1929 was admitted to the railway engineering department of Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Ministry of Railways, 1934 graduated from national chiao tung university (now Shanghai Jiaotong University and Xi Jiaotong University). In June, he was admitted to the 7th Geng Prize in Tsinghua University to study in the United States.
1935 entered the aviation department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in September, and 1936 obtained a master's degree in aviation engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and then transferred to the aviation department of California Institute of Technology to study, becoming a student of Theodore von Kármán, a world-famous great scientist, and soon became the most important student of von Carmen.
He received a master's degree in aviation engineering and a doctorate in aviation mathematics. From July 1938 to August 1955, Qian Xuesen worked in the fields of aerodynamics, solid mechanics, rockets and missiles in the United States, and completed the research project of high-speed aerodynamics with his tutor, and established the "Carmen-Qian Xuesen" formula. At the age of 28, he became a world-renowned aerodynamic expert.
1939, Ph.D. in aviation and mathematics from California Institute of Technology. 65438-0943 Assistant Professor of California Institute of Technology. 1945, Associate Professor, California Institute of Technology. 1947, professor at MIT.
1947, she married Jiang Ying in Shanghai. 1949, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology. 1953, Qian Xuesen formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated that the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter should be determined from microscopic laws, which opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 1954 published the English version of Engineering Cybernetics, and the Russian version, German version and Chinese version were published in 1956, 1957 and 1958 respectively. 65438-0958, Director of the Department of Modern Mechanics, China University of Science and Technology.
1949
Middle-aged Qian Xuesen [6]
When the news of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s birth reached the United States, Qian Xuesen and his wife Jiang Ying discussed returning to the motherland as soon as possible to serve their country. At this time, the United States, led by McCarthy, conducted a comprehensive investigation on the producers of * * *, and set off a craze in the United States to drive employees to be loyal to the US government. Qian Xuesen's certificate to participate in confidential research was suddenly revoked by the US military department because he was suspected of being a producer of * * * and refused to expose his friends. Qian Xuesen was very angry and asked to return to China on this ground. [9]
1950, when Qian Xuesen went to the port to prepare for returning home, he was stopped by American officials and put into prison. At that time, dani Dan A. Kimball, the deputy secretary of the US Navy, claimed that Qian Xuesen was worth five divisions wherever he went. [9] Since then, Qian Xuesen has been persecuted by the American government, but also lost his precious freedom. He lost about 30 pounds in a month. Immigration raided his home and detained him in Temina Island for 65,438+04 days. He was not released until he received a huge bail of $65,438+$5,000 from California Institute of Technology. Later, the customs confiscated his luggage, including 800 kilograms of books and notebooks. He didn't prove his innocence until the American prosecutor reviewed all his materials again.
Early 1950s
The news that Qian Xuesen was persecuted in the United States soon spread to China, and friends in China's scientific and technological circles supported Qian Xuesen through various channels. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is extremely concerned about Qian Xuesen's situation in the United States, and the China government publicly issued a statement condemning the US government for imprisoning Qian Xuesen against his will.
1954 By chance, he saw Chen Shutong standing at the gate of Tiananmen Square as the vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in the newspaper, so he decided to write to his father's good friend for help. Just as Premier Zhou Enlai was anxious about this, Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), received a letter from the other side of the ocean. He opened it and signed it "Qian Xuesen", originally asking the motherland government to help him return to China.
From 65438 to 0955, after continuous efforts of Premier Zhou Enlai's diplomatic negotiations with the United States-even including the release of 1 1 American pilots captured in the Korean War, Qian Xuesen received a notice from the US Immigration Bureau allowing him to return to China on August 4, 1955. 1September 1955 17, Qian Xuesen's wish to return to China finally came true. On this day, Qian Xuesen, his wife Jiang Ying and a pair of young children boarded the ship "President Cleveland" and embarked on the journey of returning to the motherland. 1 955 65438+1October1In the early morning, Qian Xuesen's family finally returned to the haunted motherland and hometown.
Personal work
Engineering cybernetics, lectures on physical mechanics, introduction to interstellar navigation, system engineering, thinking science, geography science, science and art science, human science and modern science and technology, creative systematics, macro-architecture and micro-architecture, and Qian Xuesen's discussion on rockets, missiles and aerospace.
Social contribution
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Missiles, nuclear bombs and artificial satellites
Missiles, nuclear bombs and artificial satellites
Two bombs and one satellite (3)
At the beginning of 1956, Qian Xuesen put forward the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry to the Central Committee and the State Council. At the same time, Qian Xuesen established the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. Under the leadership of Qian Xuesen,1964/kloc-0 succeeded in exploding China's first atomic bomb in June,/kloc-0 succeeded in exploding China's first hydrogen bomb in June, 967, and/kloc-0 succeeded in launching China's first artificial satellite on April 24, 970. [4 1-42]
applied mechanics
Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics; The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and establishes the "Carmen-Qian approximation" equation. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time. [43]
physical mechanics
Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, which greatly saved manpower and material resources and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. 1984 Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering technology field of atomic and molecular design. [43]
Space and jets
From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, a large aircraft with a jet engine is proposed as a first-class vehicle. [44]
engineering cybernetics
Photos of Qian Xuesen when he was young [45]
In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work. [43]
system science
Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems. [42]
systems engineering
Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering. [46]
body science
Human body science is Professor Qian Xuesen's lifelong efforts, achievements, pioneering efforts and contributions to scientifically and systematically promote Chinese health culture and Chinese medicine. His four masterpieces of human body science established his position as a pioneer and forerunner of human body science in China, one of the pioneers and founders of human life science, and the father of human body science in China.
During the ten years from 1988 to 1998, four representative works were published successively: On Human Science (co-authored), Creating Human Science (co-authored), Overview of Human Science and Modern Science and Technology Development, and Human Science and Modern Science and Technology. [47]
science of thinking
Qian Xuesen [48]
Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, proposed the establishment of noeticscience Science and Technology Department, and scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly stated at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:
(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.
(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance.
(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.
(4) Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world, and it is also the highest generalization of modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory. [47]
The school age is advanced, the educational system is shortened, and everyone can become a talent early.
Qian Xuesen put forward the idea of "great wisdom education", children can enter school at the age of 4 and graduate from junior high school at the age of 12; From 12 to 17 years old, he went to high school and university, completed the knowledge study of Dacheng wisdom, and became an expert in an industry, wrote a graduation thesis and became a master of Dacheng wisdom education. Qian Xuesen imagined that by the middle of the 20th century, all young people in China could finish their master's degree at the age of 18 and become useful generalists in society. This educational system is designed to train talents at an early stage and meet the needs of world competition in the information age.
Master the modern science and technology system and cultivate a "generalist" who combines science, engineering and literature.
The "modern science and technology system" proposed by Qian Xuesen includes all the knowledge realized through human practice, which is temporarily divided into 1 1 major departments, namely, natural science, social science, mathematical science, systematic science, thinking science, humanities science, military science, behavioral science, geographical science, architectural science and literary theory. This is a living system, which develops and changes in the activities of all mankind to constantly understand and transform the objective world. Accordingly, the talents to be trained in education should be: 1. Familiar with science and technology system and Marxist philosophy; 2. It is wise to combine science, engineering, literature and art; 3. Be familiar with information network and be good at using computer to process knowledge. Such people are versatile. In Qian Xuesen's view, the "2 1 century all-rounder does not deny experts, but he can transfer from one major to another in a week's study and exercise. "This is the dialectical unity of comprehensiveness and professionalism. Such a great master of wisdom can get into any job. If the job requires it in the future, there will be no difficulty in changing careers. Of course, he can also continue to study as a doctor, mainly engaged in scientific and technological research and opening up knowledge fields. " At the same time, in the vertical structure, human knowledge system can be divided into three levels: basic science, technical science and applied technology (the level division of literary theory is slightly different). These three levels are interrelated. The relationship and influence between the three levels of science and technology are two-way and unified. They permeate and promote each other, and no one can do without theoretical research and engineering practice. As the highest generalization of science and technology, philosophy is rooted in science and technology and based on human social practice; Philosophy can neither oppose nor deny the development of science and technology, just because of it. " [49]
Unify science and technology with philosophy, pay equal attention to morality, emotion and intelligence, and cultivate noble morality and scientific spirit.
Qian Xuesen has always insisted on unifying basic theory, technical science and applied technology to consider the content of professional teaching. He proposed to make full use of the advantages of computer, information network and man-machine combination. The key to the cultivation of Dacheng intelligent talents lies in students' morality and spirit. Therefore, we should rely on the great scientific spirit and lofty moral education, the interest and passion of consciously pursuing truth, the effective integration and accumulation of knowledge with complementary advantages of human and computer, and the long-term exercise of social practice to cultivate real high-end intelligent talents. Qian Xuesen attaches great importance to the significance of philosophy: a scientist must first have a scientific outlook on life and the world, and must master a scientific method to study science! In this way, he will never get lost at any time; In this way, all his efforts in scientific research will not be in vain, and he can really make beneficial contributions to mankind and the motherland.
In the 1940s, Qian Xuesen became one of the most outstanding representatives in the aerospace field and one of the few superstars among many scientific stars in the 20th century. Qian Xuesen is also an outstanding representative of the older generation of scientists, and has made inestimable contributions to the growth of new China. He is the most representative national builder among patriotic returnees in New China and a great people's scientist in the history of New China.
Qian Xuesen studied silently all his life, but no matter when and where he chose, it was not only the highest duty of a scientist, but also the highest mission of a Chinese descendant. His life experience and achievements have left a dazzling light in the national history of China, the national history of the people of China and the history of the human world, illuminating the way forward. As a pioneer in China's space industry, he is not only a treasure house of knowledge and a banner of science, but also the backbone of the nation and a model for Chinese people all over the world. He showed the world the elegance of the people of China.
The following is some relevant information I collected. You can refer to it according to your own views and write an appropriate opening statement.