Great changes have taken place in literature during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The consciousness of literature and the individualization of literary creation are the most remarkable changes, which have triggered a series of other changes and developments. During this period, the court played a central role and formed a literary group centered on the court. The convergence within the group makes literature present a group style at this time and another style at another time, which makes the stages of literature development quite obvious.
There are some outstanding writers in the literary group, such as Cao Zhi and Ruan Ji.
Serina Liu (186-217), a native of Ningyang in Dongping (now Gucheng Village, Sidian Town, Ningyang County) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a famous writer and poet in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. He was famous for his five-character poems. Not very friendly with RoyceWong, but later recruited by Cao Cao and became a member of urban and rural areas. Most of the poems are lost. There are fifteen poems today, most of which are for answers. The Ming Dynasty compiled Liu Gong Wo Ji.
In the literary history of Wei and Jin Dynasties, he was also known as the "seven sons of Jian 'an" with Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Chloe Nguyen and Ying, and was also known as the "seven sons" because of their cohabitation (Linzhang County, Henan Province).
Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, said in Essays on Canon that Serina Liu, Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan R and Ying Qizi: "There is nothing left to learn, nothing left to say. Salt is thousands of miles away, so report it. " He also praised him as "a good man in a five-character poem is wonderful" ("You Zhi Shu"), which is simple and popular and better than Bi Xing.
Serina Liu often writes poems and sings songs about wine with Cao Cao and Cao Zhi, which is deeply loved by Cao Zhi and his son. 19 years old, Serina Liu became prime minister. He is good at poetry, and his five-character poems are quite famous, and his writing is smart, just like Cao Zhi. Later generations and Cao Zhi called him "Cao Liu", and M K Zhong called him "the crown of five words" and "the saint of articles", and he was indeed the best among the "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an".
"Dian lue" says: "You invited all the scholars to sit down with wine, ordered his wife Zhen Shi to pay homage, and everyone sat down with salt, and Zhen looked up alone. Taizu heard about it and went to prison. "
Liu Zhen can read poetry at the age of five, and recite the Analects of Confucius and the Book of Songs at the age of eight, with tens of thousands of words. Because of his excellent memory and quick response to debates, he is called a prodigy. After Cao Cao's conquest, he served as prime minister, son of the plain and literature with five senses. ("Taiping Yulan" Volume 385 cited "Scholars")
In 197, eleven-year-old Serina Liu fled to Xuchang with his mother and brother, and met Cao Zijian at the post office. Cao Zhi was impressed by Serina Liu's erudition. In order to further deepen his close friendship, he took him to the Prime Minister's Office, where he wrote articles and poems day and night, and was like-minded and closely related. Later, he met five other students, including Kong Rong, who often talked about learning, "keeping pace with each other and adapting to each other".
As an adult, Serina Liu hopes to meet a wise gentleman and display his political ambitions. However, at the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was extremely corrupt and dark, and social crisis was deep. After the rulers suppressed the peasant uprising in the Yellow turban insurrectionary, warlords everywhere became independent, and China fell into division and turmoil. According to Cao Cao in the north, his politics is more open-minded, his talents are meritocratic, and his literary talents are widely recruited.
This made people with lofty ideals, such as RoyceWong, Beihai Xu Gan, Chen Liuruan, Ru Naying and Serina Liu, who longed for the reunification of China, rush to Yecheng under Cao Cao from all directions, forming a literary group headed by Cao Shi and his son. Because most of their poems describe the turbulent social reality at the end of the Han Dynasty, express the lofty desire of unifying and governing the country, and are generous and tragic.
Liu Zhen is an important member of Jian 'an Literature Group and has a close relationship with Cao Shi. In his poems, he compared Cao Cao to Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty, a prosperous and unified China, and took Cao Shi as a corporal (see "Four Gifts and Five Generals"). He pinned his hopes of reunifying China on Cao Cao. At the beginning of joining Cao Cao, he was appointed as a subordinate of the Prime Minister, followed Cao Cao in his expedition to the north, and made suggestions for military aircraft.
After Jian 'an 16 years (2 1 1 year), he became the illegitimate child of Hou in Pingyuan, and soon became the literature of the five senses corps commander, accompanying Cao Pi.
Judging from the existing poems, he has a close relationship with Cao Pi, and he is also a relative and friend with the Cao Pi brothers, and often has informal contacts. Cao Pi once gave Luo Dai a special gift to show his affection, and thus left a strange article (including a brief introduction). However, Serina Liu is arrogant and informal. Once xelloss feted all the articles, drunk and forgetful, and ordered his wife, Zhen Shi, to go out to worship. Everyone in the seat knelt on the ground and did not dare to look up, but Serina Liu did not avoid it. Cao Pi didn't mind this, but when Cao Cao heard about it, he would be punished for disrespect. After the rescue, he was "reduced to death" and punished with hard labor, which was not reused for life. This is really a very heavy blow to Liu, and his painful feelings are fully revealed in the poem "To Xu Gan".
In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), the plague was prevalent in the north and Serina Liu died. Cao Pi was deeply saddened by this and commented on his legacy. He also recalled the close contact between "the line is connected with Yu, and when you stop, you will be seated" and "drinking and reciting poems" (see "The Book of Martial Arts").
His life's works include ten volumes of Shi Mao Yi Ci and four volumes of Selected Works. Liu Gonggan's collection has been handed down from generation to generation.
According to legend, after his death, he was reincarnated as Gu, the general manager of the county (in Tang Niu Sangru's "The Record of Mysteries")
Liu Liang, the father of Serina Liu, a family member, whose name is Manshan, is a respected descendant of the royal family in the Han Dynasty. He was young, lonely, poor, Geng Jie by nature, brilliant, self-sufficient in selling books, filial when the emperor was in office, noble in literature, and finally a wild king. He once "fought against the world and competed with evil songs" and wrote "The Theory of Breaking Groups".
His mother is the great-grandson of Jing and Wang. She is good at playing the piano, playing chess, painting and calligraphy, writing poems and singing. Young and widowed, she pinned her hopes on her son and nephew. Under the advice, supervision and example of his mother, Serina Liu developed a studious, curious and indomitable character from an early age.
Serina Liu's works are magnificent, lofty in artistic conception and high in style. Together with RoyceWong, it is called "Liu Wang". In Qing Dynasty, Liu Xizai said that "public spirit wins, public propaganda wins" (An Introduction to Art and Poetry), which revealed their respective strengths through comparison.
Others called him "Cao Liu" with Cao Zhi, also from the perspective of Qi. The three poems "To My Brother" reflect his style, express the poet's ambition, and have a sad, generous and refined spirit. Among them, the second song: "The pavilion is loose on the mountain, and the rustling valley is caressed." When the wind is strong, pine branches are strong. First frost is miserable and always right at the end of the year. "Don't you feel cold? Pine and cypress are natural. " Especially praised.
However, the weakness of Serina Liu's creation is that his rhetoric is not rich enough, so Zhong Rong said in his poems that he was "too literary and polished to hate less". He and Wang Neng each have a great Xia Fu, and the difference in literary talent is obvious. Similarly, in the face of turbulent society and bumpy life, he mostly expresses personal indignation, so his works are always full of generosity and openness. As he himself said, the stricter the wind and frost force, the more it can reflect the firmness and straightness of pines and cypresses. This spirit and temperament created the elegant and agile style of Serina Liu's poems.
However, Serina Liu's literary attainments are extraordinary, especially five-character poems, of which only 15 exist. In the Collection of Poetry Appreciation of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, his poems were evaluated as: "It is difficult to think round, and with its unique freshness and rigidity, it has won people's appreciation. Not only is it beautiful in this world, but the situation is always new and can set an example for the future. " Most of his poems are about magnificent mountains and rivers, lyrical about scenery and rewarding feelings for a few. The poem "To Xu Gan" was evaluated by Zhong Rong as "five-word warning". There are three poems in A Gift for My Brother, and the second one is the best of the three. The poem reads: "The pavilion is loose on the mountain, and the valley is full of tricks. How strong is the wind? How strong is the pine tree? " First frost is miserable and always right at the end of the year. Is it cold? Pines and cypresses are natural. "Zhong Rong's Preface to Poetry said:" Cao Gong and his son are kind and gentle; Ping Yuanjun's younger brother is Wendong, and Serina Liu and RoyceWong are his wings. "Visible, Serina Liu's literary creation is a great contribution.
His most famous poems include Lu Du Fu, Li Fu, Sui Fu, Gua Fu, Da Shu Fu and Qing Si Fu. His prose style is unique, "actively propagating and proofreading the world, with more than a thousand poems" and "Wen Xin Diao Long Zhu". Instead of whitewashing the secular, he described the local customs and beautiful natural scenery of his hometown with fresh style, skillful skills and simple and accurate language, so as to make the past serve the present. Satire on current events and lyrical images have realized the transformation of the content of Han Fu from the court to the society and from the emperor to the common people. The length changed from a long macro article to a short summary, which created a precedent for the later literary development.
Debater Liu Zhen is not only outstanding in literary talent, but also witty and eloquent. Cao Pi gave Liu Zhen a generous ribbon when he was commander in chief of the five senses. Later, when he wanted to get it back, he sent a book and a piece of paper, sarcastically saying, "The wealth of a husband lies in people, so it is in the hands of the humble, not in the respect of the royal family." Although it was taken today, don't think you don't object. "History of the Three Kingdoms
Serina Liu saw that Wendi was laughing at his low status and didn't wear a profile belt symbolizing dignity, so he wanted to take back the original gift. However, Serina Liu didn't bend over and insisted on not paying. At a meeting in the same hall, he recalled the old story: "I heard that Wang Buyao was just a treasure at the foot of Jingshan Mountain; Empress Zhu is a good candle for everyone. The gold of Nanyin is the first of its kind; Phoenix tail is a gift for the minister. Those who returned to the treasure were all submerged in the mud under the rotten stone, but after thousands of years of glory, they surpassed the past and failed to connect with the Supreme. The husband is served by the honorable person, and the humble person is also repaired; The expensive is the royal family, and the cheap is the first. Therefore, when the summer house is first formed, the owner will go down first, and the autumn will be ripe, and the farmer will taste the grain first. Hate the shelf without other wonderful ornaments, bitter and thin, acceptable. And those who haven't heard the supreme gift, turn against it. "
Cao Pi listened to Serina Liu's wonderful theory and appreciated it very much. He not only lamented his erudition and eloquence, but also admired his eloquence. He was neither humble nor supercilious, derogatory in courtesy, and implicit in praise, thus giving up the idea of claiming compensation.
There are many examples of Liu Zhen's eloquence. His eloquence is like a sharp weapon that can always win. Sometimes he saves the day, sometimes he succeeds in adversity, and sometimes he shines in the dark.
On one occasion, Liu Zhen was punished as a coolie for "disrespect" and grinded stones in Luojing West Stone Factory. Wang Cao visited the stone factory, and all the officials and coolies climbed on the ground, afraid to look up. Only Serina Liu didn't kneel down and worked as usual. Cao Cao was furious and went to Serina Liu. Serina Liu put down his hammer and said, "Wang Wei's talent is well known all over the world. As a coolie, Serina Liu dared to despise the king. However, during Wei's years, I often heard Wang Wei's teachings. When I do something, I will try my best. If I succeed, I will be proud of myself. If I fail, I will be humiliated. Now I am a coolie, specializing in stones. Studying stones is my loyalty to Wang Wei, so I dare not quit my job. " After listening, Wang Wei asked, "What about the stone?" Liu Zhenlang replied: "Stone" comes from the top of Jingshan Cliff, with five-color seals on the outside and the treasure of Bian Shi in it. Grind without adding jade, engrave without adding text, and you will accept and take care of its reasons in a down-to-earth manner, and you will not apply for it in vain. "Knowing that Serina Liu had borrowed a stone from himself, Cao Cao pardoned him, but he never used it again.
Serina Liu was educated by Confucian "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith" since he was a child, and he knew that being upright and upright was an abomination to bad things and people without faith. One night, Wei's son Cao Pi gave a banquet to entertain all the people. He was as drunk as a fiddler. Xelloss ordered Zhen Shiyin to come out to see you. Liu Zhen angrily, because xelloss married Zhen Shi, the wife of Yuan, and because Zhen Shi married and remarried unfaithfully. Only Serina Liu didn't stand on his knees, and his face was full of disdain and disdain. When xelloss saw this, he flew into a rage and asked Serina Liu to die. Thanks to everyone's intercession and Cao Cao's intervention, he was saved from death, thrown into prison and punished as a coolie. He used metaphor in his works and wrote Fu of Sui Dynasty. After the pardon, I became official.
Serina Liu's great achievements in literature, eloquent skills and loyal and dedicated spirit won the praise of later generations.
The creative feature is different from RoyceWong's, and Serina Liu's style is "vigorous but not dense" (Cao Pi's Classic Papers). Serina Liu's poems are all won by momentum. Whether lyrical or chanting things, whether writing landscapes or writing birds, all show his spirit of transcending eternity and making great efforts to govern. Yuan Haowen said in On Poetry: "Cao Liu is sitting in a roaring tiger."
The wind is born, and there are no two males in the four seas. "Is to appreciate his strong spirit.
Poetry of the Public Banquet writes the beauty of mountains and rivers and the pleasure of sightseeing with gorgeous poems.
"Cockfighting Poem" is a work about cockfighting entertainment. It has no profound meaning, but it can convey the spirit of cockfighting in extremely concise language, and also reflects the author's heroic and uninhibited character.
The three poems "To a Brother" use seaweed, pine and phoenix to describe the noble character of loyalty, which is not only a compliment to my brother, but also a self-portrait of the poet. Liu Lu said, "At the beginning, Azao can commend shame, and at the second time, pines and cypresses can be faithful in moral integrity. At the end, the deeper the chapter, the more important it is." ("Selected Poems and Supplementary Notes" Volume II) The second one is the best.
In Serina Liu's prose, Liu Xie thinks that "beauty is good and regular" and "if you take it from a name, it is not beautiful as a poem." ("Wen Xin Diao Long Secretary") Such as a poem "A Gift to Xu Gan", with the feeling of alienation set off by the spring scenery in the West Garden, "the brushwork is full of gas and ease" (Chen Ruoming's "Selected Ancient Poems in Caijitang"), with delicate words and euphemistic writing, won 19 ancient poems.
His prose is rarely handed down from generation to generation, with only three essays: A Letter to Cao Zhi (contained in Taiping Yulan, Volume 739), A Letter of Advice to Cao Zhi (contained in The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Xingyi) and A Reply to Wang Wei Pi Shu (contained in Dian lue). The first two articles are incomplete, but the last one is relatively complete, humorous and readable.
People commented that Liu was really an important member of "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" and one of the representative writers of "Jian 'an Literature", and was praised as "the saint of articles". However, the academic research on him seems to be slightly weak and there are some unreasonable places. Based on Serina Liu's few extant works, this paper analyzes the artistic features of his poems from three aspects: lofty style, rich emotion and sad artistic conception.
Liu Zhen is famous for his poems. Zhong Rong said, "The fighting spirit is curious, and the movement is more exciting. Bone cream, high wind. " (On Poetry)
His achievements are mainly in poetry, which can be divided into two categories, one is a gift poem and the other is a pleasure poem. Among the poems that give answers, the most famous one is To My Brother, which uses apple algae, pine trees and phoenix as metaphors to express loyalty and noble character. Entertainment poems include banquet poems, cockfighting poems and kite flying poems.
Zhong Rong said in the poem, "If you are angry with his words, you will hate less.". However, from below Chen Si, it is called a unique step. "