It is the mature fruit of Amomum villosum and Amomum javanica of Zingiberaceae. According to different producing areas, it is divided into "original cardamom" and "Indonesian cardamom". Animal and plant morphology
1. Cardamom, a perennial herb, is 1.5-3m high. The rhizome is thick and reddish brown. Leaves subsessile; Leaf blade narrowly elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, about 60 cm long, 5- 12 cm wide, apex and tail tip, wedge-shaped base, smooth and glabrous on both sides; Ligule round, 3- 10 mm long; The mouth and tongue of garlic leaves are densely covered with coarse hair. 2- more spikes, cylindrical or conical, 7- 14cm long and 3-5cm in diameter, which are closely arranged by bracts of dead trees every spring; Bracts triangular, 3.5-4 cm long, grass yellow, pilose, with obvious grid pattern; Flowers inserted inside bracts; Calyx is tubular, white and reddish, about 1.2cm long, with 3 teeth at the top; Corolla tube almost as long as calyx tube, lobes 3, white, oval; The lip is oval, with a length of 1.5-2cm and a width of about 1cm, spoon-shaped, with a white and yellow center and a handle at the base; Stamens recurved, about 6 mm long, anthers broadly elliptic, about 3 mm long, connective appendages 3-lobed; Ovary pulled down, pilose, with two rod-shaped appendages. Capsule is nearly spherical, white or yellowish, slightly obtuse, triangular, with a diameter of 1.5- 1.8cm, and easy to crack. The seed ball has three petals, and each petal contains 7- 10 seeds. The flowering period is from February to May, and the fruiting period is from July to August.
2. Amomum villosum, the main difference between this species and the former species is that its planting height is 1- 1.5m ... The leaves are rubbed with turpentine, the scabbard mouth is hairless, and the tongue is only fluffy at the edge. Bracts small, 2-2.5 cm long. Allocation of resources
1. It is cultivated in Guangdong and Yunnan. Originated in Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and other countries. 2. It is cultivated in Hainan and Yunnan. Originated in Indonesia. (Java) ecological environment
1. was born in a warm, humid and humus-rich forest.
2. Born in a well-drained and fertile tropical forest. Medicinal plant cultivation
Biological characteristics, like warm, cool and humid climate, seedlings stop growing at a short-term low temperature of 9.5℃, leaves dry and shrink, and tips are scorched. When the adult plant meets 0℃, the aboveground part dies. The extreme high temperature reaches 4 1℃, and it can grow normally under shading conditions. It should be planted in sunny loam or sandy loam rich in organic matter, not in clay or gravel soil.
Cultivation techniques use seeds and ramets to propagate. Seed propagation: harvest the ripe fruit, peel off the shell, rub the pulp, sow the seeds indoors and germinate in wet sand for two weeks before sowing. Drill, row spacing 12cm. When the seedlings grow 2-3 leaves, the thinning seedlings are moved to a new seedbed or a nutrition bag, and the row spacing of the seedbed is 12cm ×5cm. After 1 year cultivation, it can be planted in the field. Propagation by plant division: select 3-5 strong young plants with stems connected from the field plant cluster, cut off the roots connected with the mother cluster with a knife, and then pull them out, and then plant them directly. Plant shade trees before planting. Hainan province is held in March-April in spring or August-September in autumn; Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, was planted in May and June, and the row spacing was (2-1.5) m×1m. Plant 4995-6660 clumps per 1hm2. Tiantuan management
After planting, the new plants should be weeded 4-5 times a year. To the year of flowering and fruiting
Weeds and litter should be removed before flowering, and dead, sick and residual plants should be cut off after harvesting. Fertilize 5-6 times a year, mainly with soil and miscellaneous fertilizers. In Hainan Plain, due to the lack of pollinators, artificial pollination is necessary to improve the seed setting rate.
Pest control diseases include blight, stem blight and leaf blight, which can be sprayed with carbendazim, Tobrul or cuprammonia solution.
When the fruit is ripe, cut off the ear and dry it in the sun or oven. Medicinal part
Identification of raw medicinal materials,
(1) cardamom, the fruit is spherical, the length is1.1.2cm, the diameter is 1.2- 1.8cm, the triangular shape is obtuse and round, the surface is yellowish white or yellowish brown, and the surface is smooth. The peel is thin and easy to crack under pressure, and the inner surface is light yellow and shiny. Placenta is an axial placentation with 3 chambers, each chamber has 7- 10 seeds, and the seeds are clustered. The seeds are irregular, polygonal, slightly raised on the back, 3-4 mm in diameter, with dark brown or grayish brown surface, slightly regular granular protrusions, white membranous aril outside, round nested hilum at one narrow end and chalazal point at the other end. The seed ridge is located on the ventral surface, and the depression is a shallow longitudinal groove. The smell is strong and fragrant, with a slight camphor smell.
(2) Cardamom javanica, with spherical fruit, 3 blunt edges, 0.8- 1.2cm in diameter, dull peel, 3 placentations in the central axis, and 2-4 seeds per room.
It is better to have large particles, thin skin, white color, fullness and strong smell.
Microscopic identification showed that the cross section of the seed was (1) nutmeg-like, with sharp trapezoid or irregular triangle, and the periphery was microwave-like. The aril cells are multi-row and elongated tangentially. The epidermal cells of seed coat are radially elongated, oblong or rectangular, with a length of 40-90μm and a diameter of 10-45μm, surrounded by cuticle. Epithelial cells are 1 row, elongated tangentially and contain reddish-brown or yellowish-brown pigments. Oil cells are 1 row, brownish red or brownish red, radially elongated, cylindrical, 26μm long and 2 1μm in diameter. The cell cavity contains siliceous blocks, and the outer endosperm cells contain starch clusters composed of tiny starch granules and tiny calcium oxalate cubes. The endosperm cells of bone have fuzzy powder particles. Blurred powder and oil droplets in embryonic cells.
(2) The epidermal cells in the seed coat of Amomum villosum are small, with a length of 12-40μm and a diameter of 8-20μ m; Oil cells are numerous and extend radially.
Powder characteristics: Cardamom is light brown or reddish gray. ① The surface of epidermal cells in seed coat is slender, with a length of 662μm and a diameter of18-58 μ m.. ② The subepithelial cells are rectangular or polygonal, with a length of 72- 146μm and a diameter of 16-50μm, which are often arranged vertically with the epidermal cells in the upper and lower layers of seed coat; The cell cavity contains yellowish brown or reddish brown pigment blocks. ③ The cross section of oil cells is square. ④ The cell surface of endosperm sclerenchyma is mostly pentagonal or hexagonal, with a diameter of 7-23μm, thick wall and no lignification, and there are siliceous blocks in the cell cavity with a diameter of 5- 16 μ m; On the profile, the cells are arranged in a grid, with thin outer wall and extremely thick inner wall, and the cell cavity is located at the upper end and contains siliceous blocks. In addition, there are aril cells, pigment cells, outer endosperm cells, inner endosperm cells and calcium oxalate cubes and clusters. job operation
Pick out impurities, sift out dandruff and break it, or peel off the shell and take the kernel and break it.
pharmacological action
1. Bacteriostasis: 100% This shell decoction has inhibitory effect on Shigella dysenteriae. The 4- terpineol contained in this product has antibacterial effect on Bacillus thuringiensis in vitro.
2. Antiasthmatic effect: α-terpineol contained in this product has strong antiasthmatic effect, and its effect on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle is stronger than that of Artemisia argyi oil at the dose of 0.05 ml/kg. 4- terpineol also has significant antiasthmatic effect.
3. It has the function of invigorating stomach and expelling wind. Cardamom oil is very unstable. Even if it is well stored, it is often easy to lose its unique fragrance. Generally, it can be made into aromatic tincture or elixir. The seeds should be ground before use, which has a good aromatic and stomach-invigorating effect, can promote the secretion of gastric juice, stimulate intestinal peristalsis, expel intestinal gas and inhibit abnormal intestinal fermentation.
4. The decoction of Amomum villosum was excited by the isolated intestines of guinea pigs with low concentration; More than 1% and the volatile oil in saturated aqueous solution have inhibitory effect.
5. Other effects: Its volatile oil can enhance the effect of low dose streptomycin on experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Drug compatibility
Using Amomum villosum: open the chest to smooth qi, promote qi and relieve pain; Use dried tangerine peel: regulating qi and strengthening spleen; Use almonds and coix seed: spread freely in the middle and penetrate downward; Magnolia officinalis: regulating stomach, regulating qi and eliminating dampness; Use patchouli: warm and dry, promote qi and stop vomiting; Use cloves: warm the middle and dispel the cold. Characteristics of drugs
Pungent; Meridian tropism due to sexual warming
Lung; Spleen; Efficacy of stomach meridian
Eliminating dampness and promoting qi; Warming to stop vomiting; Classification of appetizing and digestion promoting effects
Damp-removing drugs; Qi-promoting drugs; Indications of Xiaoshi drugs
Dampness blocking qi stagnation; Spleen and stomach disharmony; Abdominal distension; Don't think about diet; Wet temperature begins; Chest tightness and hunger; Stomach cold vomiting; Unnecessary usage and dose of food accumulation.
Oral administration: decoct in water for 3-6 times, and then take it; I still took the pills and dispersed them. Contraindications to drugs
Yin deficiency and blood dryness are prohibited.