Hybrid cattle breeds of imported and imported breeds. Luxi Yellow Cattle, Simmental Cattle, Charolais Cattle, Limousin Cattle, Improved Cattle and Hybrid Cattle are all calves.
Qinchuan calf
Qinchuan cattle is a famous large-scale dual-purpose meat variety in China, which originated in Guanzhong Plain of Weihe River Basin in Shaanxi Province. At present, the total number of cattle raised is more than 800,000 ~ 1 10,000.
Body shape and appearance: the coat color is mostly purplish red and red, accounting for about 80% of the total, with less yellow. The head is square, the nose mirror is red, the angle is short, and it is fleshy, and most of them bend slightly outward or backward; Big body, balanced development of all parts, strong bones, full muscles and strong physique; The shoulders are long and oblique, the forequarters are well developed, the chest is deep and wide, the ribs are long and open, the back and waist are straight and wide, the length is moderate, and the sacrum is slightly raised, usually in an oblique shape; The limbs are stout and firm, with wide spacing between forelimbs, close hocks in hind limbs, round hooves, tight and hard hooves, mostly red. Meat performance: Qinchuan beef has good meat performance. Adult bulls weigh 600-800 kg. Easy fattening, delicate meat quality, high lean meat rate and obvious marble lines. 18-month-old fattening cattle gain an average of 550g (female) or 700g (male) per day, with an average slaughter rate of 58.3% and a net meat rate of 50.5%.
Nanyang xiaoniu
Nanyang cattle, a large breed with excellent meat quality, is produced in Nanyang, southwest of Henan Province, with a total number of about 6,543,800+0.3 million.
Physical appearance: the color of coat is mostly yellow, followed by beige and grass white; Nasal mirror is mostly red with black spots; Tall, strong bones, muscular, compact structure and strong physique; The limbs are upright and the hooves are round and agile. The bull's neck is short and thick, with many wrinkles on the side, a little bow and a high bun.
Meat performance: the adult bull weighs 650-700 kg, the slaughter rate is about 55.6%, and the net meat rate can reach 46.6%. This breed of cattle is easy to fatten, with an average daily gain of 8 13g, tender meat, obvious marbling and delicious taste. Nanyang cattle have strong adaptability to climate, and their offspring perform well when they cross with local yellow cattle.
Luxi calf
Luxi yellow cattle are in good shape for meat or animal husbandry, and have strong adaptability, especially high temperature resistance. origin
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Produced in southwest Shandong, there are about 450 thousand heads at present.
Body shape and appearance: There are four kinds of coats: brown, dark yellow, yellow and light yellow, with yellow as the main coat, accounting for about 70% of the total. Generally, the hair color of cattle is deep in the front and light in the back, and the color of eye socket, mouth chakra, abdomen and inner limbs is light, capillary and soft. Tall, stout, symmetrical and compact structure, muscular, well-developed chest, wide back and waist, and poor hindquarters; Thin skeleton, thin tube circumference, different hoof colors, from red to grayish yellow, mostly amber; The tail is slender and shaped like a hammer. Meat performance: Luxi cattle mature late, the average weight of adult bulls is about 650 kg, the fattening performance is good, the skin is thin and the meat is tender, and the average daily gain at the age of 1- 1.5 is 6 10g. The slaughter rate of 18 months old can reach 57.2%, with obvious marble pattern.
Jinnan calf
Jinnan
Calf (5)
Cattle is a large-scale dual-purpose meat variety, which is produced in Jinnan Basin in the lower reaches of Fenhe River in southwest Shanxi Province. Among them, the cattle produced in Wanrong, Hejin and Linyi counties are the best.
Body shape and appearance: the coat color is mainly jujube red, followed by yellow and brown; Nose mirror and hoof toes are mostly pink; Larger in size, longer in body, wider in forehead and mouth, commonly known as "lion's head". The bones are strong, the forequarters are more developed than the hindquarters, the chest is deep and wide, and the muscles are plump.
Meat performance: Jinnan cattle is a late-maturing variety with good meat production performance, with an average slaughter rate of 52.3% and a net meat rate of 43.4%.
5. Other Local Breeds There are also some other excellent local yellow cattle breeds in different areas of China. Their body shape, appearance and meat production performance are shown in table 1.
5 Reproductive performance and interspecific hybridization
Luxi yellow cattle have strong reproductive ability. Generally, cows can be bred and pregnant at the age of 8 ~ 10 months. If cows are bred for the first time at the age of 1.5 ~ 2 years, they can produce 7 ~ 10 calves in their lifetime. The calving rate is high, and the bull matures later. Generally, breeding begins at the age of two, which can take 5 to 7 years.
Four cattle breeds of the genus Bos can cross each other, and some of them (such as tumor cattle × common cattle) have reproductive ability. Some cattle breeds (such as yak × common cattle, bison × common cattle) can breed, but bulls can't have children. Buffalo species of the genus Buffalo can also cross with each other to produce offspring, but they cannot cross with any cattle species of the genus Bovine to get pregnant. According to these characteristics, creating new varieties or using them through interspecific hybridization has been widely valued by breeders. In the United States, Brahman beef cattle crossed with European beef cattle to cultivate beef cattle breeds suitable for tropical and subtropical climate conditions, such as Boluo, Borgos, St. Gertrudis, Beef King and so on. Australia bred heat-resistant and tick-resistant Australian cows by crossing red with Shahihua cattle. In recent years, the United States has also used American bison (3/8) and Hereford cattle (1/4) and (3/8) to cross three breeds. After thousands of crossbreeding experiments, the obstacle of sterility of crossbred bulls was finally overcome, and a new beef breed "Bifaro" was bred, which has the advantages of fast weight gain, roughage tolerance, more meat production, good meat quality and low feeding cost. Canadian bison (1/2) and brahmin cattle (1/2), Charolais cattle (1/4), (116), Hereford cattle (1/60). However, the problem of male cow infertility has not been solved so far.
6 imported calf breed Simmental cattle
Originally from Switzerland, it is a dual-purpose variety for milk, meat and clothing. It is the most widely distributed imported variety in China and has good adaptability. Many areas generally report that the improvement effect is good, the meat performance is improved and the daily weight gain is accelerated.
The coat color of Simmental cattle is yellow-white or red-white, and the body often has a white chest band, and the head, abdomen, tail tip, hocks of limbs and below the knee joint are white; Strong physique, wide forehead, clear head contour, wide mouth, big eyes, thin horns, developed forequarters, deep chest, wide waist and long body, obvious muscle groups on the body surface, full hips and deep thighs, mostly round; Strong limbs and strong hooves.
Simmental cattle are tall, the average weight of adult bulls is 1000- 1300 kg, and the weight of cows is 650-800 kg. Good meat production performance, more lean meat, uniform fat distribution and good meat quality, and the slaughter rate is generally 63%.
charolais cattle
Originated in France, it is a world-famous large beef cattle breed, which is famous for its large size, fast growth, lean meat and high feed conversion rate. The coat is white or yellowish white, a few are hay yellow, and the skin is flesh red. He is big and strong, his head is small and short, his mouth is wide, and his thin and round corners are white and extend forward. Due to hip hypertrophy, the waist is slightly sunken. The neck is thick and short, the chest is deep and wide, and the back is long and flat. The muscles of the whole body are well developed, especially the buttocks are round and plump, and the tail muscles often bulge, which is called "double-muscle cow".
Charolais cattle have fast growth speed, strong adaptability, cold and heat resistance and good meat production performance. It has the excellent characteristics of thin skin, tender meat, more lean meat, good meat quality and delicious taste. Adult bulls weigh about 1 100- 1200 kg, and cows weigh 700-800 kg. The maximum daily gain can reach 65438±0.88kg, and the slaughter rate is 65% ~ 70%.
Limuzan cattle
Also known as Muxin cattle, it is a large meat variety. Originated in France.
The coat color is mostly consistent yellow-brown. The horn is white, and the horn is thick and short, extending to both sides; The coat is thick and hard; Meat special
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Signs are obvious, strong, long, muscular, wide and flat hips.
Limousin cattle are precocious, fast growing, good adaptability, strong compensatory growth ability and rough feeding tolerance. The live weight of adult bull can reach 900- 1 100 kg, with good meat production performance and carcass quality, large eye muscle area and high meat production rate. The slaughter rate of fattening cattle can reach about 65%, the carcass lean meat rate is 80%-85%, the bone mass is small and the beef flavor is good.
Hereford cows
Originated in Britain, it is one of the ancient early-maturing small beef cattle breeds.
The coat color of Hereford cattle is mainly red with different shades, with "six whites" (that is, the head, lower limbs, lower abdomen, lower neck, bun and tail broom appear white). Small size, slender bones and obvious meat characteristics; The head is short, the forehead is wide and the angle is flat outward; The trunk is rectangular, the neck is short and thick, the neck is well developed, the trunk is muscular and the buttocks are plump; The limbs are short and strong, and the hooves are strong.
Hereford cattle fatten early, gain weight quickly and have high feed reward; The meat is tender and juicy and delicious, and the general slaughter rate is 60% ~ 65%.
Other imported breeds of cattle
Angus cattle, short-horned cattle, Danish red bull and Italian Piedmont cattle were also introduced to some areas of China, which showed good results in the improvement of local varieties in China and the heterosis of offspring was obvious.
Characteristics and fattening utilization of main hybrid cattle
Hybridization refers to the mating between two or more different varieties and strains, and the subsequent hybrid. Carrying out hybridization can make hybrid offspring obtain productivity performance that exceeds the average level of parents, such as feed reward and daily gain. Hybrid offspring have good adaptability and strong productivity, which is heterosis.
At present, most local yellow cattle breeds in China have the advantages of roughage tolerance, strong adaptability and good meat quality. But the growth rate is slow, the slaughter rate and meat yield are not high, and the slaughter rate is low. In order to overcome these shortcomings, improve meat production and reduce feeding costs, we should vigorously advocate raising hybrid cattle in production and improve productivity. At present, Simmental, Charolais, Limousin and Holstein are widely raised in beef cattle production.
1. The characteristics of Simmental hybrid cattle and the general name of the hybrid offspring of Simmental cattle and local yellow cattle, the hybrid offspring develop in the direction of both milk and meat.
The coat color of Simmental hybrid cattle is mainly yellow (red) and white. With the increase of generations, the spot distribution tends to be neat, the bald characteristics are obvious, and the lower thighs, tail broom and lower limbs are also white. The body is deep, wide and tall, well-proportioned, strong and muscular.
Simmental hybrid cattle have strong adaptability, roughage tolerance, cold tolerance and disease resistance. After fattening, the slaughter rate can reach above 5 1.6%, the net meat rate is above 42.3%, and the eye muscle area is large.
2. The characteristics of Charolais hybrid cattle and the general name of the hybrid offspring of Charolais bull and local female yellow cattle, aiming at making the hybrid offspring develop towards meat use.
The coat color of hybrid cattle is grass white or gray white, and some are milky white. The back and waist are straight and generous, the hips, thighs and chest are muscular, and the limbs are stout. Strong physique, uniform development, cuboid, showing typical characteristics of meat cattle.
Charolais hybrid cattle can tolerate roughage. Under good feeding conditions, the daily gain can reach more than1000g, and the body weight can reach 494.09 30.31kg at the age of 2. After fattening, the slaughter rate can reach 54.9% and the net meat rate can reach 43.2%.
3. The characteristics of Limousin hybrid cattle and the general name of the hybrid offspring of Limousin bull and local yellow cattle, in order to make the hybrid offspring develop in the direction of meat use.
Hybrid cattle have yellow or red coat color, straight back and waist, long body, developed hindquarters, wide and flat hips, well-developed muscles, and slightly short and thick limbs, showing a fleshy shape.
Limousin hybrid cattle have obvious advantages, faster growth, obvious meat characteristics and high meat yield. After fattening, the slaughter rate can reach above 565,438+0.2%, and the net meat rate can reach above 465,438+0.7%.
4. Three-way hybrid cattle In recent years, many three-way hybrid cattle (that is, hybrids of three varieties) have appeared in various places. The method is to select excellent cows from the hybrid offspring of binary hybridization, and then cross with other varieties (strains) to form the second generation hybrid cattle. Its heterosis is obviously higher than that of the hybrid offspring, and its production performance is further improved. If it is selected as a frame cow, the fattening effect will be better.
5. Other crossbred cattle, such as Hereford cattle, Angus cattle, short-horned cattle, Danish cattle and Holstein cattle, are superior to local yellow cattle in body structure and production performance, and are also good fattening cattle.
7 benefit analysis
If you buy Luxi yellow cattle or crossbred beef cattle, you will start estrus in 10 month, and after mating, you will produce cattle in 10 month, and you will produce cattle 1 head every year. Suppose you buy Luxi yellow cattle or crossbred beef cattle in May and June, and the price is 1, 000- 1. In 300 yuan, a cow is overweight.
Benefit analysis of beef cattle fattening
One: During the calf period, each cow needs to store 5-8 Jin of corn stalks and a small amount of distiller's grains or other weeds every day. Need 3-5 kg concentrate, including corn flour 60%, wheat bran 30% (bean cake or cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake), 10% optional. 30 cows need a catty of salt every day, and the cowshed is disinfected every two weeks for regular prevention. After the cattle enter the pen, they begin to deworm at intervals of one week, the first time and the second time are four days apart, and the two times can be cleaned with deworming nets.
Fattening period: each cow needs 8- 12 kg of grass, 5-8 kg of concentrate, grass 12- 15 kg of topdressing in the later period, 8- 10 kg of concentrate and 30% of grass.
Two: An improved beef calf with a weight of about 300 kg needs to invest about 900- 1200 yuan, and the average monthly grass consumption is about 300 kg, which is equivalent to cash 30 yuan. Concentrate is about 240 kg per month, and cash is about 150 yuan. For example, the prevention of various diseases, salt for cattle, 30 yuan every month. Raising 200 cows requires two breeders and two forage preparation and management. The per capita salary is calculated according to the monthly 600 yuan, and the total salary of breeding for half a year is 14400 yuan. The salary per cow is not as high as that in 80 yuan. If the average monthly growth rate is 1.20 kg, it can be increased by 720 kg in half a year, and the original purchase of 300 kg can reach more than 1 0,000 kg. The feeding cost of each cow can be calculated as follows: (1) Each cow needs to invest about 1.200 yuan; (2) The transportation, quarantine and other expenses are estimated to be about 65,438+0,000 yuan; (3) Feeding management salary is about 1 1,000 yuan; (4) Grass and concentrate * * 65438 yuan+.
Three: after feeding for six months, plus the weight when buying cattle, according to 1000 kg, each cow can sell for about 4400 yuan. Excluding the total cost of RMB 2,700-2,900 per cow mentioned above, the net profit of a cow is 1.500- 1.700 yuan, which is not lower than 1 in the case of breeding for half a year and poor management.
Four: Generally speaking, the best time to buy cattle every year is in the lunar calendar (10 ~ 1 1), and in summer it is from May to June. The best time to sell cattle is after the birth of newborn calves in the lunar calendar (February ~ March). For one reason or another, there are often symptoms such as suffocation, suspended animation, constipation and navel inflammation.
8 feeding precautions
Fear of suffocation: In the case of dystocia, calves will suffocate due to the long-term blockage of mucus and amniotic fluid in the mother. When the degree of suffocation is mild, the breathing is weak and rapid, and the time is slightly longer. Mucosal cyanosis can be found, and the mouth and nose are filled with amniotic fluid and mucus. The heartbeat and pulse are fast and weak, and only the cornea has reflection. When the calf suffocates, artificial respiration can be performed, and the calf lowers its head and the hindquarters are raised. One person holds the two forelimbs and pulls them back and forth, alternately expanding and compressing the chest, while the other person wipes mucus and amniotic fluid in the nostrils and mouth with gauze or towel. At the same time of artificial respiration, drugs that stimulate the respiratory center can also be used, such as theophylline 5- 10 mg and nikethamide 25% oil solution 1.5 ml.
Improved Luxi yellow cattle
Second, fear of constipation: this disease usually refers to the calf's failure to defecate within 24 hours after birth, which is characterized by anxiety, hunching back and tilting tail to defecate. Severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fast and weak pulse, and sometimes sweating. Rectal examination, you can feel hard stool. After constipation occurs in the calf, it should be enema with soapy water in time to soften and discharge the feces. You can pour 300 ml of vegetable oil or paraffin oil into the rectum, or massage the abdomen with hot compress, or wrap the calf abdomen with a big towel to keep warm and relieve abdominal pain.
Three fears of omphalitis: Umbilitis is an inflammation caused by bacterial infection at the end of umbilical cord after calf birth. Pain occurred when the calf palpated its navel. Under the skin of the center and root of the umbilical cord, you can feel a rope as thick as a pencil rod, and thick smelly pus flows out. The prevention and treatment methods are as follows: when the tissues around the umbilical region are inflamed, the umbilical region is cut and disinfected first, then penicillin procaine injection is injected subcutaneously around the umbilical region, and a mixture of pine oil and 5% iodine is applied locally. If there is swelling and necrosis, pus should be discharged to remove necrotic tissue. After cleaning with disinfectant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs such as sulfanilamide powder or furacilin powder should be sprayed, and local dressing should be done.
Breeding technology of meat calf
1, Calf Nursing Technology
Calves should eat colostrum 1 hour after birth. If cows can't eat colostrum or calf milk is short of water for some reason, they should use artificial milk instead. Artificial milk should be prepared according to the nutritional needs of calves. After fully stirring, it should be heated to 38 ~ 40℃ and fed 4 ~ 5 times a day. After 7 ~ 10 days of birth, calves can be held outdoors or in sports fields for half an hour. It can be increased to 1 ~ 2 hours after one month, and can be gradually extended later. Calf barns should be kept clean, dry and hygienic, and attention should be paid to keeping warm in winter and ventilation and heatstroke prevention in summer. Supply clean water to calves every day and let them drink freely. The common diseases of calves are colibacillosis (pullorum disease), nutritional diarrhea and calf pneumonia. The specific treatment method is determined by the veterinarian according to the specific situation.
2. Early feeding techniques of calves
Early feeding should be started at the age of 2 ~ 3 months, and calf feeding pens or feeding troughs should be set separately outside the cowshed to prevent cows from grabbing food. Feed 1 ~ 2 times a day, and feed 1 time in the afternoon or evening; When feeding twice, feed once in the morning and once in the evening. Mix the mixed concentrated solution with water 1: 2.5 to form a wet thick material. The amount of breast feeding depends on the amount of breast milk and the weight of calves. Generally, at the age of 2 months, try to feed the mixture to enhance the adaptability of calves to supplementary feeding. Feed the mixture 0.2 ~ 0.3 kg every day for 3 months; Feed 0.3 ~ 0.8kg mixture every day for 4 months; The age of 5 months increased to 0.8 ~ 1.2 kg, and the age of 6 months increased to 1.2 ~ 1.5 kg. During the feeding period, provide soft and high-quality roughage for calves and let them eat freely. The mixture is prepared according to the nutritional needs of calves. Reference formula for early feeding: corn flour 47%, bran 13%, bean cake 20%, grass powder (or corn stalk powder) 15%, calcium hydrogen phosphate 1.2%, salt 0.8% and additive 3%. [3]
Selection of Fast Fattening Calf Breeds
Select excellent bulls such as Charolais, Simmental, Limousin or black-and-white cattle to cross with local cattle to improve hybrid calves.
Eat enough colostrum.
Calves for meat are generally breastfed naturally, and the calves should be fed colostrum in time 1 ~ 1.5 hours after birth, and must be full within 7 days. Because colostrum helps to resist bacteria, diarrhea, meconium and extremely rich nutrition. At the same time, supplement some vitamins a, d and e.
Feeding and management
calf
Calf (4)
Early supplementary feeding of cattle is very important. 1 week start training to drink warm water. In order to promote the development of calves' rumen and supplement the nutrients needed by calves, some concentrate of green and roughage were fed in advance: generally, training was started at the age of 10~20 days, at the initial stage of training, concentrate was made into porridge, a little milk was added, and 10 ~ 20g was fed on the same day, and the feeding amount was gradually increased; At the age of 20, give 10 ~ 20g carrot slices every day, and then gradually increase the feeding amount; At the age of 30 days, hay mechanism was set in the fence to lure them to eat; Silage was added at the age of 60 days, and the first feeding amount was 100 ~ 150g. With the increase of calf feed intake, it is necessary to ensure adequate drinking water. Calves and cows should be raised separately and regularly released for breastfeeding. Calves should exercise moderately and graze in the pasture near the cowshed with their mothers. When grazing, we should slow down appropriately to ensure the rest time. Calves 135 weaned.
Disinfection of fattening house
Before calves are transferred to the fattening house, 2% caustic soda solution is sprayed on the floor and walls of the fattening house, and utensils are disinfected with 1% bromogeramine solution or 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution.
After weaning, calves are transferred to fattening rooms for feeding.
Fattening shed is a standardized plastic film shed, and the shed temperature should be kept within the range of 6℃~25℃ to ensure that it is warm in winter and cool in summer. Build a shade shed in summer to keep good ventilation. When the temperature is above 30℃, heatstroke prevention and cooling measures should be taken. Fasten double-layer plastic film in winter, pay attention to ventilation, and eliminate harmful gases such as ammonia and carbon monoxide in time. Tie, slot and position the cattle in the order from big to small, and the appropriate reins are 40~60 cm.
Feeding of fattening cattle
Forage, crop straw, green (semi-dry) stored straw, ammoniated straw, micro-stored straw, root tuber and vine, distiller's grains, beet residue, corn, rapeseed cake, sorghum, sunflower cake, wheat bran, bean cake, cottonseed cake, salt, minerals and additives can all be fed to fattening calves. Calves are trained and raised for 10~ 14 days after being transferred to the fattening house, so that they can adapt to the environment and feed and gradually transition to the fattening diet.
Summer is also the best season for grazing, with abundant aquatic plants. Make full use of the advantages of wild forage with high nutritional value, good palatability and high digestibility, and adopt grazing fattening method.
When the temperature exceeds 30℃, we should pay attention to heatstroke prevention and cooling. We can take grazing at night, make full use of pasture and convert it into beef, reduce feeding costs and increase economic benefits. Grazing during the day in spring and autumn, supplementing a certain amount of coarse fodder such as green (semi-dry) storage, ammoniation and micro-storage straw and a small amount of concentrate at night.
In winter, it is necessary to supplement a certain amount of concentrate and appropriately increase energy feed (cottonseed cake, etc.). ), improve the cold resistance of calves and reduce the proportion of energy in basal metabolism. The diet formula of fattening cattle is as follows:
Formula 1: corn flour 35.2%, bean cake 5.9%, distiller's grains 29.3%, hay 29.3%, salt 0.3%, 1% compound additive;
Formula 2: concentrate 19.6%~22.4%, distiller's grains 26.4%~27. 1%, hay 8.4%~9. 1%, micro-storage straw 42.2%~44.2%, and compound additive/kloc-.
Management of fattening cattle
Feed fattening calves in the shed three times a day, first feed forage, then feed ingredients, and finally drink water. Pay attention to the prohibition of feeding iced feed and drinking cold water, and drinking warm water in cold and winter. Generally, drink water after feeding 1 hour. The fattening cattle of 10 ~ 12 months old were treated with "insecticide" or "levamisole" 1 time.
The oral dose of "Bugexin" per head is 0.1g per kilogram of body weight; The oral dose of levamisole per cow is 8 mg per kilogram of body weight.
At the age of 12 months, 1 gastric strengthening was performed with "artificial salt", and the oral dose was 60~80 grams per cow. Wipe cattle 1 time every day to promote blood circulation, stimulate appetite and keep cattle healthy. Feeding utensils should be washed and disinfected frequently.
Fattening cattle should do a good job in the prevention and control of epidemic diseases on time, often observe the feeding, drinking and ruminating of cattle, and treat diseases in time when they are found.
Timely slaughter
When the fattening cattle 18~22 months old, weighing 500 kg, the whole body muscles are plump and the subcutaneous fat is well attached, they can be slaughtered. [4]
Prevention and treatment of 10 calf diarrhea
Diarrhea means that the feces contain excessive water, which is usually 5 ~ 10 times that of normal calves, and it has a bad smell and the color is yellow or white. Calves suddenly have diarrhea within 1 week after birth, and most of them die within 2 ~ 4 days after discharging white watery stool. It is generally believed that it is mainly caused by Escherichia coli, and the symptoms of calves within 10 days after birth are mild and mostly chronic. At the initial stage of the disease, the feces were watery, and the appetite decreased or abandoned. The disease further developed into dehydration symptoms such as dry nasal membrane, decreased skin elasticity and sunken eyeball. Soon, his body temperature dropped, he collapsed and died of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia. It is generally believed that more than 90% of calf toxic diarrhea is related to Escherichia coli, and others are mostly mixed infections of several viruses. Diarrhea caused by salmonella is more common in calves aged 2-3 weeks after birth, which is highly contagious and has a high mortality rate. It is characterized by sudden onset, depression, loss of appetite, and body temperature rising to about 40℃. Diarrhea and fecal discharge mixed with ru fluid and blood partly cause encephalitis and nervous system symptoms. Due to severe dehydration and weakness, they died after 5 to 7 days.
prevent
Early detection of risk factors is helpful for early prevention and diagnosis of diarrhea. If early diagnosis can be made and preventive measures are taken, the clinical diarrhea and mortality of calves will drop sharply. For newborn calves, preventive doses of antibiotics can be given as soon as possible, which has a certain effect on preventing the disease. In addition, pregnant cows can be injected with vaccines made of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains popular in the local area. In areas with serious diseases, pregnant cows should be injected with rotavirus and coronavirus vaccines. After inoculation of pregnant cows, the diarrhea of calves can be effectively controlled. Usually, calves have a good appetite and can detect the first sign of illness when they are fed. Diarrhea may occur if calves have poor appetite or no hunger, and have symptoms such as dry mouth and nose, thick nose, dry feces and elevated body temperature (anal temperature is higher than 39℃). At this time, we should reduce or stop feeding, feed rehydration salt and warm water, and seek veterinary treatment as soon as possible.
treat cordially
Sick calves should be treated immediately in isolation and nursing should be strengthened. ① For calves with severe diarrhea and dehydration, intravenous injection of glucose saline 1 0,000 ml, 250ml of 25% glucose solution and 750,000 units of tetracycline was given 1 time. ② For cattle with toxic dyspepsia, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution 100ml, 25% glucose solution 200 ml and physiological saline 6 ml were injected intravenously, 1 times a day, 1 ~ 2 times for 2 ~ 3 days. ③ Cattle with pneumonia, 30,000 units of ampicillin, Antongding injection 10ml, intramuscular injection 1 twice a day, 5g of sulfadiazine and 5g of sodium bicarbonate. (4) When calves have diarrhea, to reduce or stop feeding, electrolytes should be taken orally. ⑤ When most newborn calves (0 ~ 7 days old) suddenly have diarrhea, they can be fed less or stopped as appropriate, and some antibiotics can often get good results.
1 1 Nursing points of winter calves
Under normal circumstances, calves can stand on their own half an hour after birth, looking for nipples of cows to suck breast milk. However, some cows often give birth to weak calves during pregnancy due to poor health and other reasons, so it is necessary to strengthen artificial care.
First, after the cow is born, before sucking milk, use a clean cloth, dip it in warm water, wipe off the dirt on the breast, gently rub the breast, and let the calf suck when the milk is about to drip.
Second, for weak calves, artificially assist calves to stand and suck milk. If the calf can't stand, you can squeeze out colostrum and put it on your fingers to lure the calf to lick; Or feed the calf with a bottle 1 hour, 1 time until the calf can suck milk by itself.
Third, timely feeding calves can start training to feed hay after birth 14 days, and start training to eat concentrate after 1 month. After wetting with warm water, put it in a small trough to feed, or cook porridge to feed.
Fourth, master the amount of feed. Calves of 65, 438+0 months old can be fed 50 grams of feed every day, which can be increased to 500 grams at 2 months old. At the age of 3 months, you can add a proper amount of fresh grass or silage to the feed, and weaning can be later.
Fifth, cowshed should be protected from light and moisture in winter. When the weather is fine, bring Daniel to the yard, let the calf move freely and get more sunshine.
Sixth, brush the cow body If you are going to train the calf into a spare cow, you should contact the calf more. Brushing cows can keep them clean, from front to back and from top to bottom. But pay attention to touch the top of your head less, so as not to develop the habit of being top-notch. [5]
Causes and prevention of dyspepsia in calves
1. Etiology 1. Improper feeding and management of female and young animals: the onset time is shortly after lactation, or 1 ~ 2 days later. Calves can't eat colostrum or the quantity is insufficient, which makes the source of immunoglobulin forming antibodies in the body poor, which leads to the low disease resistance of calves. Such as nipple or feeding device not sold, insufficient artificial feeding, too high or too low milk temperature, poor transition from breastfeeding to feeding, etc. , can cause this disease. 2. Malnutrition of pregnant female animals: especially the lack of protein, vitamins and minerals can make the nutritional metabolism of female animals disordered and affect the normal development of the fetus. Calves are stunted, physically weak and have low resistance. For example, the lack of VA in breast milk will cause keratinization of digestive tract mucosa in calves. When VB is insufficient, it can cause gastrointestinal peristalsis dysfunction; When VC is deficient, it can weaken the secretory function of the stomach of young animals. 3. Bad environment around calves: such as low temperature, wet fence, insufficient sunshine, stuffy and crowded, poor ventilation, etc. Second, clinical symptoms The disease is characterized by diarrhea. At first, the calf's spirit was not bad, but later with the aggravation of the disease, corresponding symptoms appeared. Diarrhea stool is porridge-like, watery, yellow or dark green, with long intestinal spacing and abdominal pain. When dehydrated, the heart beats faster, the skin is inelastic, the eyeball sinks, and it is weak and unstable. When the intestinal contents are fermented and rotted, and autotoxicity occurs due to toxin absorption, nervous system symptoms may occur, such as excitement and spasm, and in severe cases, drowsiness and coma. Third, prevent and strengthen the management of female livestock during pregnancy, especially in the late pregnancy, give adequate nutrition and ensure the supply of protein, vitamins and minerals; Improving sanitary conditions and feeding and nursing measures; Calves should eat colostrum as soon as possible after birth, and the pens should be cold and warm, ventilated and transparent. Regular cleaning and disinfection, replacement of straw mats, etc. Four. 1 treatment. Hunger therapy: Breastfeeding is forbidden in 8- 10h, and oral rehydration salts, namely sodium chloride 3.5g, potassium chloride 1.5g, sodium bicarbonate 2.5g and glucose 20g, can be taken during this period, and water is added to 1000ml at a rate of 50- 100ml/ day. 2, exclude gastrointestinal contents: use laxatives or warm water enema to exclude gastrointestinal contents, promote digestion, can supplement pepsin and appropriate amount of VB, VC. 3, taking antibacterial drugs: to prevent intestinal infection, you can take kanamycin 0.005 ~ 0.0 1g/kg body weight. In order to prevent intestinal corruption and fermentation, antiseptic fermentation drugs such as Klein, fish fat and potassium permanganate can also be used appropriately.