Dai people have their own language and writing. Dai language belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Dai language comes from the phonetic symbols of Sanskrit letters. Dai Li, Dai Na, Dai Zhan and Jinping were originally four kinds, and now they are popular in Xishuangbanna and Dehong.
Dai people taboo outsiders to ride horses, drive cattle, carry loads, and send hair into the village indiscriminately; When entering the Dai bamboo house, you should take off your shoes outside the door and walk gently inside. You can't sit above or across the fireplace, enter the owner's inner room, or sit on the threshold; The tripod on the fireplace can't move, and the fire can't be pushed; Don't whistle and cut your nails at home; Don't use clothes as pillows, and don't sit on pillows; When hanging clothes, the coat should be hung at a high place, and the pants and skirts should be hung at a low place; Take off your shoes when entering a Buddhist temple, and avoid touching the head of the young monk, the Buddha statue and other Buddhist sacred objects.
The Dai people generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism and many festivals are related to Buddhist activities. Songkran Festival is the biggest festival held by Dai people every June. At that time, monks, relatives and friends will hold a big banquet to splash water on each other. During the Songkran Festival, besides wine and vegetables, there are many Dai snacks. The more important festivals of the Dai people are the closing festival and the opening festival, both of which are Hinayana Buddhist festivals. Dai people in Xinping, Yuanjiang, Jinggu and Jinping celebrate the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival with the same content and activities as the local Han people.
Every Dai family in Xishuangbanna should help build a house. Congratulations on the completion of the new house. First of all, the young man went upstairs, carrying a cow's head and singing a song of blessing. Mature men carry boxes, and married women carry bedding. The girls take turns carrying food. Then they set up a tripod on the fireplace, set the table, bought wine and prepared dishes, and sang songs to congratulate the new house. The villagers also send some auspicious gifts to their owners.
Dai people also worship the village gods. Dai people call it "going to Raman", which means protecting the gods. They worship twice a year. Worship the harvest before planting seedlings and give thanks after the autumn harvest. The tributes prepared by each family are sent to the special room of the social god, and after reading the sacrificial words, everyone eats. New members of the club should provide chicken, wine and bacon strips to the god of society. In Yuanjiang and Xinping, the Dai people generally worship dragon trees and dragons. When the Dai people in Yuanjiang sacrifice the dragon tree in the third month of the lunar calendar every year, the whole village will kill the red bull. Before slaughter, they will paint the red bull with white ash and spread red and green cloth on it. In the same month, in order to protect the safety of livestock, pigs will be sacrificed to Heaven and Earth.
Tibetans, with a population of about 54 1602 1 (according to the 2000 census), are mainly distributed in Xizang Autonomous Region and neighboring provinces such as Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. Mainly engaged in animal husbandry and concurrently engaged in agriculture.
Tibetan is the title of Chinese. Tibet is called Bo in Tibetan, and Tibetans living here call themselves Boba. Boba is divided into Duba (Ali area), Zangba (Xigaze area), Wei Ba (Lhasa area), Kangba (western Sichuan area) and Andova (Qinghai, Yunnan, northwest Sichuan and other areas) according to different regions. Tibetan is divided into three dialects: Weizang, Kang and Amdo.
Tibet, known as the "roof of the world", is beautiful and magical, and it is the main settlement of Tibetans. The current population is 1.3 million, of which Tibetans account for 95%. Tibetans are one of the ancient ethnic groups in China. According to historical records, as early as the Qin and Han dynasties, Tibetan ancestors lived on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Because of the vast grassland and rich aquatic plants, animal husbandry is the main production. There are mainly sheep, goats, yaks and cows. Among them, yak is the "boat on the plateau" for transportation, except milk and meat, because it has long hair and is cold-resistant. Agriculture is mainly based on the cultivation of highland barley, as well as wheat, rape, peas and other crops. The costumes of Tibetan men and women are intact. Different regions have different costumes, which is of great value to the study of Tibetan costume culture.
Tibetans have their own language and writing. It belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. The use of Tibetan language has strengthened the economic ties between Tibetans and the Central Plains of the motherland. From the tenth century to the sixteenth century, Tibetan culture flourished, and for hundreds of years, Tibetan culture shone brilliantly. In addition to the world-famous two Buddhist books, Ganjul and Danjul, there are also monographs on rhythm, literature, philosophy, history and geography, astronomy, calendar and medicine.
The Tibetan people are warm, cheerful and uninhibited. They live freely, accompanied by singing and dancing. Tibetan folk songs are melodious. Singing is accompanied by all kinds of dances. Beautiful dance and lively rhythm. Among them, tap dance, pot dance and string dance are the most popular. Ciba, ghee and highland barley wine made from highland barley are the main foods for farmers and herdsmen. Ciba is fried noodles made of highland barley or peas. Ciba is mixed with butter tea or highland barley wine, and kneaded into balls by hand for eating. Buttered tea is made by pouring the tea leaves of brick tea into a long barrel with a length of 1 m, adding salt and ghee, and impacting it up and down with a long shaft to evenly mix its various components. Tibetan compatriots would rather have no meat in March than butter tea in a day. Highland barley wine is a kind of low-alcohol wine brewed from local highland barley, which is deeply loved by men, women and children. Most foods are meat and dairy products, and many people like to eat air-dried beef and mutton. Zhuanshihui is a traditional Tibetan festival, also known as Mufo Festival, to worship mountain gods. Popular in Ganzi and Aba Tibetan areas. Every year on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, Shui Ye, Kowloon bathes it, so it is also called Mufo Festival. On this day every year, people from far and near in Ganzi Tibetan areas wear national costumes and gather on Happy Valley Mountain and Zheduo River. People first go to the temple to burn incense and pray, and burn paper money. Then turn to the mountain to worship the gods and pray for their blessing. After climbing the mountain, we set up a tent for a picnic and watched Tibetan opera. Singing folk songs, dancing pot and string dances, and riders also have horse racing and archery competitions. During this period, people will also hold material exchange activities and other cultural and sports activities.
Flower-picking Festival is a traditional festival for Tibetans in Apollo, Nanping County. It is held on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year for two days. Legend has it that long ago, Apollo was a remote valley. People gather and hunt for a living, and make clothes out of leaves and skins. One day, a girl named Lian Zhi came from far away. She is beautiful, kind and intelligent. She taught the local people to farm, weave, sew clothes, and collect lilies to treat others. One year, on the fifth day of May, Lianzhi went up the mountain to collect flowers and was swept down the cliff by the nickel wind and died. People are very sad, so they go up the mountain to pick flowers on this day to commemorate her. Over time, the flower picking festival was formed.
Tibetan New Year is the most important festival for Tibetan people. They should put on costumes to pay New Year greetings to each other and go to the temple to worship and pray. On the fifteenth day of the first month, the major monasteries held ceremonies, and in the evening, the temples lit butter lamps. In Ta 'er Temple in Qinghai and Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, the butter sculptures made by lamas with butter are famous for their bright colors and exquisite sculptures. On April 15, it is said that religious activities were held in various places to commemorate the day when Sakyamuni became a Buddha and Princess Wencheng entered Tibet. In July, a bumper harvest of grain is in sight, and farmers are walking around the fields with scrolls. This is called Guowang Festival, wishing a bumper harvest that year.
Respondents: yclqy 19929 17- doorman level 3 9- 14 18: 16.
Second, Dai language
Dai language belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Divided into Xishuangbanna dialect, Dehong dialect and Jinping dialect. The phonetic characters of the Dai people are derived from Sanskrit letters, which vary from place to place. During 1954, the characters were reformed and divided into Dai Na (Dehong), Dai Lu (Xishuangbanna), Dai Zhan (Ruili, Gengma and Lancang) and Jinping Dai. Xishuangbanna and Dehong are two Dai languages.
Thirdly, the astronomical calendar of the Dai nationality.
Dai people have their own traditional calendar. Dai language is called "Zulasaha", which means "Little Calendar". Its origin can be traced back to the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and the current Dai calendar began before the Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of lunar calendar. The year of the calendar is the solar calendar year, that is, one revolution around the sun; The month of Dai calendar is lunar month, that is, the period is full moon. A year is divided into 65438+February, 30 days in a single month and 29 days in a double month. Taking June as the beginning of a year, its first month is equivalent to October in the summer calendar. The average year is 350 or 355 days, and leap year is 384 days. The Dai calendar began in 638 AD.
Fourthly, the medical care of Dai people.
As a science, Dai medicine is an important part of Dai science and culture. For thousands of years, in the struggle against diseases, the Dai people have constantly summed up their experiences, collected rich folk remedies and collected thousands of kinds of herbs. Among them, Danghaya is an important medical document of the Dai people.
According to the literature, when the Dai people moved to Jingyong, many villages died of epidemic diseases, but only one village in Bart, Jingyong, no one died, and everyone was strong. They have opened up many fields and their production has developed rapidly. One day, an old man named Bo went up the mountain to pick wild fruits. He passed by the village and was surprised to find that everyone in the village was healthy. He asked the villagers, "What do you eat? Why is everyone strong? " People in the village told him: "I didn't eat anything else, but when I first came, everyone went up the mountain to pick wild fruits and vegetables to eat every day." Maybe there is a reason for this. "
When Boya went back, she told the people in other villages about this situation and advised everyone to give it a try and pick wild vegetables up the mountain to eat. Everyone wanted to cure the disease, so they did as Bo Ya said. After a period of time, it really worked and the epidemic situation was significantly reduced. Boya pays attention to picking out samples from wild fruits and vegetables picked by everyone for preservation. In the future, as long as someone in the village is sick, he will find these fruits and vegetables for the patients according to the samples. Some people get better when they are sick, while others are not so good, but they get better when they eat differently. In this way, he slowly summed up and accumulated experience. Whenever someone gets sick (mainly malaria at that time), they are treated according to different types of diseases. With the gradual reduction of diseases and people's health, Dai people call Bo's teeth "cliff", which means people who can cure diseases. Since then, Dr. Dai has appeared. After writing it down, it became a relatively complete Dai medical book today.
Traditional medical manuscripts of the Dai nationality: classic medical works of the Dai nationality. The theory and treatment methods of Dai medicine in medicine, prescription and preparation are recorded. Up to now, there are many kinds of "laurel leaf books" written on laurel leaves and "cotton paper books" made of paper supported by Broussonetia papyrifera bark. This is a treasure in China's medical heritage. At present, according to these manuscripts, Dehong Dai Medicine Prescriptions and Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Records have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Dai languages.
Fifth, the religious beliefs of the Dai people.
The Dai people are a people who believe in Southern Buddhism, and the Dai language is called "Butashasanna". It has a far-reaching influence on the politics, economy, culture and art of Dai society. It was introduced into Dai areas in the 6th-8th century. Prior to this, Dai ancestors believed in polytheism, that is, primitive religion. Due to the widespread spread of Buddhism, Buddhist temples are very common in Dai areas. It seems natural to send one's son to a temple as a monk, especially in Xishuangbanna, where almost all boys have to enter the temple to become monks at the age of 8- 10. They learned to read scripture there and usually returned to China in 1 ~ 5. There are 84,000 Tibetan scriptures in Dai language, most of which are engraved on the leaves of Bayeux, which is called Bayeux. Some of them are the works and customs of Dai monks, which are developed and supplemented according to the Buddhist meaning.
Sixth, Dai literature.
Ethnic literature: Dai people have rich folk literature works, including long narrative poems, fables, myths, legends and fairy tales. Many famous narrative poems, such as Zhao Shutun and Moody Nano, He E and luo sang, and Aunt's Story, are famous at home and abroad.
Epic: Bata Magaro, also known as the Southern Division Bata Maga Pasadai. Dai epic of creation. The content includes the creation of the world, the formation of human beings, the rise, migration and settlement of Dai ancestors. Among them, there are many Dai myths and legends of historical figures, which are ancient books and documents for studying Dai ancient myths and society.
History Book: The original name of Lu's history is Silk (Xishuangbanna Chronicle). This book records the main historical facts of the Dai people from 1 180, when Ba Zhen, the leader of the Dai nationality, entered Xishuangbanna to establish the Kingdom of Jin Jing, to 1950, when Xishuangbanna was liberated. There is a translation of Li published by Yunnan University 1947, which is called History of the Dead. The translations range from 1 180 to 1864. 1958 Zhang's supplementary translation 1844 ~ 1950, entitled "Continuation of History-Events in Xishuangbanna in the Last Hundred Years". There are other detailed editions of this book. Lushi provides many valuable materials for future generations to understand the social history of the Dai people, and it is an important historical document of the Dai people.
Seven, Dai drama
There are Thai-Burmese songs and dances in Xishuangbanna, and there are Dai dramas with China characteristics in Longteng border. Performing musical plays at large religious gatherings, such as the annual Buddhist conference on Xuanwei Street in the car. For three consecutive nights, there were song and dance performances, historical stories, religious myths and love legends, while the costumes were varied, including paper-tied dragons, peacocks, turtles, cranes, deer mussels and colorful paintings. The actor dressed as a beautiful woman split the peacock wrapped in paper in two, grabbed its wings with both hands and flew. An actor dressed as a young man dances with a paper deer on his back. Chinemys reevesii used a person to lie in the turtle's stomach, with four feet on his hands and feet, and an organ in the turtle's neck; It can make the glans of penis suddenly protrude a few feet, and then shrink into the abdomen, making the audience laugh.
Dai Opera: Dai Opera has a history of about 200 years. Early plays include Twelve Horses, Gongsun Tilling the Field, and Long Spoon Pair. At the beginning of this century, Yingjiang Tusi established the first Dai Opera Troupe. On the basis of performing the original repertoire, it absorbed and adapted many Peking Opera and Yunnan Opera repertoires, and at the same time absorbed their costumes, props, musical instruments and other elements, enriching Dai Opera. Generally speaking, there are not many characters in Dai dramas, which mainly reflect the production, labor and living customs of working people. The performance form is flexible and lively, short and pithy, with strong life breath and national characteristics, which is deeply loved and welcomed by the Dai people.
Dai drama: a kind of Dai drama. It is popular in Yingjiang, Luxi, Lianghe, Longchuan, Ruili and other counties in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the Dai settlements in Baoshan, Tengchong and Longling counties in Baoshan. Dai opera is based on Dai folk songs and dances such as "Errenzhuan" (duet between men and women), "Beating White Horse" (a song and dance that everyone wishes on holidays) and "Hai Yin" (a song and dance performed by cattle). After learning from Yunnan Lantern Festival, it developed into songs and dances such as Twelve Horses and Butun La (the old man ploughing the fields) with certain plots and characters.
The performance of Dai opera is enriched by absorbing the performance skills of Han opera on the basis of refining various dances of the nation, which has distinctive national characteristics. Traditional plays include Luohan, Thousand-petal Lotus, Red Lotus Treasure, A Warm East, Langjinbu, Seven Sisters, Sinan King and so on, which are adapted from Dai folklore and folk narrative poems. There are three saints returning to heaven, Wang Mang usurping the throne, three rivers flowing eastward, woodcut Zhai, Huaguoshan, Pan and so on. This is based on the Han drama and novel Romance. There are also "Fighting in the South and Fighting in the North" and "Sister Zhang" adapted from historical stories and legends. There are new modern plays, such as Three Back Rocks, Wedding on Stone, Golden Lake Edge, On the Border and Three Ugly Meetings. The more influential plays include Butun La, Tao, He E and Zuo Yannong, etc.
Most of the literary works of the Dai nationality have a strong mythical color. The oldest creation myth, the most widely circulated among the Dai people, is Busanggai and Yasanggai. Up to now, the Dai people still call Busanggai and Yesangai "our ancestors". There are magical legends about opening up Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, Yiwu, building villages, cutting firewood and repairing houses. In the Dai area, there are also stories about smart people, such as,, and Ai Si. These idealized characters have omnipotent skills and superhuman wisdom.
Dai poetry includes ballads and long narrative poems. There are professional singers or semi-professional singers in Dai nationality, which is called "Zanha" in Dai language.
Zanha: Dai folk songs. "Zanha" means a folk singer in Dai language. Zanha singing is a traditional literary form loved by Dai people. The form is flexible and simple, and you can sing it anytime and anywhere. It is called salt in the life of Dai people. Traditional songs are mostly folk stories and myths and legends, and there are also hunting songs and wine songs improvised by artists, such as "Calling Huashutun", "Four osmanthus trees in Myanmar", "Qingxin House" and "Halujiao". The newly recorded tracks include Song of the Liusha River and Rainbow. Zanha plays an extremely important role in the inheritance and development of Dai folk literature. Their songs are beautiful and vivid, and their characters are delicate and euphemistic, which has a strong artistic appeal. They have the ability to improvise and are deeply loved and welcomed by the masses.
Ancient ballads are the seeds of Dai literature, and they are still circulated among the people in oral and handwritten forms. There are many short stories in "Ancient Songs of Dai Nationality" published by China Folk Literature and Art Publishing House (Yunnan), which reflect the life, labor, thoughts and feelings of Dai ancestors in primitive times. For example, "Song of the Centipede" describes that human beings gradually understand the objective world through practice; The song of fetching water describes that human beings gradually change their living conditions; Song of Picking Fruits and Song of Picking Mushrooms describe the working life of human beings. These poems are simple in form and lively in rhythm.
Narrative long poems are bright pearls in the treasure house of Dai literature. Basically, it can be divided into three categories: myth narrative poems, ode to menstruation and love tragedy narrative poems. Mythical narrative poems are basically similar to myths and legends. There are many songs about aunts. The word "A Lun" is said to come from Sanskrit and refers to a skillful craftsman. In Dai language, it refers to a hero who is poor, strong-willed, skilled, honest and kind, or a kind person who is blessed and capable. Buddhists describe these stories as stories about the reincarnation of Sakyamuni. There are some elements in Allen's stories that promote Buddhist teachings, but the overall content is far beyond the scope of Buddhist thought, which can be called a collection of Dai folk stories, covering the social structure, political system, class relations, ethics, marriage and love at that time.
With the introduction of Buddhism into Dai areas, Indian culture has had a great influence on Dai literature. Wu was developed from a short story in India. The plot of "The Peace of Langashi" is similar to the Indian epic "Ramayana", but the theme, characters and story structure have changed. Long poems strengthen Zhao Langma's war against the Ten Demons and become a huge picture reflecting social life, political struggle and religious struggle.
Dai Buddhism is rich in preserved classics, and the translated Sanzang Buddhist scriptures include quite a few classics in classics, law and theory, as well as many Tibetan classics. Some of these classics are written in Pali and transliterated in Dai letters, which retain the early features of Hinayana Buddhist classics, and some are carefully produced by Dai monks according to Buddhist teachings, recording many historical, geographical, linguistic and literary materials about Dai areas. Most of the classics in Xishuangbanna, Menglian and Gengma are engraved on the leaves of Bayeux, which is called Bayeux Classic. In other areas, they are mostly written on local textured cotton paper.
Eight, Dai music
Dai music has a unique national style, including folk songs, song and dance music, rap music and opera music.
Second, Dai language
Dai language belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Divided into Xishuangbanna dialect, Dehong dialect and Jinping dialect. The phonetic characters of the Dai people are derived from Sanskrit letters, which vary from place to place. During 1954, the characters were reformed and divided into Dai Na (Dehong), Dai Lu (Xishuangbanna), Dai Zhan (Ruili, Gengma and Lancang) and Jinping Dai. Xishuangbanna and Dehong are two Dai languages.
Thirdly, the astronomical calendar of the Dai nationality.
Dai people have their own traditional calendar. Dai language is called "Zulasaha", which means "Little Calendar". Its origin can be traced back to the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and the current Dai calendar began before the Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of lunar calendar. The year of the calendar is the solar calendar year, that is, one revolution around the sun; The month of Dai calendar is lunar month, that is, the period is full moon. A year is divided into 65438+February, 30 days in a single month and 29 days in a double month. Taking June as the beginning of a year, its first month is equivalent to October in the summer calendar. The average year is 350 or 355 days, and leap year is 384 days. The Dai calendar began in 638 AD.
Fourthly, the medical care of Dai people.
As a science, Dai medicine is an important part of Dai science and culture. For thousands of years, in the struggle against diseases, the Dai people have constantly summed up their experiences, collected rich folk remedies and collected thousands of kinds of herbs. Among them, Danghaya is an important medical document of the Dai people.
According to the literature, when the Dai people moved to Jingyong, many villages died of epidemic diseases, but only one village in Bart, Jingyong, no one died, and everyone was strong. They have opened up many fields and their production has developed rapidly. One day, an old man named Bo went up the mountain to pick wild fruits. He passed by the village and was surprised to find that everyone in the village was healthy. He asked the villagers, "What do you eat? Why is everyone strong? " People in the village told him: "I didn't eat anything else, but when I first came, everyone went up the mountain to pick wild fruits and vegetables to eat every day." Maybe there is a reason for this. "
When Boya went back, she told the people in other villages about this situation and advised everyone to give it a try and pick wild vegetables up the mountain to eat. Everyone wanted to cure the disease, so they did as Bo Ya said. After a period of time, it really worked and the epidemic situation was significantly reduced. Boya pays attention to picking out samples from wild fruits and vegetables picked by everyone for preservation. In the future, as long as someone in the village is sick, he will find these fruits and vegetables for the patients according to the samples. Some people get better when they are sick, while others are not so good, but they get better when they eat differently. In this way, he slowly summed up and accumulated experience. Whenever someone gets sick (mainly malaria at that time), they are treated according to different types of diseases. With the gradual reduction of diseases and people's health, Dai people call Bo's teeth "cliff", which means people who can cure diseases. Since then, Dr. Dai has appeared. After writing it down, it became a relatively complete Dai medical book today.
Traditional medical manuscripts of the Dai nationality: classic medical works of the Dai nationality. The theory and treatment methods of Dai medicine in medicine, prescription and preparation are recorded. Up to now, there are many kinds of "laurel leaf books" written on laurel leaves and "cotton paper books" made of paper supported by Broussonetia papyrifera bark. This is a treasure in China's medical heritage. At present, according to these manuscripts, Dehong Dai Medicine Prescriptions and Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Records have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Dai languages.
Fifth, the religious beliefs of the Dai people.
The Dai people are a people who believe in Southern Buddhism, and the Dai language is called "Butashasanna". It has a far-reaching influence on the politics, economy, culture and art of Dai society. It was introduced into Dai areas in the 6th-8th century. Prior to this, Dai ancestors believed in polytheism, that is, primitive religion. Due to the widespread spread of Buddhism, Buddhist temples are very common in Dai areas. It seems natural to send one's son to a temple as a monk, especially in Xishuangbanna, where almost all boys have to enter the temple to become monks at the age of 8- 10. They learned to read scripture there and usually returned to China in 1 ~ 5. There are 84,000 Tibetan scriptures in Dai language, most of which are engraved on the leaves of Bayeux, which is called Bayeux. Some of them are the works and customs of Dai monks, which are developed and supplemented according to the Buddhist meaning.
Sixth, Dai literature.
Ethnic literature: Dai people have rich folk literature works, including long narrative poems, fables, myths, legends and fairy tales. Many famous narrative poems, such as Zhao Shutun and Moody Nano, He E and luo sang, and Aunt's Story, are famous at home and abroad.
Epic: Bata Magaro, also known as the Southern Division Bata Maga Pasadai. Dai epic of creation. The content includes the creation of the world, the formation of human beings, the rise, migration and settlement of Dai ancestors. Among them, there are many Dai myths and legends of historical figures, which are ancient books and documents for studying Dai ancient myths and society.
History Book: The original name of Lu's history is Silk (Xishuangbanna Chronicle). This book records the main historical facts of the Dai people from 1 180, when Ba Zhen, the leader of the Dai nationality, entered Xishuangbanna to establish the Kingdom of Jin Jing, to 1950, when Xishuangbanna was liberated. There is a translation of Li published by Yunnan University 1947, which is called History of the Dead. The translations range from 1 180 to 1864. 1958 Zhang's supplementary translation 1844 ~ 1950, entitled "Continuation of History-Events in Xishuangbanna in the Last Hundred Years". There are other detailed editions of this book. Lushi provides many valuable materials for future generations to understand the social history of the Dai people, and it is an important historical document of the Dai people.
Seven, Dai drama
There are Thai-Burmese songs and dances in Xishuangbanna, and there are Dai dramas with China characteristics in Longteng border. Performing musical plays at large religious gatherings, such as the annual Buddhist conference on Xuanwei Street in the car. For three consecutive nights, there were song and dance performances, historical stories, religious myths and love legends, while the costumes were varied, including paper-tied dragons, peacocks, turtles, cranes, deer mussels and colorful paintings. The actor dressed as a beautiful woman split the peacock wrapped in paper in two, grabbed its wings with both hands and flew. An actor dressed as a young man dances with a paper deer on his back. Chinemys reevesii used a person to lie in the turtle's stomach, with four feet on his hands and feet, and an organ in the turtle's neck; It can make the glans of penis suddenly protrude a few feet, and then shrink into the abdomen, making the audience laugh.
Dai Opera: Dai Opera has a history of about 200 years. Early plays include Twelve Horses, Gongsun Tilling the Field, and Long Spoon Pair. At the beginning of this century, Yingjiang Tusi established the first Dai Opera Troupe. On the basis of performing the original repertoire, it absorbed and adapted many Peking Opera and Yunnan Opera repertoires, and at the same time absorbed their costumes, props, musical instruments and other elements, enriching Dai Opera. Generally speaking, there are not many characters in Dai dramas, which mainly reflect the production, labor and living customs of working people. The performance form is flexible and lively, short and pithy, with strong life breath and national characteristics, which is deeply loved and welcomed by the Dai people.
Dai drama: a kind of Dai drama. It is popular in Yingjiang, Luxi, Lianghe, Longchuan, Ruili and other counties in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the Dai settlements in Baoshan, Tengchong and Longling counties in Baoshan. Dai opera is based on Dai folk songs and dances such as "Errenzhuan" (duet between men and women), "Beating White Horse" (a song and dance that everyone wishes on holidays) and "Hai Yin" (a song and dance performed by cattle). After learning from Yunnan Lantern Festival, it developed into songs and dances such as Twelve Horses and Butun La (the old man ploughing the fields) with certain plots and characters.
The performance of Dai opera is enriched by absorbing the performance skills of Han opera on the basis of refining various dances of the nation, which has distinctive national characteristics. Traditional plays include Luohan, Thousand-petal Lotus, Red Lotus Treasure, A Warm East, Langjinbu, Seven Sisters, Sinan King and so on, which are adapted from Dai folklore and folk narrative poems. There are three saints returning to heaven, Wang Mang usurping the throne, three rivers flowing eastward, woodcut Zhai, Huaguoshan, Pan and so on. This is based on the Han drama and novel Romance. There are also "Fighting in the South and Fighting in the North" and "Sister Zhang" adapted from historical stories and legends. There are new modern plays, such as Three Back Rocks, Wedding on Stone, Golden Lake Edge, On the Border and Three Ugly Meetings. The more influential plays include Butun La, Tao, He E and Zuo Yannong, etc.
Most of the literary works of the Dai nationality have a strong mythical color. The oldest creation myth, the most widely circulated among the Dai people, is Busanggai and Yasanggai. Up to now, the Dai people still call Busanggai and Yesangai "our ancestors". There are magical legends about opening up Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, Yiwu, building villages, cutting firewood and repairing houses. In the Dai area, there are also stories about smart people, such as,, and Ai Si. These idealized characters have omnipotent skills and superhuman wisdom.
Dai poetry includes ballads and long narrative poems. There are professional singers or semi-professional singers in Dai nationality, which is called "Zanha" in Dai language.
Zanha: Dai folk songs. "Zanha" means a folk singer in Dai language. Zanha singing is a traditional literary form loved by Dai people. The form is flexible and simple, and you can sing it anytime and anywhere. It is called salt in the life of Dai people. Traditional songs are mostly folk stories and myths and legends, and there are also hunting songs and wine songs improvised by artists, such as "Calling Huashutun", "Four osmanthus trees in Myanmar", "Qingxin House" and "Halujiao". The newly recorded tracks include Song of the Liusha River and Rainbow. Zanha plays an extremely important role in the inheritance and development of Dai folk literature. Their songs are beautiful and vivid, and their characters are delicate and euphemistic, which has a strong artistic appeal. They have the ability to improvise and are deeply loved and welcomed by the masses.
Ancient ballads are the seeds of Dai literature, and they are still circulated among the people in oral and handwritten forms. There are many short stories in "Ancient Songs of Dai Nationality" published by China Folk Literature and Art Publishing House (Yunnan), which reflect the life, labor, thoughts and feelings of Dai ancestors in primitive times. For example, "Song of the Centipede" describes that human beings gradually understand the objective world through practice; The song of fetching water describes that human beings gradually change their living conditions; Song of Picking Fruits and Song of Picking Mushrooms describe the working life of human beings. These poems are simple in form and lively in rhythm.
Narrative long poems are bright pearls in the treasure house of Dai literature. Basically, it can be divided into three categories: myth narrative poems, ode to menstruation and love tragedy narrative poems. Mythical narrative poems are basically similar to myths and legends. There are many songs about aunts. The word "A Lun" is said to come from Sanskrit and refers to a skillful craftsman. In Dai language, it means poor health, strong will and superb skills.
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