken, is an omnivorous bird. It originated in Wushan, Taihe County, Jiangxi Province, China. There, it has been raised for more than 2000 years. Not only their beaks, eyes and feet are black, but also their skin, muscles, bones and most internal organs are black. Judging from the nutritional value, the nutrition of black-bone chicken is much higher than that of ordinary chicken, and it tastes tender. As for the medicinal and dietotherapy functions, it is incomparable to ordinary chickens and is called "dietotherapy rare birds". The United States calls it smooth short-legged chicken. Black-bone chicken is short, with small head and short neck. After evolution and reproductive distribution, it is now found in many countries. Not only their beaks, eyes and feet are black, but also their skin, muscles, bones and most internal organs are black. Due to the different feeding environment, the characteristics of black-bone chicken are different, such as white feather black bone, Kuroha black bone, black ivory black meat, white meat black bone and so on. The color of black-bone chicken feathers also becomes more diverse with different feeding methods. In addition to the original white, there are now black, blue, dark yellow, gray and brown. Judging from the nutritional value, the nutrition of black-bone chicken is much higher than that of ordinary chicken. Taihe is the hometown of black-bone chicken in China, and its authentic origin is Wangbeitu Village, Wushan County, Taihe County. Beautiful landscapes have nurtured poultry treasures Taihe silky fowl. Taihe black-bone chicken is petite and exquisite, and its appearance has ten characteristics, namely, tufted crown, tassel head, green ears, beard, silk hair, black skin, black bone, black meat, hairy feet and five fingers. It integrates medicinal, nourishing and ornamental functions. Pay tribute to the palaces of past dynasties. It contains 19 kinds of amino acids and 27 kinds of trace elements, and has three functions of health care, beauty care and cancer prevention. The annual feeding of black-bone chickens in the county is stable at 20 million feathers.
Fourth, Lu Hua chicken.
Lu Hua Chicken is a kind of high-quality chicken, which is native to Wenshang County. It's oval, big and has only one crown. In China, striped rock chicken is called Lu Hua chicken, which has black and white feathers. The white stripes of roosters are wider than black, and the stripes of hens are the same width. The cock weighs about 4.5 kilograms and the hen weighs 3.5 kilograms. Fast growth, good meat quality and easy fattening. Lays many eggs, one year 180 ~ 200, weighing 50 ~ 60 grams, with red shells.
Feature 1: The growth period is 4-6 months, the weight of cock is about 2.5kg, and that of hen is about 2kg.
Feature 2: Feeding in the growth stage is divided into several stages:
(1) In the brooding and feeding stages, from hatching to the first 20 days, the feed is all puffed feed. It is better to cook it in the place where there is no puffed feed and feed it in the air to reduce intestinal diseases.
(2) In the initial stage of breeding and feeding, from the completion of brooding and feeding to the last 20 days, 20% green feed (that is, edible vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, pumpkin, carrot, celery and zucchini are used as green feed for chickens and mixed with miscellaneous grains such as corn flour) can be added in the last 20 days of feeding, and all kinds of vegetables contain a lot of vitamins and various nutrients, making Lu Hua chickens delicious and edible.
(3) In the feeding stage, within three months after the initial feeding stage, the addition amount of various green feeds in this growing period can reach about 45%. Pay attention to the humidity of the mixture and don't drop water in your hand. It is more scientific to reduce the green feed to about 35% during the laying period.
Feature 3: Lu Hua chicken has a wide food chain, and weeds, flowers, leaves, roots, seeds, fruits, moths, maggots, earthworms and insects on the mountain can all become chicken food chains.
Feature 4: Lu Hua chicken has a large activity since childhood, strong climbing ability and long flying distance. Therefore, chickens are strong in disease resistance, strong in body and muscular. This breed of chickens is compact, delicate and muscular.
Feature 5: Lu Hua chicken is very nest-conscious. No matter how far you swim during the day, you will go back to your nest to rest at sunset. Therefore, it is very suitable for scattered breeding in different local areas (plains, hills, grasslands, mountains, etc.). ).
Five, apricot flower chicken
Apricot Chicken, also known as "Mizai Chicken" Origin (or distribution): It is produced in Fengkai County, Guangdong Province. Main features: it is a small meat chicken breed. Its physical characteristics can be summarized as "two thin" (thin head and thin feet), "three yellow" and "three short" (short neck, short body and short feet). Chickens are mainly "three yellows" with pale yellow feathers. The cock has a big head, a big erect crown, and bright red crown, ears and meat. The rainbow is orange and yellow. Feathers are yellow with reddish gold, and the main and tail feathers are black. Yellow feet. The hen has a small head and a short yellow beak. Single crown, crown, ear lobe, meat hanging red. The rainbow is orange and yellow. The body feathers are yellow or light yellow, and there are many black spots (called "sesame spots") at the root of the neck, which looks like a necklace. The main feather and the inside feather of aileron are mostly black, and most tail feathers have several Kuroha. The adult weight of cock is 1950g, and that of hen is 1590g. 1 12-day-old slaughter test: cock half-clean chamber 79%, hen half-clean chamber 74.7%, hen half-clean chamber 76.0% and hen whole chamber 70.0%. 30% of 150 days old lay eggs, with an average of 95 eggs per year, weighing about 45 grams, and the eggshells are brown. Three characteristics: two thin, three yellow and two short, namely: thin head and thin bones; Yellow mouth, yellow hair and yellow feet; Short body and short neck. Apricot chicken has plump muscles and uniform fat distribution. Whether it is boiled or steamed, it is as tender, smooth, fresh and sweet, especially boiled. Apricot chicken is slaughtered and washed, soaked in boiling water at 90 degrees Celsius, so its skin is golden, shiny, fresh and sweet, refreshing and fragrant. The market price is about a catty in 20 yuan.
Six, Chai chicken
Chai chicken has tough body, slender legs, likes dry wood, and often lives on firewood, so it is named Chai chicken, which has the characteristics of rough feeding resistance, strong adaptability, foraging, stable genetic performance, strong nesting ability and strong disease resistance. The average weight of 6-month-old cock is 2 kg, and the average weight of hen is 1.5 kg. Sexual maturity is 6.5 months, and delivery begins at 8 months; 600-day-old laying eggs 180 ~ 2 10 (7 ~ 9 kg), the average egg weight is 40-42 g, and the eggshells are mostly white and light brown. Its egg yolk has a large proportion and yellow color, and its egg white is thick and bright.
Seven, princess chicken
Princess chicken, also known as lady chicken, originated from the British royal family. It wears a rockhopper and a black-and-white Henaan, which is naturally beautiful. It was named "Princess Chicken" by the British royal family, which was exclusively for the court to enjoy and use, and it was forbidden to be raised by the people. It is an ornamental, delicious and nutritious food. It is rich in game and nutrition. Its meat is tender, oily but not greasy. It is delicious and rich in 17 kinds of amino acids, 10 kinds of trace elements and vitamins needed by human body. In particular, the content of selenium and zinc, known as the king of cancer, is 3-5 times that of ordinary birds. It is the most ideal rare bird for dietotherapy at present, and is known as. Oral liquid factories all over the world use its extract to make high-quality health care products, which are very popular with quick effect and long duration, and are now well received by domestic and foreign markets.
Although chicken seems to have little meat and little value, in cartilage or bone, the binding tissue that can absorb animal glue contains a lot of collagen and elastin, which is quite effective for blood vessels, skin and internal organs. Chicken wings contain a lot of vitamin A, far more than green peppers. When cooking wing meat, it should be cooked with slow fire to give off a fragrant taste, and effective ingredients such as collagen must be cooked for a long time to dissolve. Many people are afraid to eat the pimple-like particles produced on its surface. Children also like to eat after peeling. Chicken wings contain a lot of collagen and elastin, which can strengthen blood vessels and skin, and are quite effective for blood vessels, skin and internal organs. Chicken wings contain a lot of vitamin A, far more than green peppers. It is necessary for vision, growth, epithelial tissue and bone development, spermatogenesis and fetal growth and development. Chicken wings have the effects of warming the middle warmer, benefiting the essence, strengthening the waist and strengthening the stomach. It is especially suitable for the elderly and children, those who have a cold and fever, excessive internal fire, and excessive phlegm and dampness. Patients with toxic heat furuncle, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cholecystitis and gallstones are not suitable for eating.
There are too many varieties of native chickens all over the country. In Sichuan, Chongqing and Shandong, it is mainly medium and large, weighing more than three or four kilograms. In Hunan and Jiangxi, mainly capons weigh less than three or four kilograms. Yellow feather broiler is the main breed in Guangxi. Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, the number of native egg chickens is half.
Therefore, to raise native chickens, we must choose suitable varieties, differentiated varieties and varieties with strong disease resistance, which will directly reduce the mortality and elimination rate; Choose a nice and delicious variety.
In recent years, many ecological free-range chicken bases have appeared all over the country, such as bamboo forest chicken, pheasant running, ground chicken and so on. Under the trend of "green consumption", the domestic free-range chicken industry has become a "pig standing on the tuyere". But the real free-range basically doesn't make money. Many entrepreneurs who advocate healthy and safe ingredients have devoted themselves to free-range chickens and devoted their efforts for many years. However, the market environment they face is that bad money drives out good money and they have to quit. In short, it is still difficult to develop free-range chickens:
First of all, the production cost of free-range chickens is high. Compared with intensive farming, free-range native chicken reduces the yield per unit area and increases the feed cost. Moreover, because antibiotics and hormones are not used, the survival rate is low and the farming cycle is long.
Second, the market control is chaotic. Free-range chickens have a low threshold, and anyone can enter, and the quality of employees is mixed. A large number of profit-seekers blindly enter the free-range chicken industry when they see the high price of a single chicken, which leads to the prevalence of fake free-range chicken in market sales and impacts the free-range chicken market.
Third, industry standards are missing. There are many ways to raise free-range chickens, and the cost of a single chicken varies greatly. At present, it can be called "free range" enclosure and free range. The cost of these two methods is different, and the quality of chicken and eggs is also different. But in the market, everyone said it was authentic free-range and the price was chaotic.
Fourth, domestic free-range chickens are generally raised on a small scale, so it is difficult to achieve product standardization and small batch production, and it is difficult to sell them in traditional wholesale markets.