Regarding the structural classification of China ancient culture, the standards of various schools are different, and the classification is also different: there is a dichotomy between matter and spirit; There is a dichotomy of matter, system and spirit; There are four divisions: material, system, behavior and mentality; There are also six branches: material, social, spiritual, art, language and customs. Although these divisions have different levels, they are all based on the development process of human creation culture, from material to spirit, from perceptual to rational, which is suitable for professionals to study and study. The ancient culture of China in middle school students' learning materials should be divided according to different educational functions.
The ancient cultural knowledge involved in middle school Chinese textbooks includes astronomy, geography, literature and art, philosophy and religion, administrative calendar, military criminal law, yin and yang elements, family etiquette, music and art, food and clothing, crown of horses and chariots, cultural foundation, political and economic system, strategy of governing the country with talents, values and moral sentiments. However, because there is no special text in the textbook to introduce China's ancient cultural knowledge, this knowledge is scattered. Teachers are difficult to teach and students are even more difficult to learn. Therefore, in teaching, we should sort out and classify the scattered ancient cultural knowledge according to the different functions of education. Each category is divided into several knowledge points. Taking an ancient cultural knowledge point as a breakthrough, it is fanned out, broadening the scope and developing in depth. Then discuss the next knowledge point. This has three advantages: first, classify the scattered knowledge in the text into systems and establish knowledge chains. Second, when teachers spread scattered knowledge of ancient culture, they can adopt the method of special lectures. The third is to provide students with a research-based learning method, open their minds and develop good academic habits.
2. What should we pay attention to when collecting common sense of ancient culture in China?
There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names.
Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography.
For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised.
For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.
Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han Tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.
Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.
Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.
In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong.
Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number.
For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).
According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren."
The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli.
For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County. It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu.
In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his soldiers wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his soldiers to make a big light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much."
"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.
The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty.
Liu Jingting biography: "Ningnan South, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan, Gongting in the shogunate". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.
Official land refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place.
Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. Also known as "Travel to the Mountain", there are four people, Lu's father, his father and Changle Wang.
3. What are the ancient health books?
Longevity, empathy.
Big officials and nobles, non-party cultivation of truth, and three religions and nine streams are all concerned here. Therefore, health literature is not limited to doctors, but covers a hundred schools of thought. There are hundreds of health books in China, not including books that are not health books.
Health books can be divided into the following categories. The first category: general theory.
Mainly from the main purpose, theory and guiding ideology of health preservation, this paper comprehensively discusses various health preservation methods, which are general rather than specific, and help people to understand the health preservation theory and guide general health preservation, such as The Book of Changes by Wei Boyang in Han Dynasty, Health Preservation Record by Tao Hongjing in Liang Dynasty, Sun Zhenren's Health Preservation by Sun Simiao in Tang Dynasty and Pension Classic by Chen Zhi in Song Dynasty. The second category: food and nutrition.
This paper mainly discusses the way of health preservation from the relationship between diet taste, astringent effect and human state, weather and climate, geographical area and so on. , including dieting, avoiding food and so on. His works include: Drinking and Eating are Necessary by Hu Sihui in Yuan Dynasty, Faithfulness, Longevity and Broken Valley by Taoist Prize Collection (the author is anonymous), and On Saving Drinking Collection by Jianyuan Old Man in Qing Dynasty.
The third category: the guiding category. This paper mainly discusses the theory and specific methods of Qigong and Daogong, and expounds the methods of eliminating diseases, preserving health and prolonging life, including various sects and forms of Qigong and various Daogong (such as Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, Yijinjing and so on). ).
This kind of works include the Propaganda Law of Nurturing and Guiding Pathogens in the Sui Dynasty, Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Yin Zhenren's Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Yin Zhenren's Ming Dynasty's Yin Zhenren's Ming Dynasty's Yin Zhenren's Ming Dynasty's Yin Xianjing, Qing Dynasty's Ma Qi's Ming Dynasty's Yi Jin Jing, and Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty's Yao Jin Jing. The fourth category: alchemy.
It is mainly related to various alchemy methods. The ancients hoped to make immortal and soaring pills through the reburning and refining of various ore drugs. Although this idea is absurd and almost illusory, they also got some effective pills to treat diseases, which is the first in the research of human medicinal chemistry. Treatment of diseases, such as Hongshengdan and Baijiangdan, has been summarized clinically.
This kind of works are mainly collected in Taoist classics, such as Wu Yi's Fang Dan Xun in Song Dynasty, Jin Lingzi's Dragon and Tiger Return to Dan, and the author's Huangdi Jiuding Classic. The earliest and most famous person who recorded alchemy was Bao Puzi written by Ge Hong in Jin Dynasty.
I want to learn ancient culture. Are there any good books?
Book of New Tang Dynasty, Confucius, Book of Northern Qi Dynasty, History of Liao Dynasty, History of Jin Dynasty, Theory of Salt and Iron, Romance of Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West.
In addition: The West Chamber, Peony Pavilion, Peach Blossom Fan.
Three words and two beats: the first moment of surprise, the immortal biography, Liu Tao, Xunzi, corpse driver, Guan Zi, Song Shu, South Shu Qi, Liang Shu, Bai Hu Tong Delun, arbitrary, Fu Zi.
Four Books, Zhou Shu and Southern History: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, On the Latent Husband, Jia Yi's New Book, The Story of the Spring and Autumn Period, Guiguzi, Yin Wenzi, Han Shu, Later Han Shu, The History of the Three Kingdoms, The Book of Jin, etc. University and the Doctrine of the Mean, Xuan Jing, Sima Fa, Shang Jun Book, Liezi, Mozi, Yin Fujing, Zisizi Quanshu, Northern History, Sui Shu, Old Tang Book, Kangcangzi and Zizisi.
Twenty-five histories:
Historical Records, Yuan History, Ming History, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Confucius Tales, Nerve, Natural History, Custom Yi Tong, Lun Heng; Family Instructions of Confucius, Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu Family, History of the Old Five Dynasties, Book of Song Dynasty, Stories in the Text and Han Feizi; The Five Classics refer to the Book of Songs and the Book of Changes.
A hundred schools of thought contend: Laozi, Xinyu, Xin Xu, Jing Zhe, Awakening the World, Mu Biography, Romance of the Ten Kingdoms, Fairy Biography, Bao Puzi, Lingmiao Jing, Wei Liaozi and The Complete Works of Ceng Zi Qing History.
Four classical novels, Shangshu and Book of Rites.