The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest (the reading time of this article is about 15 minutes) Many people tend to be the degenerates of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but in addition to the well-known "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", more people are characterized by paying attention to artificial decoration and taking female beauty as the fashion. In China culture, generally speaking, a man's image is based on his appearance, not his appearance itself. But in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was odd, and paying attention to appearance and form became a fashion. In most times, it was regarded as a morbid hobby, but in Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was a kind of mutual boasting capital. At that time, a famous person would be praised if he looked like a beautiful woman, so it was not surprising that men painted. For example, Yan Yan said that he likes to wear women's clothes. Shi Shuo Xin Yu Rong Zhi said, "Uncle He Ping is beautiful and white, but Wei Mingdi suspects him of applying powder. He's here, hot soup, cake and sweat, wiping his body with red clothes, and turning to Jiao Ran. " It is said that S also has the habit of painting powder. This trend continued until the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yan Zhitui's "Yan Family Training Mianxue" said: "When the Liang Dynasty was in its heyday, your children were very knowledgeable ... they all smoked clothes and shaved their faces, applied powder and Zhu, drove a long eaves car, followed their high teeth, sat on chess pieces, covered their pockets with spots, played with tools, and calmly entered and exited, looking forward to it." The so-called "smoking clothes and shaving your head" means to smoke incense on clothes or carry spices with you. At that time, Cao Cao once gave an order prohibiting spices from being brought into clothes. A person's demeanor has been regarded as an important symbol of a person's social morality and personality charm since the end of Han Dynasty. One of the important reasons why scholars attach importance to appearance is that they attach importance to this point as an important talk material. This is obviously from a special part of Shi Shuo Xin Yu to describe people's "Rong Zhi". For example, there is a description of the sage Wang Xizhi in the book: "When Wang Youjun saw Du Hongzhi, he sighed:' If the face is condensed and the eyes are like paint, this fairy is a human being'; At that time, people saw Wang Youjun: floating like a cloud, agile like a dragon. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, praising a man was often exaggerated and gorgeous, but praising a man with the words "If his face is solid, his eyes are like paint, this immortal is human" may seem gay to modern people. Although debauchery was an important fashion in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the pursuit of elegance was always the theme. The most typical is Ji Kang's description. Ji Kang was undoubtedly the core figure at that time. His theories of "no sorrow, no joy" and "keeping in good health" are the background knowledge of Jin scholars' discussion, and his special temperament has always been regarded as a typical existence. "Tales on Earth" Rong Zhi said: Ji Kang is seven feet eight inches long (equivalent to 1.8 meters or more) and has a unique charm. The audience sighed: "Mix Su Su, warm and clear. Or the cloud says, "Su Su is like a loose wind, high and attractive. Master Shan (Dao) said, "Uncle Ji is a man at night. If Yan Yan is lonely, he will be drunk. If Russia is like Yushan, he will collapse. " "Although the scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties are good at making amazing words, they are also the most exaggerated descriptions of personal images we can see. The most amazing thing about Ji Kang is his death. According to historical records, Ji Kang died of loyalty to his friends. When his good friend Lu An was arrested for unfilial crimes, Ji Kang did not choose to escape, but took the initiative to defend him. Ji Kang, as the in-laws of the Cao Shi family, was in a bad situation after the Sima family came to power. His consistent "humble" has made many people uncomfortable. Therefore, when he stood up to defend his friend, he was certainly imprisoned for the same crime with his influence. Although more than 3,000 students in Luoyang have written letters to * * *, under authoritarian politics, this kind of * * * often strengthens the determination of powerful people to get rid of worries. So one day in 262 AD, Ji Kang was taken to Luoyang, the eastern capital. Before his execution, he asked his brother in the crowd to hand over his beloved piano, lamenting: Someone wanted to learn the songs of Guangling San from me before, but I didn't teach him. From now on, Guangling San is likely to become a swan song. Due to the popularity of the belief in immortals in the Han Dynasty, medicine and wine were sought after by foodies. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to Zhang Jiao's use of Taoist beliefs to launch an uprising, Cao Cao and others were always wary of alchemists with great social appeal and decided to confine them to Wei Chu. At first, Cao Cao and his followers were skeptical about each other's technology. For example, there is a saying in Cao Cao's poem that although the tortoise lives for a long time, it sometimes flies and eventually turns to dust. " (Step out of the Summer Gate) But the mysterious magic mastered by the alchemists gradually changed their concept of equating alchemists with liars. Cao Cao himself began to keep in good health, including sex and feeding. He also wrote to some people who are said to have mastered the art of immortality, hoping to get the secret recipe. In the Natural History written by Zhang Hua, the fact that Cao Cao took Pueraria lobata and made wine was recorded. The idiom "drinking poison to quench thirst" reminds people that the so-called "drinking" is a kind of poisonous wine. However, in ancient China, medicine and poison were always regarded as one family, and health care experts in Wei and Jin Dynasties thought that taking poison properly could achieve the effect of fighting poison with poison. Cold food powder was the most popular medicine in Wei and Jin Dynasties. We don't know the specific formula of cold food powder. It is said that the inventor is Zhang Zhongjing or Hua Tuo. According to the medical books at that time, after eating, with the onset of toxicity, it will produce huge internal heat. Therefore, a set of complicated procedures are needed to disperse poison and dissipate heat, which are called "launch" and "Stonefur". If properly distributed, diseases will be carved out at the roots with the distribution of hot air in the body, while improper distribution will have many side effects. However, due to the success of Yanhe and others, many people are eager to take it and create many recipes. Many people who have no money and love to follow the fashion often refer to fever as "Stonefur". A joke circulated at that time said that a person was lying at the gate of the market, and soon he said that he had a fever, which caused everyone to watch. His companion asked him why he had a sudden fever, and he replied, "I" have a stone hair. "The companion asked him when he would eat it. He said that there were stones in the rice he bought at the grain store yesterday, and he ate it. Today is Stonefur. This joke fully reflected the prevalence of eating "cold food powder" at that time. In the fashion of scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, besides taking medicine, there was also a kind of drinking. In "The World Tells Ren Xinyu's Birthday", there is a saying: "Celebrities don't have to be wizards. But if you always have nothing to do, drink too much and read Li Sao well, you can be called a celebrity. Yao Yao, a modern scholar, said: "Although all the celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties took Laozi and Zhuangzi as their teachers and respected profoundness, their behavior showed that there were also two schools which were obviously different. Ruan Ji showed their broadmindedness and naturalness through their daily behaviors, which is not important to Shogen. We can call them drinkers or renda. On the other hand, Yanhe is the founder of Qingtan, and some of them may be called the medical school or the Qingtan school. " (History of Medieval Literature, Peking University Publishing House, 1986). Of course, even the scholar Yao Yao himself admitted that these two factions often merged, but as far as the relationship between eating and drinking is concerned, there is an internal connection between them. Because according to the medical theory at that time, cold food powder needed warm wine. In the 22nd edition of Sun Simiao's "One Thousand Jin Fang Yi" in the Tang Dynasty, he said: "Who is the first to eat cold powder, saying that this powder is suitable for cold food and cold water to wash the cold, but wine can clear heat and drink; No, that is, all diseases arise. " So people who drink don't necessarily take medicine, but people who take medicine must drink. The phenomenon of fever after taking medicine is an important reason for the popularity of loose clothes in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the health care fever at that time, the yearning for the elegant image of the immortal was of course one of the reasons for taking off the coat, but I still felt itchy when I had a fever, so I had to wear wide clothes. Because celebrities can only wear wide clothes when taking medicine, it has formed a star effect. Because new clothes are hard, you can only wear some old clothes, and you can't wash them often, which gives birth to the allusion of "answering questions". "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Liang Ya" contains: "Why did you set out in Yangzhou, and when you gained power, you stopped outside the state gate, and the prime minister Zhou Houyi, the car, looked for lice, did not move." "Biography of Wang Meng" is attached to Jin Fu Bamboo Slips: "Huan Wen was surprised when he entered the customs. When he talks about contemporary affairs, there is no one around. ("Biography of Northern Qi Dynasty" contains: "A man who is neither virtuous nor stupid can be a customer or undress to find lice. Ji Kang, a famous celebrity, said in his masterpiece "Breaking Up with Mountain Juyuan" that he can't stand all kinds of life, one of which is related to lice: "If you sit in danger for a while, you can't shake your numbness, and you will grow more lice, so you can't scratch yourself. It is unbearable to wrap yourself in a chapter and pay homage to Shangguan. " "Originally, people will become impatient and furious after taking medicine, plus the bite of embarrassing lice. At the critical moment, manners are inevitably ignored and arrogance is inevitable. Let's talk about wine again. Wine and literati have a natural affinity. Therefore, celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties feel that if they don't get drunk for three days, they will feel that the body and soul are no longer close. However, the ancients have long said that "the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine", and it is obvious that celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties indulge in wine and pleasure. In Shi Lin Shi Hua, there is a passage that runs through it like this: "Jin people talk a lot and drink a lot, which makes people intoxicated." This may not really mean wine, but it is difficult to cover the time. Everyone is afraid of disaster, but relying on drunkenness can be rough and complicated. This strategy has been used since Gaihe. Hanshu records that when Liu Helu was not sentenced, he drank and played with women every day. Is drinking evil really good? Although different from this, it is also a skill to solve Qin's troubles and harshness, contribute money and treat people with wine. Otherwise, those who have nothing to say, such as Kuai Tong's generation, will leave their doors in the future. It spread to Ruan's followers, so they all wanted to use it as a measure to protect themselves, which only Yan Yannian knew. Therefore, "Ode to the Five Kings" said:' Liu Lingshan closed his door to the country and lost his feelings. Tao Jing drinks a lot of wine every day, but it's not a boring feast. "If so, people who drink may not drink too much, and people who are drunk may not be really drunk. Later generations don't know this. Indulge in wine, often take Ji and Ruan as examples, and they hate it! Since the end of the Han Dynasty, drinking has become an important drink for literati. For example, Cao Shi and his son enjoyed a "public banquet" composed of wine, food, bamboo and silk songs and dances, poems and discussions. Cao Shi and his son often wear ordinary clothes and participate in these activities in a state of different political status from ordinary people. They don't care about the embarrassment of being rude after drinking, but fully enjoy the happiness that wine brings them beyond their daily lives. Wang Xizhi, who is more familiar with Lanting Preface because of its long history, wrote poems in the Lanting meeting in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. If you can't write poetry, you will be fined three times for drinking. What a happy life this is. This was the normal state of literati at that time. Social unrest and literati's special feelings for life also make wine an important way to express the sadness of life. Cao Cao sighed in "Short Songs": "When drinking, life is geometric! "And the solution is still" "how to solve the problem, only Du Kang". Extreme people even value the pleasure of drinking more than fame. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Ren Birthday" said: "Zhang (John) was appointed as Jiang Dongbing. Or: Qingnai can be suitable for the moment, but not for the evil behind him? Answer: "instead of giving me a name behind my back, it is better to have a glass of wine at once!" In the same article, another poet named Bi wrote a poem: "One person holds a crab claw, and the other person holds a wine glass; Tap in the floating wine pool and you will be full of energy. "The wind of drinking reached its peak in the period of seven sages of bamboo forest. The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest are deeply involved in the conflict between Cao Shi Group and Sima Group, so their inner tension is very noticeable. In particular, Ruan Ji and Liu Ling almost all regard drinking as an important means to escape the contradictions in reality, but at the same time they also raise drinking as a way to transcend the constraints of ethics and morality and pursue the realm of spiritual freedom. " "Ren Xinyu Dan" said: "Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and Hanoi are all younger than the year before, but Kang is younger than others. Pre-signers: Guo Pei Liu Ling, Liu Chen Ruan Xian, Hanoi Xiang Xiu, Langya Wang Rong. Seven people often get together under the bamboo forest, which makes them happy, hence the name "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". "These seven people are good at drinking, especially Liu Ling. Liu Ling often delays business because of drinking. When he went out, he took a hip flask with him, and the entourage behind him took a hoe. Liu Ling told him: Where I died, you buried me. There is an article in Ren Xinyu Dan: "Liu Ling was sick and thirsty, and asked a woman for a drink. The woman donated wine to destroy the utensil and sobbed:' You drank too much. If you are not a doctor, you must stop! Ling said:' Very good. I can't help it. I hope ghosts and gods swear to break their ears! You can have wine and meat. The woman said,' I respect my life.' Give wine and meat to God, please swear. Ling knelt down and said, "Health, in the name of wine, can be solved in five fights." . Be careful not to listen to women. He introduced wine into the meat and suddenly got drunk. Liu Ling was also the advocator of nude art prevailing at that time. He drank too much, so he took off his clothes and sang at home. When someone criticized him, he said, "I take heaven and earth as my home and my home as my clothing. How did you get into my crotch? " Ruan Ji is another famous person who is famous for drinking. Ruan Ji is a very careful person. In his speech, he hardly commented on specific people, and he didn't want to be attached to powerful people. For example, when Sima Yi wanted to marry him, Ruan Ji was as drunk as a fiddler every day and the other party could not propose. But drinking seems hard to hide the pain inside. He used to ride in the wilderness until there was no way out, and he cried loudly before returning. Many people later criticized Ji Kang and Ruan Ji for undermining social discipline, but Lu Xun once pointed out that celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties were persistent and worried about famous religions. They oppose the hypocrisy of those in power who kill people in the name of religion, so they advocate restoring the true feelings behind the name of religion. Indeed, their behavior is different from the routine, but it is the most affectionate. For example, when Ruan Ji's mother died, he was playing chess with others. Others advised him to go home and cook quickly, but Ruan Ji insisted on playing chess, drank two bowls of wine, shouted and vomited blood. On the day of burying his mother, he ate stewed pig's feet, drank two bowls of wine, beat his chest, vomited blood several times, and even made people very haggard. Some people think it is filial piety, but more people think it is contempt for etiquette. As a spiritual drink, wine has been endowed with more ideals among scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, so drinking has also become a realm. Liu Ling wrote a ode to wine virtue to attack those polite people, thinking that they don't understand thunder after drinking and turn a blind eye to the shape of Mount Tai. I can't feel cold and summer muscles, and the feeling of lust. "Here, the anesthesia of wine is transformed into a denial of a certain order and a deconstruction of a certain meaning, and wine has become a symbol of celebrities.