The introduction of animal husbandry refers to the production department that raises livestock and poultry through grazing, captivity or a combination of the two to obtain livestock products or draught animals. Including livestock breeding, poultry breeding, economic animal domestication and so on. The main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:

Animal husbandry plays an important role in the national economy, mainly as follows:

① Provide animal food such as meat, milk and eggs.

(2) To provide raw materials such as wool, cashmere, leather, bristles, animal bones and casings for industry.

③ Obtaining foreign exchange through the export of livestock products.

④ Promote the development of animal husbandry input industry and livestock product processing industry, and increase employment opportunities.

⑤ Provide organic fertilizer for crop production.

⑥ Increase farmers' income.

⑦ Provide animal power for agriculture and transportation.

(8) Promote economic and cultural development in pastoral areas and strengthen national unity.

The strategic planning of developing animal husbandry in the early stage of economic development is often manifested as a sideline of crop production, which is called "backyard animal husbandry". With the development of economy, it has gradually developed into a relatively independent industry in some departments. For example: laying hens, broilers, cows, beef cattle, pig industry and so on. China's animal husbandry has experienced 40 years of development, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. By 1990, the proportion of animal husbandry output value to total agricultural output value has reached 26.6% at current prices. With the emergence of relatively independent animal husbandry, it began to differentiate into a powerful industrial sector, that is, various animal husbandry input industries serving animal husbandry production, including the production of machinery, equipment, veterinary drugs and compound feed, as well as the processing industries of various animal husbandry products, such as meat processing industry and milk processing industry. Therefore, animal husbandry in a broad sense often includes agro-industrial joint enterprises that serve it, such as various livestock and poultry companies, joint animal husbandry companies and compound feed companies. In many developed countries in the world, animal husbandry is very developed regardless of the size of land area or population density. Except Japan, the output value of animal husbandry accounts for more than 50% of the total agricultural output value, such as 60% in the United States, 70% in Britain and 80%-90% in some Nordic countries. Since 1980s, the growth rate of China's animal husbandry has far exceeded the world average, and the per capita output or output value of animal husbandry is still lower than the world average. The main ways to develop animal husbandry include: adjusting animal husbandry structure according to local conditions, opening up feed sources, improving livestock varieties, strengthening feeding management, preventing diseases and improving the productivity of unit livestock; At the same time, increase the number of livestock.

Characteristics The main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:

(1) Its expanded reproduction is closely related to the ratio of male, female, young and young of various livestock and poultry. Therefore, maintaining a reasonable herd structure is very important to accelerate the development of animal husbandry.

(2) Feed is the basis of animal husbandry. Only by constantly solving the feed problem can we accelerate the development of animal husbandry.

(3) The livestock industry is highly commercialized, and the products are not easy to transport and perishable. Therefore, it needs close cooperation in collection, processing, storage and transportation.

(4) Animal husbandry has great adaptability to natural and economic conditions, that is, it can be housed for grazing.

Due to these characteristics and requirements, the development of animal husbandry must be based on local natural and economic conditions, adjust measures to local conditions and give full play to its advantages.

Animal husbandry mainly includes cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits and bees, as well as the domestication of wild economic animals such as deer, mink, otter and musk deer. It not only provides raw materials for textile, petroleum, food and medicine industries, but also provides rich foods such as meat, milk, eggs and poultry for people's lives, and provides draught animals and manure for agriculture. Therefore, doing a good job in animal husbandry production is of great significance for promoting economic development, improving people's lives, increasing export materials and enhancing national unity. The conditions for developing animal husbandry are as follows: natural conditions are suitable, that is, light, heat, water and soil are suitable for the growth and development of various grasses and livestock, and the grassland area is large, the quality is good and there are many types; It has a certain material foundation and great production potential, and can achieve less investment, quick effect and high income; Most farmers have experience and skills in animal husbandry production. There are many kinds of animal husbandry, which can be divided into pastoral animal husbandry, agricultural animal husbandry and suburban animal husbandry according to feed types, livestock species composition and management methods.

Grassland animal husbandry is a market-oriented agricultural regional type, mainly distributed in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries and regions. These areas have large areas of arid and semi-arid climate zones. These areas have sparse vegetation, which is not suitable for planting, and vast grasslands, which are suitable for grazing livestock, thus forming this agricultural regional type.

Breeding category:

Grazing plays an important role in American and Argentine pastures.

In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, raising sheep plays an important role.

represent one's country

Cattle raising in pampas grassland has become an outstanding representative of grassland management in the world with its good economic benefits. Tree-free prairie

It is one of the excellent natural grasslands in the world because of its mild climate and lush grass. The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is very low, which provides the possibility for the large-scale operation of pasture; The location advantage near the port promotes the commodity management of pasture. Before the arrival of Europeans, Indians were free to graze here. After the arrival of Europeans, pampas grassland was gradually divided into large grazing areas surrounded by barbed wire, and extensive self-sufficient grazing was replaced by intensive commercial livestock and cattle raising. The ranch belongs to the rancher, who used to be a free cattle herder and was hired by the rancher to herd cattle.

Argentina has a vast territory and a small population, and the beef produced is mainly used for export. Through the railway, it is convenient to transport beef cattle to port cities for slaughter and processing before transporting them abroad; The invention of the sea freezer extended the beef market in pampas to Europe. In order to ensure the development of grassland animal husbandry in pampas, Argentines take measures such as fencing grazing, rotating grazing, planting feed and drilling machines to ensure drinking water for people and livestock and water for pasture growth, so that pasture will not be degraded; On the other hand, it is necessary to raise improved cattle, strengthen the cultivation of improved cattle, and study the diseases of cattle. Animal husbandry in pampas is highly commercialized, specialized and regionalized, and has become a typical grassland animal husbandry.

Features: Animal husbandry in pastoral areas has the characteristics of large production scale, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.

Geographical conditions are mild climate, lush vegetation, vast land and sparsely populated, low land rent, flat terrain, close to the harbor and high level of science and technology.

Advantages: low land price, vast land and sparse population, all kinds of grass, lush growth, mild subtropical climate, close to the harbor and convenient export.

Operating high commodity rate, large scale, cultivating excellent breeding cattle, advanced freezing and fresh-keeping technology, improving transportation conditions and opening up water sources to grow feed.

Development measures 1. Cultivate thoroughbred cattle

The earliest purebred cattle in pampas were brought by Europeans. Later, the Argentines strengthened the cultivation of improved cattle and the study of herd diseases, which has been at the leading level in the world.

2. Improve transportation conditions

A large railway across the grassland of pampas has been completed. In this way, beef cattle on the pasture can be easily transported to the capital Buenos Aires for slaughter and processing, and then transported abroad.

Turn on the water

Many motor wells have been drilled on the grassland to ensure the normal growth of pasture and provide drinking water for cattle and people.

Planting feed

When grazing, plant some forage crops or grasses to supplement the shortage of natural grasses.

Dairy industry Dairy industry is a commercial and intensive regional animal husbandry type facing the urban market formed with the development of the city. Its main production targets are cows, and its products are milk and its products, such as milk powder, butter, cheese and so on. The developed areas of dairy industry are mainly around the Great Lakes of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

In some areas of western and central Europe, the climate is cool and humid, rainy and foggy, and there is little sunshine, which is conducive to the growth of juicy pastures. Cows need not only succulent pasture, but also highly concentrated feed containing protein. High-quality pasture and concentrated feed crops are planted in dairy farming areas in western Europe. In terms of location selection, western Europe has a high degree of urbanization, and people have the habit of drinking milk, so the dairy industry that mainly produces milk is located around big cities, while the dairy industry that produces dairy products is far away from cities. The dairy industry in western Europe has a high degree of mechanization and special automatic milking equipment, which has alleviated the problem of labor shortage.

Development of Animal Husbandry Since the founding of New China, China's animal husbandry has developed rapidly, and the output value of animal husbandry has been continuously improved, from 3.37 billion yuan in 1949 to 20.93 billion yuan in 1978; 1990, the output value of animal husbandry further increased to196.7 billion yuan, more than 58 times that of 1949 and more than 9 times that of 1978; By 20 10, the output value of animal husbandry has exceeded 2 trillion yuan, accounting for more than 30.04% of the total agricultural output value in China. It can be seen that with the continuous improvement of the output value of animal husbandry in China, its position in agriculture has also improved. 20 10 animal husbandry has become the pillar industry of China's agriculture and rural economy, with prominent characteristics of large-scale production and industrialized operation, and distinct regional layout and marketization. By 20 15, the proportion of livestock and poultry breeding in China will increase by 10- 15 percentage points, and the output value of animal husbandry will account for 36% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. At the same time, it is also the first time to propose financial support for animal husbandry, and encourage qualified places to set up animal husbandry loan guarantee funds and guarantee companies to provide services for the financing of leading enterprises in aquaculture and processing. The introduction of financial policy is expected to make large-scale aquaculture enterprises break through the bottleneck of capital and scale. The development prospect of animal husbandry is broad.

Since the reform and opening up, the basic conditions of animal husbandry production in China have been continuously improved, the mode of production has changed rapidly, and the comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry and the ability to ensure effective supply in the market have been continuously strengthened. In 20 10, the output of meat, eggs and milk in China ranked first and third in the world. With the increase of output, the per capita possession of livestock products in China has also continued to rise. 1978, the per capita possession of meat, eggs and milk in China was only 9. 1 kg, 2.4 kg and 1.0 kg respectively. By 20 10, the per capita ownership will reach 45.8 kg, 20.7 kg and 26.7 kg respectively.

In 20 10, China's urban residents are still in the "rising" stage of steady growth of animal food consumption, especially beef and mutton, poultry meat, liquid milk, dairy products, aquatic products, etc., and there will be rapid growth. With the increase of rural residents' income, the consumption of meat and eggs will have a rapid growth stage. The actual demand of rural milk consumption may appear in a few years, but the potential will be greater. Generally speaking, in the next 20 years, the consumption of livestock products of China residents will enter a stable growth period. There is still great potential for the development of China's animal husbandry.

During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry was significantly enhanced, and the level of scale, standardization and industrialization was further improved. It is estimated that by 20 15, the output of meat, eggs and milk will reach 85 million tons, 29 million tons and 50 million tons respectively, and the output of wool will reach 430,000 tons. The output value of animal husbandry accounts for 36% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The good development prospect of animal husbandry will continue to drive the steady development of veterinary medicine industry.

According to the principles and indicators of animal husbandry regionalization, taking into full consideration the regional differences in feed resources, natural environment, feeding technology and social needs, as well as national customs and production characteristics, China's animal husbandry is divided into seven regional types: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Meng Xin Plateau, Loess Plateau, Southwest Mountain Area, Northeast China, Huanghuai Sea Area and East China Sea Area. This paper summarizes the resources, development conditions and main problems of animal husbandry by region, and puts forward the development direction and main measures of animal husbandry in each region.

Animal husbandry in agricultural areas is called animal husbandry in agricultural areas. The characteristics of animal husbandry in agricultural areas are:

① Animal husbandry is the main by-product of food consumption. The main types of livestock are pigs, poultry, farm animals and goats. The feed source is agricultural and sideline products, such as cottonseed cake, soybean meal, chaff, wheat bran, sweet potato, aged feed, straw, weeds, wild vegetables and so on. Grazing is carried out on hillsides and scattered grasslands.

② Dual-purpose animal husbandry is relatively developed, such as raising cattle, horses and donkeys.

③ Feeding mainly in house. Except for short-term stubble grazing after harvest, the rest of the time is artificially raised in the barn.

④ Feed expenses account for a relatively high proportion, generally accounting for more than 65% of the animal husbandry expenses. It can completely realize the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, with meticulous management and high production level. The mode of operation is mainly farm sideline, as well as state-owned pastures and professional households. Animal husbandry in agricultural areas is still the main body of animal husbandry in China.

Pastoral areas In grassland and desert areas, animal husbandry based on grazing is called pastoral animal husbandry. Livestock are mainly herbivores. Extensive management, poor combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, seasonal fluctuation of forage supply, vulnerability to severe weather threats, and low and uneven livestock productivity. Pastoral areas in China are located in the northern and western frontiers, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces. * * * There are 266 counties (banners) in pastoral, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, accounting for more than 50% of the country's total land area, and the number of grazing livestock accounts for 22% of the country's total livestock. The basic principles of development are: rational utilization and protection of existing natural grassland; Focus on grassland construction and other construction, such as developing water sources, storing grass and preparing materials, and improving the production conditions of animal husbandry; Adjust the herd structure and develop seasonal production, such as slaughtering lambs in the same year and fattening and slaughtering beef cattle in the early stage to enrich the summer and autumn seasons and avoid the shortage in winter and spring; Combination of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; Adopt applicable technology and speed up technological transformation.

Grassland animal husbandry is an animal husbandry that uses grassland to graze livestock directly or mow grassland as forage to raise livestock. Grassland in China can be divided into natural grassland, artificial grassland and semi-artificial grassland according to the nature of plant community. According to the distribution of grassland, it can be divided into two types: northern grassland and southern grassland. The problems of grassland animal husbandry in China are the degradation of grassland resources and the low level of animal husbandry productivity. In addition to the lack of advanced management methods, it is also related to the poor natural conditions in these areas. The main ways to develop grassland animal husbandry are:

① Improve the grassland.

(2) Expand artificial grass planting where conditions permit.

(3) build a barn.

④ Strengthening the construction of service system.

⑤ Reform the unreasonable circulation system.

Semi-farmers are distributed in a narrow strip along the north and south of the Great Wall, which is one of the main supply bases for farm animals and carnivores in agricultural areas. Historically, this area used to be an area where agriculture and animal husbandry alternately developed and changed, characterized by pure agriculture operated by the Han nationality and pure animal husbandry operated by the Mongolian nationality. Dry farming and grazing animal husbandry in the region are developed alternately, and animal husbandry has the characteristics of pure grazing in pastoral areas and house feeding in agricultural areas. The natural grasslands such as Horqin Grassland and Bashang Plateau in the region mainly graze cattle, horses and sheep, and are important production bases of meat, milk and fine wool. In addition, Yanchi in Ningxia, agriculture and animal husbandry in Shandong, Tongxin in Inner Mongolia and its adjacent areas have always focused on the development of Tan sheep, especially the fur produced by Ermao.

Suburbs are mainly distributed around cities and large industrial and mining areas, mainly raising livestock and poultry such as pigs, chickens and cows, and directly providing livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk to cities and industrial and mining areas. In addition to raising livestock and poultry by rural collectives and individuals, there are also dairy farms, large-scale mechanized pig raising and chicken farms in the suburbs, forming non-staple food bases in cities, industrial and mining areas with high technical level and commodity rate.

China's human resources, senior animal husbandry talents, are mainly cultivated by China Agricultural University and agricultural (animal husbandry) colleges and universities distributed in various provinces (cities, autonomous regions); Medium-sized animal husbandry talents are mainly trained by various animal husbandry (agriculture) secondary vocational schools, such as Jilin Animal Husbandry School.

Pollution indicates livestock pollution.

The main components of livestock and poultry excreta are nitrogen-containing compounds, calcium, phosphorus, soluble nitrogen-free substances, crude fiber, other trace elements and some drugs. The contents of various components vary with livestock breeds, feed and feeding methods, and will pollute the air, water and soil after being discharged with feces. Waste includes eggshells, internal organs, hair, blood and residues. These wastes can be turned into useful substances after timely recovery and treatment. If it is not treated in time, it will be discarded together with excrement, and it will also become a pollutant together with excrement.

Spread * * * diseases

According to statistics, there are more than 90 kinds of infectious diseases spread from animals to people, and the main carriers of these infectious diseases are feces and excreta. In pigs, the most typical is parasitic diseases transmitted to people. In June 2005, a case of swine streptococcosis was reported in Sichuan Province, which caused dozens of deaths. In poultry, the most serious cases are human cases infected with avian influenza virus, such as 1997, which caused two deaths in Hong Kong, and the case of avian influenza in Dingdang Town, Guangxi in 2004. Cattle have foot-and-mouth disease. In March of 20001year, foot-and-mouth disease occurred in a large number of cloven-hoofed animals in Britain, and two workers were infected during the treatment of sick animals. Anthrax, brucellosis and tuberculosis infections are also common. Among zoonotic infectious diseases, severe cases pose a great threat to human beings.

Eutrophication of water body

Animal products processing plants discharge livestock manure and sewage at will, which will easily lead to eutrophication of water bodies. These pollutants are directly discharged into natural water bodies without treatment, such as reservoirs, lakes, rice fields and other waters. Aquatic organisms in the water, such as algae, reproduce immediately after obtaining rich nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, consuming oxygen in the water and threatening the survival and even death of fish in the pond. It is common in the media that industrial sewage leads to fish death, and in practice fish deaths often occur in fish ponds next to livestock farms; In the rice field, the seedlings are long and lodging, and the rice is late or immature, so the rice will never be harvested. Due to the reproduction of aquatic organisms, the organic matter in the water is decomposed anaerobically at the bottom of the water, producing malodorous substances such as mercaptan, which makes the water body black and smelly, and it is difficult to purify and restore the vitality of eutrophic water body, which is also a major pollution object in animal husbandry production.

Drug residue

Due to the development of large-scale and intensive animal husbandry, a large number of antibiotics and sulfonamides have become the main means to prevent and treat livestock and poultry diseases. Due to the lack of economic benefits and scientific knowledge, drug abuse is widespread, resulting in drug residues in livestock and poultry products (including meat, eggs and milk). These products are transferred to human body through human intake, which affects health. Such as chloramphenicol, which mainly damages the human hematopoietic system and causes aplastic anemia and even leukemia; DDT in organochlorine drugs has high toxicity and stability, and trace DDT can be enriched to serious carcinogenic hazards through biology.

heavy metal contamination

Mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. It is the main public hazard of heavy metals. Heavy metals cannot be degraded into harmless substances. After entering water and soil, they are partially absorbed by animals and plants, and gradually enriched, which can lead to poisoning, death or carcinogenesis of people and animals.

Pollution of feed additives and growth promoters on livestock products

Due to the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, human beings often ignore the public hazards caused by additives and growth promoters. For example, from June 65438 to June 0999 in Belgium, dioxin pollution in meat, eggs and milk caused huge economic losses to Belgium and Europe. The first case of mad cow disease was found in England from 65438 to 0985. From 65438 to 0996, mad cow disease occurred in France, Denmark, Germany and other EU countries one after another, which dealt a serious blow to the European beef industry. The main reason is that animal bone meal and blood meal are used as feed additives. Adding growth promoter such as clenbuterol hydrochloride to feed can increase the pig yield and carcass lean meat rate by 10%. Although it can improve economic benefits, the harm caused by its residue to people who eat it is immeasurable.

Pollution countermeasures: formulate laws and regulations to prevent and control pollution and strengthen environmental supervision.

According to the specific development and level of animal husbandry in China, a set of feasible environmental quality standards for animal husbandry and emission standards for livestock and poultry excreta and waste have been found, which provides theoretical and legal basis for the planning and management of existing large-scale livestock and poultry farms and new, rebuilt and expanded livestock and poultry farms, and brings the environmental management of livestock and poultry farms into the legal management track. Establish and improve professional animal husbandry environmental quality supervision institutions, make corresponding regulations on the pollution caused by all aspects of livestock and poultry farms, find out the pollution degree and harm of air, soil, water bodies, rivers and lakes in livestock and poultry farms and their surrounding areas, and take targeted measures to control and achieve the purpose of animal husbandry environmental governance.

* * * Relevant departments should intensify efforts to control animal husbandry pollution.

* * * departments should mobilize the enthusiasm of animal husbandry to control environmental pollution through policy inclination, encourage animal husbandry enterprises to continuously obtain economic benefits in their operations, and rationally arrange investment in environmental protection and management and safe animal products production to achieve the effect of sustainable development of animal husbandry.

Biological feed can improve the utilization rate of livestock feed, especially nitrogen utilization rate in feed, and reduce nitrogen pollution in livestock manure, which is a "radical" move to eliminate livestock production pollution. In order to achieve this goal, in addition to cultivating excellent varieties, scientific feeding, scientific ingredients, and applying additives that are safe to human body and can promote the growth of livestock and poultry, we also apply the principle of ecological nutrition to develop environmentally friendly feed.

Ecological engineering technology through the construction of animal husbandry ecological engineering, vigorously develop ecological animal husbandry, and carry out animal husbandry production without waste and pollution. Ecological engineering is to use the principles and laws of modern ecology and ecological economics to guide the production of animal husbandry, and realize the high-quality, efficient and sustainable development of animal husbandry through a virtuous cycle of economy and ecology.

Animal disease in veterinary epidemic prevention system is the key to seriously endanger the sustainable development of animal husbandry. According to the investigation and estimation of 1993 livestock death by the Ministry of Agriculture, the number of pigs is about 12%, poultry is 20%, and cattle is 5%. Based on this calculation, the economic loss caused by one year is about 30 billion yuan, which is a shocking figure. Therefore, only by establishing and perfecting the national top-down veterinary epidemic prevention system can we achieve national prevention and control, reduce the mortality rate of livestock and poultry, ensure the healthy growth of livestock and poultry, and thus ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry.

The security system uses the diagnosis and monitoring methods of livestock and poultry diseases to strengthen the quarantine monitoring of livestock and poultry origin, slaughter, transportation and market, and gradually strengthen the safety monitoring of feed and additives, veterinary drugs and biological products, animal health status, harmful residues, environmental conditions of livestock and poultry farms, and the processing and sales process of livestock products, especially strengthening the supervision and law enforcement of the sales process of livestock products. Put an end to illegal traders disturbing the market with meat food that does not meet the quarantine and hygiene standards, endangering people's physical and mental health, and produce green animal products by using green environment to realize the sustainable development of human society, which will also promote and ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry.

1 has the problems of low standardization and low overall production level.

Among the 70 large-scale farms surveyed, only two have basically reached the "six-oriented" standards (improved livestock and poultry breeding, facility breeding, standardized production, institutionalized epidemic prevention, harmless treatment of feces, and normalized supervision), with a very low proportion, and the degree of standardization is far from that of the European Union and the United States.

2. The overall strength of feed and veterinary drug enterprises is low, and the market competitiveness is not strong.

Among the 86 feed production enterprises surveyed, more than 80% have an annual production scale of less than 50,000 t; Among the 26 veterinary drug production enterprises, only 23% have an annual output value of more than 5 million yuan, which is far from similar enterprises in brother provinces. Among the 26 veterinary drug manufacturers surveyed, 18 simply mixed or sterilized the purchased raw materials, and the technical content of the products was low; 15 in feed production enterprises, 12 is imported technology, and its independent innovation ability is seriously insufficient. In terms of product research and development, only 5 of 26 enterprises have set up special R&D departments, accounting for only 19.2%.

3. The service system needs to be strengthened urgently, and it is difficult to meet the needs of work.

In 30 animal husbandry technology extension institutions, 73% of the units' working conditions can't meet the work needs. Village epidemic prevention workers have poor wages, low academic qualifications and older age. The annual salary of 74.4% epidemic prevention workers is lower than 1200 yuan; Only 17.2% people have high school education; Only 23.4% are under 40 years old. The average staffing of 70 counties and stations is 18.5, 73% of the units report that they can't meet the work needs because of too few staffing, and 59% of the units have not recruited college graduates of this major in recent five years. 56% of counties and 40% of towns and villages have professional technicians below 70%, and 17% of counties and 50% of towns and villages have employees over 46 years old, accounting for more than 50%. Among 100 respondents, 69% of county stations and 60% of townships are short of funds, making it difficult to ensure normal work. Animal husbandry and veterinary workers lack labor protection. Only a few counties in the province, such as Ansai and Wuqi, have handled medical insurance and accidental injury insurance for epidemic prevention personnel.

4 lack of human resources, and industrial development is not coordinated

In rural areas, the shortage of young adults and educated laborers is prominent. In 100 villages surveyed, more than 65% of the labor force is aged 45-60, and the education level above junior high school is insufficient 18%, which directly affects the promotion of advanced technology and management mode of animal husbandry. There is a lack of on-site directors and managers who know both specialty and management in the scale field. Among the 70 large-scale farms surveyed, laymen accounted for 48.5%; Technology popularization lacks service-oriented talents for the development of modern animal husbandry. In 30 animal husbandry technology extension institutions, less than 8% technicians are familiar with the design and equipment configuration of pens, only 8 people can interpret DHI reports, and only 4 people master TMR technology; Technical support is short of laboratory testing and inspection talents. Of the 20 county-level animal epidemic control centers, only 1 1 county can meet the needs of the normal work of veterinary laboratories, and the existing talent resources are not in harmony with the rapid development of animal husbandry.

5. There are many constraints and weak policy support.

Investment is big, risk is big, pollution is big, loan is difficult, land use is difficult and insurance is difficult. The "three difficulties" problem has become the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry at present. The average family has its own funds of 50,000-80,000 yuan, but pig farmers who slaughter 200 pigs per year need to invest about 1. 80 yuan; Construction 1 "Shiyang mode" (Shiyang broiler mode takes Shiyang Group as the leader and adopts the order mode of "company+farmers", and the group signs a long-term feeding contract with farmers to guide the construction of standardized broiler breeding houses, which will provide chicks, feed, medicine, epidemic prevention and recovery). The house for 5,000 broilers needs to be invested 1.5 million yuan. 68% respondents reported that the high risk of epidemic disease was the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry, and 5 1% respondents reported that the high market risk was the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry. With the construction of new countryside, the construction of ecological civilization, the integration of urban and rural areas and the sustained and healthy development of agriculture, environmental pollution has become the main factor restricting the large-scale development of animal husbandry. 63 questionnaires reflect that the difficulty of loan is the biggest obstacle to expand animal husbandry production, and only 12 of 70 large-scale farms have obtained bank credit. 58 questionnaires reflect that the difficulty of land use restricts the rapid expansion of animal husbandry scale. High-risk aquaculture lacks a perfect insurance system. For example, the insurance policy of sow 1 1,000 yuan is far from the cost price of more than 3,000 yuan per sow, which can not effectively protect the interests of farmers and the animal husbandry insurance system is not perfect.