Liu Bang, who stood on behalf of the Qin Dynasty, lived for 6 1 year, which can be said to be a relatively normal phenomenon when he was 70 years old.

But people have to die than people, and goods have to be thrown away. If we compare the two founding emperors with contemporary Zhao Tuo, their life span will be equivalent to that of Zhao Tuo.

Zhao Tuo was originally a lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty, who was unknown at first, but eventually unified Lingnan.

The fundamental reason lies in his longevity: he killed Qin Shihuang first and turned Lingnan into his own private land.

Later, although he surrendered to Korea, he enjoyed a high degree of autonomy.

After Liu Bang's death, due to disagreement with Lv Hou, he chose to stand on his own feet as emperor.

However, his son didn't die of the emperor, because he didn't live his father. Finally, Zhao Tuo's grandson succeeded to the throne.

About 240 BC, Zhao Tuo was born in Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province.

He joined Qin Jun when he was young. Because of his strong body and great strength, he once became Qin Shihuang's pro-army and patrolled with Qin Shihuang.

/kloc-at the age of 0/9, Zhao Tuo was given the imperial sword by Qin Shihuang, which shows that he was a trusted general of Qin Shihuang.

Today, people may think that the Qin Dynasty unified the whole country when they read Du Mu's "Six Kings Bi, Four Seas Are One".

But in fact, it is not accurate. The subsequent battle of Qin attacking Baiyue was the most difficult and tragic battle in the history of Qin reunification.

Before the Qin Dynasty, there were many Yue tribes scattered in the vast area of Lingnan, including Hong Kong, Macao, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, southern Fujian and other places, which were called "the land of hundreds of Yue".

The traffic there is blocked, the productivity level is very low, tribes often kill each other, and the economy and culture are backward. They are naked for decoration, tattooed constantly and overgrown with weeds, and live a primitive life.

In 2 19 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he turned his attention to Lingnan.

So he sent Tusui as the main general and Zhao Tuo as the lieutenant, and led 500,000 troops south to attack Baiyue.

Tu Youyou, a war general of Qin Shihuang's route, was grumpy.

At the same time, he was cruel and murderous, and finally aroused fierce resistance from the Vietnamese.

This group of Lingnan barbarians are not powerless, but they are also good at fighting and occupy a favorable geographical position.

As a result, Qin Jun did not dare to disarm for three years and has been in a state of fighting.

The Vietnamese not only prevented Qin Jun from crossing the ridge for three years, but also delayed Qin Jun through the jungle war, and even launched a surprise attack in a battle, killing Qin Jun coach Tu Youyou.

When Qin Shihuang learned the situation, he couldn't help flying into a rage. All six countries have conquered, but a small piece of Lingnan wilderness still failed to resist. This is simply overreaching.

So Qin Shihuang sent his troops again. This time, he chose Ren Tao, who is good at strategy, as the main commander, and then let Zhao Tuo continue to be the lieutenant.

Qin Shihuang gave instructions to former Qinbing Zhao Tuo: You have been to Lingnan to fight, and I trust you very much. I hope you can sum up the lessons of the last defeat and complete the great cause of reunification for me.

And Zhao Tuo, with a resolute face, also firmly expressed his life.

After Ren Xiao led the army to Lingnan, he adopted a completely opposite strategy to former coach Tu Youyou.

He didn't attack and kill blindly, but adopted a combination of fighting and pulling.

If you can win over, you can win over Vietnamese leaders and chiefs in all aspects. You really don't want to submit, but you can solve it by military force.

In 2 14 BC, Ren Tao finally succeeded in pacifying the land of Baiyue, and successfully established the Qin regime in minority areas, and established Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangxiang counties.

This is the earliest administrative region and local regime established by the Central Plains Dynasty in Lingnan area.

Later, Ren Tao became the commander-in-chief of Nanhai County, presiding over the military and political affairs of the whole Lingnan area, and Zhao Tuo was appointed as the Longchuan Order with extremely important geographical position.

After taking office in Longchuan, Zhao Tuo found that after years of war, the local population has been greatly reduced.

Small population and low productivity are not conducive to social and economic development.

So Zhao Tuo wrote to Qin Shihuang, asking Qin to move residents from the Central Plains to Lingnan.

He believes that by doing so, the people of the two places can marry and promote the integration of different ethnic groups; Secondly, it can make the army and people have a rest and health care.

Zhao Tuo's suggestion was obviously reasonable, so Qin Shihuang agreed to his suggestion and moved the population to the south one after another.

During his six years in Longchuan County, Zhao Tuo has done many good deeds and practical things for the local people.

For example, digging wells to build cities and roads; Promote advanced production and farming techniques, train and use South Vietnamese officials, and maintain good social order.

Unfortunately, the sudden death of Qin Shihuang in 2 10 BC led to chaos in the Qin dynasty, and the nobles of the six countries were restored one after another, and the world rose together.

Faced with this chaotic situation, Ren Tao, who has lived in seclusion in Lingnan for many years, could not be indifferent.

However, because he is too old and seriously ill, he is very helpless.

In the case of knowing that the situation is out of control, one's cronies are not enough to entrust.

In 208 BC, Ren Tao summoned Zhao Tuo, who had made Longchuan prosperous, and told him that Lingnan was a "well-deserved country", and then appointed him as the commander-in-chief of Nanhai County, in charge of military and political affairs.

When competing for the Central Plains, in order to prevent the war in the Central Plains from spreading to Lingnan, Zhao Tuo ordered all the passes to "steal soldiers, and retreat quickly to defend themselves".

In the name of anti-theft, he blocked all the entrances to Lingnan to prevent the mutinous soldiers from going south.

Later, by verifying the illegal evidence of those Qin officials, they were brought to justice, changed into their own confidants, and quietly mastered the whole Nanhai County.

When it was determined that the Qin Dynasty had perished, in 203 BC, Zhao Tuo immediately sent troops to attack and annexed Guilin County and Elephant County, completely unifying the Lingnan area.

With Panyu, which is today's Guangzhou, as its capital, the country of Nanyue was established and it became the king of Nanyue.

At that time, the territory of South Vietnam already included most of today's China, Guangdong and Guangxi, as well as parts of Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan and vast areas in northern Vietnam.

It can be said that Ren Tao's vision is right, and Zhao Tuo has lived up to Ren Tao's great trust.

After the reunification of Lingnan, facing numerous ethnic tribes and complicated social relations, he did not choose to "assimilate" forcibly, but pursued the policy of ethnic integration of "harmony without difference" and "Han-Yue family".

In practice, the model of "one country, two systems" is implemented.

On the gathering of Han people and traffic arteries, Zhao Tuo implemented the Qin system.

In the areas where the Yue people gather, they follow the customs of the Yue people, with the aim of detaining them.

For small countries with strong independence around them, they can win over directly by giving property in exchange for submission.

In order to ease ethnic conflicts and consolidate Zhao's rule in South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo also staged three coups.

First, he called himself a "barbarian elder" and showed great respect to the Vietnamese people to eliminate their resistance to foreign rule.

The second measure is to absorb the Vietnamese into the ruling class.

He used a group of outstanding figures of ethnic minorities and promoted them to be important ministers and generals of the imperial court.

For example, Lu Jia, a Vietnamese, served as the prime minister of the South Vietnamese government for a long time and assisted three South Vietnamese kings. As many as 70 people in the entire Lu family are officials.

Then there is the third measure: promoting the intermarriage between the Central Plains people and the Vietnamese.

This kind of blood fusion is the most direct and can quickly blur the racial boundaries.

Moreover, the South Vietnamese royal family took the lead in setting an example, and Zhao Tuo married his children to Vietnamese.

For example, among the descendants of Lv Jia, men are kings and daughters, while girls are married to princes and brothers.

Zhao Tuo's extremely grounded tactics greatly eased the contradiction between Central Plains immigrants and local aborigines and created a relatively stable and peaceful environment.

Zhao Tuo's three-plank axe is extremely effective, cutting out a good situation of "harmony between people" in which China and Vietnam are like a family and naturally merge.

Later, Zhao Tuo began to assimilate culture, "assimilate national customs with poetry books", and used the advanced culture and ethics of the Central Plains to educate and induce Yue people, educate them to help the elderly and bring up the weak, and abolish group marriage.

At this time, Zhao Tuo began to directly promote Chinese characters and Chinese by administrative means, and educated the Vietnamese people to "learn Chinese characters and manners", so that "barbarians gradually became polite" and quickly promoted the cultural development and social progress in Lingnan area.

After all these works were on the right track, he turned his attention to the improvement of production efficiency.

Economically, Zhao Tuo promoted the use of copper and iron farm tools and cattle, which changed backward farming methods such as slash and burn.

Sending officers and men to help people dig wells, repair canals and irrigate fields has developed a large number of rice, fruits and animal husbandry, which has greatly promoted the development of agriculture in Lingnan.

At the same time, Zhao Tuo also spread Central Plains metallurgy, silk weaving, jade making and other technologies to Lingnan. After exploration and development by local people, it has made innovations in many aspects, such as ceramics and textiles.

Zhao Tuo attaches great importance to the development of shipbuilding industry by taking advantage of coastal geographical advantages. At that time, the big ship built by Yue could accommodate 3000 people at the same time.

The marine fishing industry in the kingdom of South Vietnam is also quite developed, and precious seabed corals, pearl shells and purple shells can already be caught.

The foreign trade activities of the kingdom of South Vietnam are also quite successful. At that time, the South Vietnamese royal family had used African spices, and China ceramics in the early Western Han Dynasty were also found in Africa.

Therefore, some scholars believe that ships from South Vietnam may have reached the east coast of Africa.

This has rewritten the record of the longest voyage to Sri Lanka in the Han Dynasty in traditional historiography, and greatly promoted the pioneering era and the longest distance of the Maritime Silk Road.

In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Western Han regime in the Central Plains.

However, after years of war, people's lives are extremely difficult, and the country also needs to recuperate.

So, when Zhao Tuo didn't fight for hegemony, Liu Bang didn't want to fight for Lingnan any more.

BC 196, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang sent a doctor Liu Jia to South Vietnam with seals and letters to persuade Zhao Tuo to submit to the Han Dynasty.

Liu Jia arrived in South Vietnam by boat, and Zhao Tuo gave him a duel. It took months to summon him.

When I first met Zhao Tuo, Liu Jia was also one leng.

I saw Zhao Tuo wearing Vietnamese clothes. When he met him, he sat with his legs apart, not kneeling like the Han people. He also called himself "the barbarian elder".

This made Lu Jia, who respected Confucianism as orthodox, very angry. He began to accuse Zhao Tuo of "going against nature, abandoning the crown belt, and wanting to be the enemy of the son of heaven".

He also threatened that Han Ting could dig and burn your ancestral graves and destroy your clan, or send a partial general to lead a hundred thousand troops to destroy South Vietnam.

Seeing that Lu Jia was very angry and courageous, Zhao Tuo smiled and said, "It's rude to live among barbarians for a long time."

I stayed in Lingnan for so long that I forgot my manners.

But he changed the subject and said, "I can't afford China, so I'm here. Let me live in China, why not be a Chinese? "

I didn't take part in the Central Plains. If I did, I might not lose to Liu Han.

After repeated weighing, Zhao Tuo really didn't want to be an enemy of the Han Dynasty, but was willing to reach a settlement with Han Ting to ensure peace in South Vietnam.

So after losing the spirit of Lu Jia, Zhao Tuo readily accepted the seal of the king of South Vietnam given by the Han Dynasty, which was the first time that South Vietnam returned to the Han Dynasty.

After becoming a vassal, Zhao Tuo presented Liu Bangjin with "a pair of white jade, one thousand kingfishers, five hundred shellfish, one osmanthus and forty pairs of green flowers".

Since then, he has paid tribute to the Han Dynasty every year and exchanged and traded goods with the Han Dynasty at the border.

After Lu Jia returned to the North, he was named a doctor by Liu Bang for his work.

However, a year later, Liu Bang died, but Lv Hou, who had actual power in the Han Dynasty, changed Liu Bang's foreign policy, imposed a blockade on South Vietnam, and repeatedly detained envoys sent by Zhao Tuo to explain.

This made Zhao Tuo furious, so he announced that he would break away from the Han Dynasty and call himself "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam".

Lv Hou immediately sent troops to attack Zhao Tuo, but because the Central Plains soldiers did not adapt to the hot and humid climate in South Vietnam, they fell ill one after another and did not even cross Nanling.

Zhao Tuo, in turn, sent troops to attack Changsha, a vassal of the Han Dynasty, and defeated the offensive of the Han army going south.

At that time, Zhao Tuo's prestige increased greatly, and many tribes successively belonged to South Vietnam. The territory of South Vietnam also expanded to its peak, reaching Wan Li from east to west.

Zhao Tuo also began to give orders as an emperor and opposed the Han Dynasty.

Until BC 179, after Liu Heng, Emperor Wen of the Chinese language, ascended the throne, he sent people to rebuild Zhao Tuo's ancestral cemetery in Hebei, set up grave keepers, offered sacrifices on time every year, and gave Zhao Tuo's cousins official positions and property.

Then Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty appointed Lu Jia as a loyal doctor and sent him to South Vietnam again to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to Han.

After Lu Jia arrived in South Vietnam, he showed Zhao Tuo the letter written by Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.

Liu Heng's letter was peaceful and sincere, and Zhao Tuo was very moved.

Coupled with Liu's concern, I hope Zhao Tuo can take care of the overall situation of national reunification.

Zhao Tuo was moved by the sincerity of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, so he decided to get rid of the name of the emperor and submit to the Han Dynasty, but still retained the title of "King of South Vietnam", which was the second time that South Vietnam returned to the Han Dynasty.

In order to show the sincerity of submission, Zhao Tuo also built a court in Hongkong and made a pilgrimage to Wang Shuo.

Until Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

Every spring and autumn, he sent people to Chang 'an to meet Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he accepted the orders of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty like a vassal king.

But in South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo still continued to use the title of "Emperor".

In BC 137, Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, died at the age of 100 and was buried in Panyu.

None of Zhao Tuo's sons lived as long as he did, so after Zhao Tuo's death, his grandson Zhao Hu succeeded him to the throne. He was called the King of South Vietnam in history.

It was not until BC11/that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to South Vietnam and captured Panyu, the capital of South Vietnam, that it was completely destroyed by the Han Dynasty.

The prosperous year of 1993, which the five great masters of South Vietnam dreamed of, suddenly became strangers.

Subsequently, the Han Dynasty established nine counties on the land of South Vietnam, known as Jiaotoe Nine Counties in history, including Hanoi, Qinghua and Guang Zhi in Vietnam.

Nanyue is the foundation of Lingnan civilization. Zhao Tuo founded Nanyue State, which made the social and economic development of Lingnan leap forward.

The social form of Lingnan has also jumped from the scattered tribal rule in primitive society to the orderly development of feudal society, laying a solid foundation for future development.

Zhao Tuo was the first person to explore Lingnan civilization, and the title of "the ancestor of Lingnan" was worthy of the name.

Text/blue wind candle dust

References:

[1] Qiu bingqing, legendary life of Zhao Tuo, king of south Vietnam, knowledge of literature and history, 2018 (9);

[2] Li; Yu Dehua, Biography of Zhao Tuo, Journal of Guangxi University, 1982(3).