This is a unique phenomenon in China calligraphy culture. Wang Xizhi (303-36 1, 32 1-379), a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has few words.
Originally from Langya (now Linyi, Shandong), I now live in Yinshan Huiji (Shaoxing, Zhejiang). The officers of the right army generals will review the internal history and be called "Wang Youjun".
He came from a noble family in the Jin Dynasty. When Wang Xizhi was twelve years old, his father taught him the theory of brushwork. "If you use an outline, you will realize something."
When I was a child, I studied calligraphy under the famous female calligrapher Mrs. Wei. Later, he visited the famous mountains in You Jiang, where he learned from foreigners, learned from foreigners, and learned from Zhong You.
Observing and learning "how to combine multiple methods to prepare a family" has reached the height of "more expensive than others, the best in ancient and modern times". Compared with Han Dynasty and Western Jin Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's calligraphy style is characterized by exquisite brushwork and changeable structure.
Wang Xizhi's greatest achievement is to increase and destroy the ancient law and turn the simple calligraphy style of Han and Wei dynasties into exquisite and beautiful calligraphy style. In a word, the introduction of Chinese character writing from practicality to the realm of paying attention to techniques and tastes is the awakening of calligraphy art, which indicates that calligraphers not only discover the beauty of calligraphy, but also can show it.
Few later calligraphers have not copied Wang Xizhi's calligraphy posts, so they have the reputation of "book saints". His regular script Le Yi Lun, Huang Ting Jing, Dong Fangshuo Hua Zan, etc. were quite famous in the Southern Dynasties, leaving various legends, and some even became the subject of painting.
His cursive script is honored as "the sage of grass" by the world. There is no original trace in the world, and there are many calligraphy books, such as Seventeen Sticks, Le Li Yi in Small Letters, Huang Tingjing and so on. Copy the outline of ink, there is a hole in the middle post, Lanting [Feng Chengsu Copy] sequence, clear post in the snow, diligent funeral post, funeral post, far official post, aunt post, peace post, line post.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy influenced his descendants. His son is mysterious and good at cursive writing; Coagulation, as a grass official; Emblem, good cursive script; Fuck it, be good at writing; Huanzhi, good cursive script; Sacrifice is called "little sage".
Huang's "On the East View and Xu Lun" says: "Wang Sizi's books, Ning, Cao, Hui and Huan, have all been handed down from generation to generation, each with its own body, but different body. Condense its rhyme, practice its body, emblem its potential, rejuvenate its appearance and offer its source. "
Later, descendants continued, and one of Wang's calligraphy was handed down. Wu Zetian tried Wang Xizhi's book, and Wang Fangqing, the ninth great-grandson of Wang Xizhi, presented ten volumes of The Travels of Twenty-eight People to his great-grandfather and compiled Long Live the Tian Tong Post.
After Wang Sengqian, Wang Ci and Zhiwang were kings in the Southern Dynasties, regular script was created. Shi Zhiyong, the seventh grandson of Xihe, was a famous calligrapher in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Wang Xizhi's calligraphy has influenced bookstores from generation to generation. The establishment of Wang Xizhi's calligrapher status has its evolution process.
Calligraphers in Taishigong period of Southern Song Dynasty said in the book list: "Han, Wei, Zhong (Yi) and Zhang (Zhi) were good at beauty, and the two kings were called English at the end of Jin Dynasty." The title of the Right Army was unparalleled at that time, and Wang Xianzhi was the highest-ranking person in calligraphy during the Song and Qi Dynasties.
Concentrated on learning books from his father, he was very talented and sensitive to innovation. He transferred to Zhang Zhi and created a cursive script that runs from top to bottom. He even surpassed his father and became a saint, and he was called "two kings" with his father. Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties said in On Books that "everyone in the world respects books" and that "the sea is nothing more than Mongolian Yuan and Yu Ye".
What changed this situation was Liang Wudi Xiao Yan's admiration for Wang Xizhi. He changed the book degree from "Wang Xianzhi-Wang Xizhi-Zhong You" to "Zhong You-Wang Xizhi-Wang Xianzhi". In Twelve Essays on Zhong You's Calligraphy, Yanyun Jr. said, "I don't respect my son, but I don't care much about my leisure."
"unsuccessful" or "not caught" is not as good as meaning. Xiao Yan's position makes his comments particularly attractive, so the public opinion is firm.
The first time in history to learn from Wang Xizhi was in Nanliang, and the second time was in Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong highly praised Wang Xizhi, not only widely collecting Wang Shu, but also personally writing praises for the biography of Wang Xizhi in the Book of Jin. When commenting on Zhong You, he said that he was "either full of goodness or suspicious", while at the time of offering, he belittled his "calligraphy disease". As for other calligraphers, such as Ziyun, Wang Meng and Yan Xu, he said that he was "over praised".
Comparatively speaking, Emperor Taizong thought that the right army was "perfect" and "eager to pursue, this man is just the rest. What can I say?" Since then, Wang Xizhi's supreme position in the history of calligraphy has been established and consolidated. Literati in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all kept Jin Zong's "Two Kings" at a respectful distance.
Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, Xue Qi, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty, Yang Ningshi in the Five Dynasties, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Midi and Cai Xiang in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty and Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty all converted to Wang Xizhi. Although the study of steles broke the scope of calligraphy research in Qing Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's position as a calligrapher remained unshakable.
Although the "Book Sage" and "Ink Emperor" are suspected of being "sanctified", the famous scholars and masters from generation to generation are convinced and admired through comparison and speculation. In the history of China's calligraphy, although Wang Xizhi is known as the "sage of calligraphy", he is not regarded as a solidified icon, but only a perfect symbol of the creation of calligraphy in China culture.
Things are always developing and progressing. Wang Xizhi reached the pinnacle of perfection in his time, and this "icon" will surely summon the later generations to climb the new height of calligraphy in their respective times.
2. What are the famous historical and cultural tourist attractions in Xincao Village, a thousand-year-old village in Longyou County, Zhejiang Province? Yungang Grottoes, Huayan Temple, Shanhua Temple, Jiulongbi Temple and Hangkong Temple are called "practical poems of Hangkong Temple" by Chen Yunhe, and Hengshan Mountain, one of the five mountains in China; Yingxian Wooden Pagoda and Chongfu Temple in Shuozhou Tourist Area; Wutai Mountain, Luya Mountain, Yang Jiajiang and Daixian in Xinzhou Tourist Area; Jinci, Tianlongshan Grottoes, Doctor Dou Temple, Xuanzhong Temple, Guashan and Tianning Temple and Wenshui Zetian Temple in Taiyuan Tourist Area; Pingyao ancient city in Jinzhong, the mansion compound of Shanxi merchants in the past; Yao Temple in Linfen Tourist Area, Dahuashu in Hongtong County, Guangsheng Temple, Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River in Jixian County, and Houma Jindun Site; Jiezhou Guandi Temple, Ruicheng Yongle Palace Mural, Xiaxian Sima Guang Tomb, Yongji Yellow River Tieniu, Yongji Pujiu Temple and Yingying Tower, Wanrong Feiyun Building, etc.
Among them, Pingyao Ancient City, Yungang Grottoes and Wutai Mountain have been included in the world cultural heritage.
3. The history and culture of Chikulin Temple During the Ming Dynasty, the minister of Jizhou Shouzhou ordered people to paint this strange scene to spread it. During the Jiajing period, an official in Jizhou, based on a mirage, summoned skilled craftsmen to build an ancient temple in the northeast of Zhoucheng, named Chikulin Temple. The incense was flourishing, but it was destroyed by floods and other reasons. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Chikurinji was rebuilt on the original site at the local people's own expense, but it was already destroyed.
Starting from 1986, Puer Village in Jizhou invested120,000 yuan to build Lingxiu Mountain Villa, the first tourist attraction in Hengshui area. The total area of this scenic spot is 148.8 mu, surrounded by green water on all sides, and the rebuilt Qiankulin Temple in Jizhou is towering among them. Now it has become a national 2A-level tourist attraction and a designated tourist unit in Hebei Province.
Lingxiu Mountain Villa is divided into three scenic spots. The front is Xuanmen, Huimu Street, shopping area and cruise terminal. Among them are Stanley Temple, Space Island, Wei Zi, Great Wall, Maze and zhenhai tower. The rear is the North Island Resort, Guest House and so on. The floating island and the North Island are surrounded by water, which makes the water surface form an "8", so the water surface here is called the "8" mirror lake.
When Buddhism flourished, Qiankulin Temple was renovated on a large scale many times. Under the guidance of master Wei Jun, master Fahong and other prison masters, and with the development goal of "fully carrying forward the fine Buddhist traditions and actively building a pure land on earth", this Millennium temple, a towering tree and a peaceful sea, presents a thriving scene.
4. The history and culture of Zengjiashan in Guangyuan 4000 years ago, ancestors plowed and burned in Zengjiashan, creating an ancient human civilization-Aries stone culture. The white sheep plank road and the cultural relics of Shu and Han in the pre-Qin period have gone through thousands of years of vicissitudes, and the ancient style still exists. Since ancient times, the dispute between the emigrant poets and the merchants and strategists in the north and south has left a strong historical mark in Zengjiashan. During the new democratic revolution, the Red Fourth Front Army moved to the north and south, and established the Soviet regime here. As a result, Zengjiashan merged into the revolutionary torrent and became an important part of the old revolutionary base areas in northern Sichuan.
Zeng's mountains, rivers, caves and temples, with dense forests and dangerous terrain, have always been a battleground for military strategists. There have been three great wars in history. In A.D. 1797 (the second year of Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty), Wang Conger, the leader of the peasant uprising army in Sichuan and Chu, led the uprising army to fight against the Qing army at the mouth of the cave, and the stockade and fort he built still exist today. 1933, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants also held a secret military meeting in the Moon Tower of Chuandong Temple, and formulated an action plan of "clearing bandits, reducing rents and establishing the Soviet Union".
5. History and culture of Baoduzhai Baoduzhai has a long history and rich cultural accumulation. The long-standing military culture, Buddhist culture and Taoist culture blend with each other, forming the main vein of Baoduzhai culture. On the hilltop platform, there are Nantianmen, the largest hilltop gate in China, the Han Xin and the Dianjiangtai built at the last stop, the Han Xin Temple built by later generations, the Great Wall winding around the mountain, the unique underground 500 Arhat Hall in the world, and the famous Taoist Temple Jinque Palace. Boarding it, people feel the smoke of the ancient battlefield and the rich religious atmosphere.
Baoduzhai is also an important place for religious activities. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Li Jifu's Yuanhe County Records recorded: "Those who hold calves in the clouds have a name in ancient times, that is, Taoism calls them' Northern Vietnam assists life', and" Records of Famous Mountains "thinks that there are many blessed places, and clouds can avoid soldiers and water." In the early days of liberation, there were religious palaces such as Jinque Palace and Baiyun Temple in Baoduzhai. There is a saying in Zhang Qifeng's poem "Summary of Mountain Victory" in the early Qing Dynasty: "There is more fruit in Yaochi, and Jiuling is fascinated by Dragon Domain", from which we can see the decline of Taoism and the prosperity of Buddhism. Judging from the existing grotto statues, Buddhist scriptures and other cultural relics, from the Tang Dynasty to the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Buddhism flourished in Baodu Village, and the two religions coexisted, leaving a special cultural heritage for Baodu Mountain, which is worth developing and studying. In addition, the inscriptions left by the ancients, such as praying for rain, watching the sun and enjoying a feast, have also become an important part of Baoduzhai cultural attractions from another side.
As far back as ancient times, Baodu has 18 pools, Jiaolong Cave, Xianren Cave, Tianmen Cave, Nantianmen, Beitianmen, Wanghaige, Tianta, Patio and Tian Shu case, which make people linger.
In just over a year, Deer people have invested heavily in the development of Baoduzhai tourism, rebuilt Nantianmen, Beitianmen, Jinque Palace, Han Xin Temple, Bagua Labyrinth and other scenic spots, built a magnificent Great Wall along the cliff, and set up an aerial ropeway across Lianhua Mountain to Baoduzhai. Visitors can reach the top of the mountain by cable car. There are horse stones, arrow chains and ancient spears in the village. There are also various types of Buddhist stone carvings. Eighteen feet east of Yin Shan, there is a monk named Bhikkhu, who is the tenth year of Emperor Yongming in the Southern Dynasties. The inscription of Bhikuni is the earliest stone carving on the mountain. The Taoist temple in Baoduzhai is also famous. A peach tree in Baoduzhai Gold and Silver Palace is said to have been planted by Zhang Sanfeng himself. Because Baoduzhai is located in a dangerous place, it has always been a battleground for military strategists. There are many wars here, and most of them are recorded in the official history. However, the war did not make Baoduzhai lose its civilization. In 204 BC, Han Xin, a general of the Han Dynasty, ambushed and held fast here and defeated the Zhao army.
At the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Gong Wuxian of Jinhengshan once stationed troops and built a village in this mountain to fight against the Mongolian army. In Taoist classics, Baodu Mountain is also listed as "Northern Yue Zuo Ming". Taoist classics, Yuanhe County Records, Taiping Yulan and Taiping Yuhuan are all recorded. It is believed that Baoduzhai is a blessed land of Taoism, and it is the "Northern Yue left life". Zhang Sanfeng, a famous Taoist priest in the Ming Dynasty, also visited this mountain and wrote down the word "blessed land of calves", but unfortunately it no longer exists today. However, the "Sanfeng School" of Jinque Palace has been passed down from generation to generation, which has exerted a wide influence in Huolu area. Leaving a branch of Sanfeng School, the temple still exists from generation to generation. Taoist temples such as Yuan Shifang in the city and Jinque Palace in Shijing Village are all branches of Jinque Palace in Baoduzhai. Guo Ziming, a disciple of Sanfeng School16th generation, lived in Baiyun Cave, Yang Shan. He called himself Baiyun in the name of the cave, and was good at virtue and Huang Ting, which was the way of aristocrats in the late Ming Dynasty.
6. History and Culture of Dani Town Dani Town is known as the "Xinghua Village in the South of the Yangtze River". Since ancient times, merchants have gathered in Da Nei Town, which is known as "Little Hankou". Ouchi has always been an important town in Huguang, Jingchu and Tianjin. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, commerce and trade were developed and water transportation was famous. It used to be "Nine streets are full of passengers, and five miles are full of lights."
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ouchi was an important wharf on the Yangtze River and a commercial town on the Jingxiang ancient road. During the Republic of China, it was the water transportation hub of Hunan and Hubei provinces and the land link between Jianghan Plain and Dongting Lake Plain. Ouchi Town is the regional commercial logistics center in the south of Jingzhou and the traffic artery of Hunan and Hubei, where the "Eight Big Companies" in Shishou County are located.
Shishou county records 1.924, with a permanent population of more than 30,000 people and more than 2,000 registered shops, including 55 Jiatou shops, 62 department stores, 5 grocery stores 1.05, 40 coarse goods stores 1.40, more than 200 flower shops and 90 grain stores. There are 30 slaughterhouses, more than 250 restaurants and teahouses, 10 banks and 760 dental shops, with more than 1000 employees. There are more than 50 factories and workshops, mainly engaged in wine making, textile, leather, hardware processing, bamboo and wood processing, etc. Handicraft industry, especially wine making, has a long history (more than 1000 years), large scale (dozens of pits) and wide sales (marketing in Hunan, Sichuan, Henan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang).
There are more than 200 ships moored in the port, and more than 200 people are picking and selling them five miles away. Every day, the cargo entering and leaving Da Nei Port reaches as much as 20,000 tons. There are more than a dozen industrialists, industrialists and rich people in the town. Famous industrialists include Peng Quanmei, Xiao Jufeng, Lv Hengtai, Cai Yuping, Meng Zizhong, Xu Xia and Ding Jintang. The registered capital is tens of millions of silver dollars.
1938 Japan occupied the lotus pond. The Japanese army fought fiercely with garrison headquarters in Dongting, the Ninth Theater of the National Army, the 53rd Kuomintang Army 130 Division and the 44th Kuomintang Army 1 16 Division. The Japanese dropped bombs and sank two warships and five merchant ships moored in the Inner Harbour. The "Five Vertical Streets, Four Horizontal Streets and Nine Streets" in the whole ouchi town were in ruins, and all walks of life were attacked by gunfire. Stones in Gu Lou.
7. What is the history of Ganxia Village? Cuanxia Village is located in Zhaitang Town, Mentougou District, the western suburb of Beijing, whose real name is Cuanxia Village.
It got its name from the Ming Dynasty's "Jiliankou" (locally called Jitou). Located in the middle of the narrow valley in the northwest of Zhaitang in the west of Beijing, it belonged to the eighth district of wanping county before liberation and is now under the jurisdiction of Zhaitang Town.
It is 90 kilometers away from Beijing, 650 meters above sea level, and the village area is 5.3 square kilometers. Qingshuihe river basin belongs to temperate monsoon climate, with annual average temperature 10. 1℃, and good natural vegetation, which is suitable for raising sheep and keeping bees. Below Kuanduo is the national A-level scenic spot.
The full name of the people (head of household and children) in the village is Han. According to legend, it was immigrated from Sophora japonica in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty. The original village was located at the old grave in the northwest of the village. Due to flash floods, the whole village was destroyed.
Only a few young men and women survived when they went out. In order to continue the descendants of the Han nationality, the two married through the intermediary of the mill and set up a village at their current address. After marriage, they gave birth to three sons, namely Han Fujin, Han Yinfu and Han Fucang.
Sanzi is divided into three doors, namely: East Gate, Middle Gate and West Gate. Starting with the word "Fu", there are 20 generations in turn: Jinna Zishou, Ming Wan Honghu, Yi Xiaoju Huaimeng, Yong Guangmao Lianwen. Up to now, it has developed to 17 generation, Mao and Zi generation.
Some people also say that it is because the villagers have made up a jingle: Xing prefix, Lin prefix, waist, big characters under fire, big fire burning forest burning Xing, isn't it very hot? So the surname is Han, which is homophonic. There are 93 people in 29 households, 280 mu of land, 74 courtyards and 689 houses in the village.
Most of them are quadrangles and ternary houses built in the late Qing Dynasty (a few were built in the Republic of China). Built on the mountain, it is strewn at random according to the situation, with the faucet behind the village as the center and the north-south axis as the two sides in a fan-shaped exhibition.
There is a 200-meter-long arc wall between villages, with the highest point of 20 meters, and a 170-meter-long arc wall in front of the village, which makes the whole village inseparable, the immortals gather together, and three passages are used to pass up and down, which has more functions of preventing floods and bandits. Cuanxia is a national 3A-level scenic spot, a municipal civilized unit and a municipal folk tourism village. In 2003, Kuanduo Gorge was awarded the first batch of famous Chinese historical and cultural villages and district-level revolutionary traditional education bases by the Ministry of Construction and National Cultural Heritage Administration.
Mr. Shirley, a famous expert, said: Cuanxia Ancient Village is a pearl among the ancient architectural treasures of China, which contains profound cultural connotations of northern architecture. As far as its historical, cultural and artistic value is concerned, it is precious not only in Beijing, but also in the whole country, and it has made great contributions to the world. There are 30 strokes of the word "Cuan" under the village name, which is pronounced Cuan for convenience of memory. It can be taken apart: the forest under the prefix Xing, the waist of Lin and the big characters are all on fire, and the more they burn, the hotter they burn. But all the people under the table are surnamed Han, and homophonic (cold) means cold.
The word "Cuan" is literally interpreted as: home, if you don't leave, you will never leave. Application: stove, cooking with fire.
For example: surname, there is a village in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, where more than 1000 people are surnamed Yu. This word is difficult to write and recognize. If you can write, it will become a book. If you can't write it, it will become a piece. So the homophonic word "Chuan" is used instead, but it still sounds like a book.
It was first in 1942. In order to facilitate the exchanges between anti-Japanese cadres, especially those from other places, the word "Yi" was changed to "Chuan". By the end of 1950s, the word "Yi" was basically out of use. 1995 After the tourism development, the word "Yi" was exhibited again. Compared with the quadrangles in Beijing, the quadrangles under the quadrangles have similarities and differences.
How big are the quasi-main rooms and wing rooms in Cuanxia village, where the gatehouse is opened and where the central axis is, all depend on the norms of the Feng Shui Institute. Zuo Qinglong, right white tiger, former Suzaku and later Xuanwu have the same architectural ideas.
In the process, we also pay attention to dry grinding and fine pendulum, brick grinding and seam grinding. The difference is that the east and west wing rooms are indented to the center of the courtyard, which reduces the floor space. Secondly, in the courtyard, three five-purlin halls were built on the central axis of the inner house and the outer house instead of hanging flower gates to improve the land utilization rate.
Open the second door on the east side of the hall, which is in the southeast corner of the front yard. Rainwater is discharged from the hole on the left side of the gate.
The main and inverted rooms of the courtyard under the mattress are mostly four beams and eight columns, and the wing is three beams and six columns. The four corners of the wall are hard, and the roof is double-sloping, with hard mountains and clear water ridges. The two ends of the roof end with scorpion tail, and under the scorpion tail, flower board, tile board or wooden board and brick wall skirt are placed.
There are many kinds of windows and doors: I-shaped brocade, lantern brocade, generous brocade, turtle back brocade, sky-filled brocade, three arrows and one horse, and diagonal characters. The foundation is stone, and there are windward cover plates under the wall legs on both sides of the house. Stone carving patterns are varied but not identical, such as large squares, oblique squares, water ripples or auspicious characters of flowers.
Under the shadow wall, the Nanshan wall in the east wing of the front yard of the quadrangle, the Nanshan wall in the east wing of the backyard and the mountain shadow wall will be built. There is a hat above, a heart in the middle, and a three-part village below.
The hat is engraved with peach, swastika, eaves tile or tiger head, or the word "Fu", brick, fake rafter, round head or square head, plum blossom to take the meaning of tout va bien. The outer corner of the heart is engraved with flowers of the four seasons, and the inner corner is engraved with clouds. The center is set or engraved with the word "Hongxi" or "Fu", and the upper left corner of the word "Fu" looks like a bat. What's more, there are plum blossoms in happiness, luck and longevity, and it's wonderful to show Five Blessingg with its five petals.
Exquisite materials and exquisite craftsmanship decorate the colorful screen wall. Its main function is to show wealth, spectacular prospects, ward off evil spirits and welcome good luck. Most of the gatehouses were built in the southeast corner of quadrangles, which moved eastward along the central axis, making a fortune.
At the same time, it also conforms to the Feng Shui thoughts of Zuo Qinglong and You Baihu. The quadrangle gatehouse built in the south of the street is built in the northwest corner.
The gatehouses are mostly house-style, standing on the mountain and rising from the ridge. The house in Lingxia village has scorpion tails at both ends and a flower plate under it. The four corners are welded bricks, and the front and rear door covers are decorated with front door covers, or hard wood carvings of lotus peony, or window lattice cards. There is a round or polygonal doornail above the threshold, and it is carved to welcome the auspicious. There is a doormat stone under the threshold, and a stone pier stands outside, engraved with auspicious words, flowers and auspicious animals.
The door is equipped with brass or iron cymbals, with knockers and ruthenium hoops. The four corners of the gatehouse have windward cover plates with eaves on them, which are magnificent. In most northern villages, the houses of landlords and rich people are particularly good, while the houses of poor people and middle peasants are very poor, which forms a great contrast, and Kuanduoxia village is particularly obvious because of its glory in history.
8. Dai culture and historical calendar The Dai people have more than 1,000 years of ancient Dai literature and ancient Bayeux scriptures.
Dai people have their own unique calendar. The difference between Dai calendar and Gregorian calendar is 638 years, that is, Gregorian calendar is 639 years as the first year of Dai calendar.
The year of Dai calendar is solar year, but the month is lunar month. Dai calendar is divided into three seasons, from 1 month to April as the cold season, from May to August as the hot season, and from September to1February as the rainy season.
September is a leap month every three years, and this calendar is still widely used in Thailand and Myanmar. The development of Dai literature can be roughly divided into four stages: one is the period when ancient ballads, myths and creation epics came into being and developed; The second period is the formation and prosperity of heroic epics, legends and ballads; Third, the rise and prosperity of stories and narrative poems; Fourth, the new literature flourished.
The famous "Dai Ancient Songs" contains 30 Dai ancient songs, which reflects the production activities and living conditions of Dai ancestors in primitive times. There are myths about the origin of heaven and earth, such as "Should Open Heaven in Eight Days", "Ancient Lotus" and "Gapa in Mei Fei". Myths about human origin include "gourd man", "gourd lays eggs", "human fruit" and "dirty clay man", flood myth includes "gourd seed" and totem myth includes "bird girl".
Epics include Patamagaro, Changed Zagongpa (Guhe), Mudu and The Origin of Everything in the World. The heroic epic is Li Feng.
Ballads are mainly love songs, folk songs, labor songs and children's songs. Dai people love poetry very much, especially long narrative poems.
The introduction of Buddhism and the creation of Dai language laid the foundation for the prosperity of narrative poetry. Dai folk artists accept, translate and spread foreign Buddhist literature, and at the same time absorb Dai folk stories and create a large number of long folk narrative poems.
According to textual research, there are as many as 550 narrative poems by Ayi (that is, the practice story of Buddha reincarnation with the origin of Buddha as the core content). Generally speaking, the common narrative poems of Dai people include Golden Frog, Pocket, Big Leaves, Golden Antelope, Sweet Valley, Sour Fish, Eyes of Twelve Princes, etc.
Drama Dai Opera Dai Opera is one of the unique minority operas in Yunnan, which is popular in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, counties and cities in Dehong Prefecture and some Dai communities in Baoshan. Dai drama originated from dance performances and Buddhist scriptures with certain characters, and absorbed the artistic nutrition of Yunnan opera and shadow play. At the same time, Dai drama spread from Tusi yamen to the people, and a large number of folk Dai drama performance organizations appeared.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Dai drama has made new development. 1960 established the first professional performance group-Luxi Dai Troupe, 1962 expanded to Dehong Dai Troupe.
1962, Hubei and luo sang participated in the drama performance of southwest ethnic minorities, which caused a sensation and was known as the "Pearl of Southeast Asia". Except for professional groups such as Dai Opera Troupe in Dehong Prefecture, almost all the larger Dai villages have amateur performance teams.
At present, Dai dramas are basically enjoyed by the elderly, but young people are not interested because they don't understand them. The difficulties in the inheritance of Dai opera are increasingly prominent [1].
The tunes of Dai folk songs are flexible, beautiful and lyrical. Dehong folk songs have a distinctive accent, Xishuangbanna folk songs have more sliding decorative sounds, and Ruili folk songs are lively and hearty, with their own characteristics.
There are many kinds of dances, and the movements and contents mainly simulate the activities of local common animals, and on this basis, they are personalized. Peacock dance not only comes from imitating the graceful movements of peacocks, but also from the beautiful and moving legends of Dai people.
The famous dancer Dao Meilan is famous at home and abroad for her performance in peacock dance. Dao Meilan (Dai) Water Splashing Festival (Dai New Year), a famous dancer, is the festival with the most national characteristics of the Dai people.
This festival is in June of the Dai calendar, which is equivalent to April of the Gregorian calendar. At the Water-Splashing Festival, people will worship Buddha. The girls will wash the dust for the Buddha with fresh water floating with flowers, then splash water on each other and bless each other.
At first, water was splashed with hands and bowls, and then songs were splashed with pots and barrels. The more intense the splashing, the drums, gongs, water splashing and cheers became one. During the Songkran Festival, traditional entertainment activities such as dragon boat racing, flying high and flying lanterns and various song and dance parties will be held.
Most of them are related to Buddhism. The bamboo building where Dai people live is a dry-column building.
The bamboo building is approximately square, supported by dozens of large bamboos, and the floor is suspended; The roof is covered with thatched rows, and the bamboo wall has a large gap, which is both ventilated and light-permeable. The slope on both sides of the roof is very large, showing an A-shape. The bamboo building is divided into two floors, where people live upstairs, livestock are raised downstairs and sundries are piled up. It's also a place for rice and weaving.
Clothing Dai men generally wear collarless double-breasted sleeves and long-sleeved trousers wrapped in white or blue cloth. Dai women's clothing varies from place to place, but it is basically characterized by bunches of hair, skirts and shirts.
The skirt is ankle-deep, the clothes are tight and short, the hem only reaches the waist, but the sleeves are long and narrow. Dietary Dai people take rice as their staple food and love glutinous rice. The most distinctive thing is bamboo rice.
The production method is to put fresh glutinous rice in a bamboo tube, add water, put it on the corn husk and barbecue it on the fire. It tastes delicious and fragrant. Dai people also have many special barbecues.
Dai people's cold dishes are also delicious, such as dried pork, steamed fish and so on. They are delicious. Pu 'er tea is a specialty of Yunnan Pu 'er tea, which was exported to all parts of China in the Tang Dynasty, Southeast Asia and South Asia in the Qing Dynasty, and now it has entered the Japanese and Western European markets and become a famous tea at home and abroad.
Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture is rich in special products, including 1 10 kinds of fruits alone. There are many kinds of animals and plants here, which are called "plant kingdom" and "animal kingdom". 199 1 year, Xishuangbanna national nature reserve was officially opened to the outside world, and people can visit the treasure house of nature and enjoy the rich subtropical customs.
There are also many Dai snacks. If there is a kind of Ciba, it is a round cake made of glutinous rice and sugar stuffing, and it is wrapped with banana leaves coated with wax oil. It can be baked with fire or fried with honey.
Shredding is to stir rice flour into granules with water, steam it, then mash it into balls, roll it into thin and big round cakes, cool it and stack it. When eating, blanch it in a bowl and sprinkle with various seasonings. The water splashing cake is made of glutinous rice flour.
9. The history and culture of Kuixing Tower In the history of China, Kuixing Tower refers to the Happy Valley in the hometown of Zhong Kui, a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty and Shijing Town, Xihu County, Shaanxi Province. Bless Zhong Kui, the sage of the town house. It is said that Zhong Kui is the satellites in charge of people's scientific research fate. Therefore, since ancient times, literati have visited Zhong Kui. People say, "If you visit Zhong Kui, you will win the prize! Zhong Kui is really a god, send me a blessing! " People once visited Zhong Kui in Zhong Kui's hometown, and built Kuixing Tower all over the country to worship the image of Zhong Kui, so that people could worship nearby. There is also a legend that Bao Gong is the lower bound of Kuixing (see the second episode of Three Heroes and Five Righteousnesses).