This idea of keeping in good health was not put forward by Taoism.
This is the Buddhist idea of tea health preservation.
Tea Culture and Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism
The formation of China tea culture has a rich ideological foundation, which combines the thoughts and essence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The Confucian doctrine "the golden mean" takes tea as Xiu De; Purdue beings in Buddhism cultivate their nature with tea; Taoist longevity, health preservation and the concept of "harmony between man and nature" nourish the heart with tea. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism permeate and unify each other, and * * * cultivates tea culture, which has become a dazzling flower in the hundred gardens of traditional culture. Therefore, it is necessary for us to deeply explore the relationship between tea culture and Confucianism and Taoism, pursue the influence of Buddhism and Taoism on the formation of tea culture, and then deeply understand the ideological basis and formation track of China tea culture, so as to better carry forward the traditional culture of the motherland.
Tea Culture and Taoist Thought
China Tea Ceremony absorbed the essence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Buddhism emphasizes "Zen tea blindly", and tea is used to help Zen and worship Buddha. While appreciating the bitterness and quietness from tea, Buddhism and Zen are also injected into the tea ceremony, which is beneficial for tea people to regard the tea ceremony as a way of self-cultivation, so as to achieve the purpose of understanding their minds. Taoist theory injects the philosophical thought of "harmony between man and nature" into the tea ceremony of tea people and establishes the soul of tea ceremony. At the same time, it also provides the aesthetic concept of advocating nature, simplicity and truth and the idea of rebirth, attaching importance to life and keeping in good health.
1. The influence of Taoist development view on China tea culture.
Taoist thought has the concept of immortality from the beginning. How can people achieve immortality and immortality? One of the Taoist priests' answers is to take some kind of food containing "vitality" in order to get special effects. It is at this point that tea culture and Taoism have a primitive combination. Hu Jushi in the Western Han Dynasty said in "Food Bogey"; "Bitter tea makes you immortal." Mao Wenxi of the Five Dynasties suggested that taking tea can become immortal. He wrote in "Tea Tree": "There are five Mengshan Mountains in Shuya Prefecture, with tea gardens on them, among which there is Qingfeng". Speaking of tea in the ground, "if you get one or two, decocting in water here can eliminate chronic diseases;" Two two, when there is no disease in front of you; Three or two, solid for bone; Si Liang is a fairy. "Taking tea can become a' fairy', that is, a living fairy on the ground. It can be seen that the effect of slimming down has long been understood by Taoism, and drinking tea is linked to the Taoist concept of enlightenment and immortality. In Taoism's view, tea itself is not only as unusual as Dan Yao and Confucian classics, but also one of the functions that can lead mortals to log into immortal books. Drinking tea can be extraordinary. Some Taoist priests regard tea as nectar in order to live forever.
2. Taoist concept of health preservation and China tea culture.
The first aim of Taoism is quietness, which is similar to the thoughts of Lao and Zhuang, the founders of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Laozi and Zhuangzi believe that the key to health care is to see through life and death, cherish fame and fortune, wash away humiliation and keep a simple and single-minded heart. Laozi and Zhuangzi's "abstinence from lust" and "not competing with the world" are a way of keeping fit with the laws of nature. Only by "being inferior to others" and enjoying yourself can you calm your heart. Therefore, "quietness" is the characteristic of Taoism. Tea is the only thing that can supplement the Taoist spirit. It is natural for people to drink tea. Tea tree likes humidity, because it is shrouded in clouds and grows in mountainous areas with high air humidity. There are few people involved, and they often rely on peace. Drinking tea requires calming down and taking your time. Only in a quiet state of mind can we taste the true taste of tea, realize the essence of tea tasting and get the pleasure of tea tasting. Only static products can make people calm and peaceful, realize the perfect combination of man and nature, and enter the realm of extraordinary selflessness. Lu Tong's Poems on Tea, Writing, Xie Meng's Suggestion and Sending New Tea are often cited as allusions. The poet closed Chai Men, sipping tea alone, and enjoyed himself immensely. Every time he drinks a bowl of tea, he has a detailed experience and tasted seven bowls of tea in a row. "A bowl of throat kiss embellish, two bowls of broken lonely stuffy. Three bowls of heartbroken, only five thousand volumes of words. Four bowls of sweat, life is not smooth, scattered to the pores. Five bowls of bones and muscles are clear, and six bowls are immortal. I can't eat seven bowls, but I feel the wind blowing under my arm. " In calm and indifference, he finally returned to nature and reality. "Ann learned that millions of people died on the cliff and suffered great pain. I asked the whole people for advice, but do I have to rest in the end? " Worried about the hard work of tea farmers. Li, also known as a female Taoist priest and poet in Tang Dynasty, made friends with Lu Yu, a "Cha Sheng". She wrote a song "I'm glad that Lu Hung-chien will come when he is ill on the lake", saying, "I had a frosty moon in the past, but now I meet you in the bitter fog. I'm still sick, so I have to cry first. I owe people wine. I thank them for their poems. I accidentally got drunk. What's more? " All poems contain the Taoist sense of nature, quietness and inaction.
"Quiet" is an important category of Taoism and is regarded as the innate essence. Static deficiency leads to clarity, clarity leads to communication, "no desire leads to quietness", people have no desire, and their guilty conscience is self-evident, so Taoism pays attention to eliminating distractions and gaining inner exquisiteness. For example, "Lao Zi" said: "Be empty, be quiet, and do everything at the same time, and I will watch it recover. Everything returns to its origin. In the final analysis, it is static and motionless. " Zhuangzi also said: "The water is quiet and bright, but the spirit is good. The heart of a saint is as quiet as the mirror of heaven and earth, and everything is quiet. " Laozi and Zhuangzi all believe that when the emptiness is caused and the quietness reaches the extreme, we can observe that everything in the world will return to its origin when it grows up. Returning to nature means peace, and peace means the recovery of life. Still water can reflect everything, and when the spirit enters an empty state, you can see everything. If the sage's heart reaches this state, it can reflect the true face of everything in the world like a mirror. Therefore, Taoism attaches great importance to "quietness" and regards it as a kind of kung fu and a kind of cultivation. Taoism has been very familiar with the medicinal properties of tea in the process of health preservation. Of course, we will also find that the "quietness" in the natural attribute of tea is similar to the "virtual quietness" in their theory, and naturally we will integrate Taoist ideological pursuit into tea activities. Therefore, the influence of Taoism on the artistic realm of China wine tasting is particularly obvious. The quietness of China's tea ceremony spirit is closely related to Taoism. As a cultural phenomenon, tea has always been loved by literati, because its indifferent, pure, natural and simple character coincides with their pursuit of indifferent, quiet, frugal and modest moral concepts. From the elegant artistic conception of literati in past dynasties, it is not difficult for us to realize the "extraordinary" charm contained in their pursuit of drinking in silence and consciously follow the laws of tea art and tea ceremony. All these are permeated with the charm of Taoism and the color of Taoist culture. This is precisely the profound influence of Taoist culture and the subtle influence of literati.
3. The philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" and China tea culture.
Taoism advocates "harmony between man and nature", and "heaven" represents nature and its laws. The ancients believed that "Tao" originated from "nature", that is, "Taoist nature", which did not separate man from nature, matter from spirit, and thought that matter and spirit, nature and man were an inclusive and interrelated whole, emphasizing the unity of matter, me and scenery. To some extent, this theory reflects the ancients' understanding of the laws of nature and their admiration and admiration for the beauty of nature. Therefore, the ancients often regarded the mountains and rivers in nature as the carrier of feelings, attached their feelings to nature, and conformed to the harmony between man and nature. Influenced by the Taoist philosophy of "harmony between man and nature", famous Chinese tea artists emphasize the harmony between man and nature, and traditional tea culture is a cultural form with a high combination of naturalism and humanism. Tea, a natural thing that absorbs the essence and spirit of heaven and earth-human beings, has a communicative side of "being close to nature", that is, the purity and elegance of tea, which is close to the quietness, clearness, emptiness and lightness of human nature. It is also based on this that the natural nature and life spirit of tea can be highly unified in tea culture.
(1) Humanized Nature
Humanized nature is manifested in people's desire to return to nature and their recognition of Tao in tea ceremony. Specifically, humanized nature is characterized by being willing to be close to nature when drinking tea, being able to communicate with nature in thoughts and feelings, and being comparable to nature in personality, and understanding the laws of nature through tea drinking practice. This humanized nature is a typical embodiment of the Taoist thought that "heaven and earth coexist with me and everything is unique to me". China tea ceremony is different from Japanese tea ceremony, and China tea ceremony has a strong desire for "humanization and naturalness", which is manifested in the pursuit of leaving feelings to the mountains and rivers, forgetting feelings and melting into the realm of mountains and rivers. When drinking tea with laymen, the eminent monk in the Tang Dynasty chose to sit opposite the Qingshan Lake in the depths of the white clouds. When drinking tea, he did not forget to experience the joy of mountains and rivers. To this end, he wrote in the poem "Drinking Tea with Kangjushi Qingshantan": "Quan loves this mountain, sitting among fireworks and white clouds, drinking fragrant tea. The boat under the rock can't bear to go, and the stream flows. " The flowing water of Qingxi around me is reflected, and the springs in the mountains are shrouded in clouds, sitting on the floor. Green tea entrance, fragrant and penetrating, I don't know where I am. I can do my best when drinking tea. Liu Yanshi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, and his good friend Meng Jiao chose to personally make tea by Luobei Spring. In Liu's poem "Meng Jiao Luobei Izumi Fried Tea", in order to get the "real taste" of "tea", fresh fire was used, and the water without fishy smell was taken, so as to get close to nature while drinking tea, thus getting rid of the troubles in the world and creating a new spiritual world. In the Book of Tea, Lu Yu advocated the idea of "elegance" and "frugality". "Fine" refers to tea, tea sets, tea and cooking techniques, which must be carefully selected and kept improving. "Thrift" means no extravagance, no extravagance and waste, and it is naturally delicious. Tea is the spirit of nature, and its simplicity is natural and natural. Scholars care about mountains and rivers and don't think about wealth and fame. "I have never had a cup of tea in the mountains in my life." Tea tasting has always been regarded as an elegant artistic enjoyment by literati, which not only pays attention to brewing skills, but also pays attention to fun and pursues natural fun. What tea brings to literati is purification, not purity. The purity of the soul and the integration of mountains and rivers have restored the harmony between man and nature. The most wonderful thing in Zhu Quan's Tea Spectrum is the definition of tea drinking environment. In Zhu Quan's eyes, tea can help people "go out of the world, stay outside the sacred objects, be the first in the world, not pollute the customs of the times" and "be conducive to self-cultivation", so tea must be chosen in a secluded place "between springs and rocks, under pine and bamboo trees, or under the bright moon and breeze". Only when tea people reach the realm of humanization and nature can they turn the natural character into their own, hear the natural breath from the boiling sound of the teapot, get close to their own "nature", fit in with the nature of the object, and understand tea ceremony, heaven and humanity. Drinking tea, in fact, is to learn to be calm, learn to be one with nature, with and without me, I seem to be in the mother of nature, with and without.
(2) naturalized persons
"Naturalized man" refers to the personification and humanization of all things in nature. China Tea Ceremony absorbed Taoist thought, and regarded everything in nature as a living body with human character, human emotion and spiritual communication with people. Therefore, in the eyes of tea people in China, the mountains, water, rocks, sand, grass and trees of nature are particularly lovely and kind. In the tea ceremony in China, the humanization of nature is not only manifested in the humanization of tea tasting environment such as mountains, rivers and plants, but also in the humanization of tea and tea sets. The humanization of tea environment increases the taste of tea people.
Yang Wanli, a great poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "An old friend smells like tea, so an old friend looks like tea." . ("Xie Muyun Scheler gave a banquet to give tea") It is a high praise to compare the temperament and demeanor of an old friend to tea. In many ancient works, tea seems to be associated with personality cultivation. This has become a thinking habit of the ancients and is recognized as a metaphor. Just as Matsuzaka, Mei and Hui are regarded as gentlemen, tea has become a symbol of noble sentiments, so drinking tea has become an elegant collection of virtuous people. Writing beauty with tea is an important theme of China's tea poems, which reflects the beauty complex of literati and officialdom in past dynasties. Cui Jue's poem "Beauty Tastes Tea" says: "The cloud pillow is trapped in spring mud, while Yu Lang grinds dust. Leisure teaches parrots to peck at windows, and charming helps people sleep. When the silver bottle is filled with spring water, the loose rain will make the flowers mature. When Zhu Lip sips, she swallows the fragrant throat, which makes Redjade refreshing. Bright eyes gradually opened, fascinated by the slightest spring. In front of the stage, I sat pushing a golden Zheng and didn't think about my dream. " Lazy beauty, from a deep sleep, with a cup of jasper Lv Yun-like tea in her hand, her lips pursed and her throat thin. Under the stimulation of tea, the beauty gradually woke up, so her eyes turned out of autumn water, her fingers fiddled with the strings, and her thoughts were confused, as if she were still deeply recalling the joy in her dream. A series of action descriptions and psychological descriptions make the image of beautiful women more vivid. Those who write beauty and love with tea should put this poem in the first place. Su Dongpo has a poem that humanizes tea: "The fairy mountain lingcao is wet and flowing, and the fragrant muscle powder is washed evenly. The bright moon comes to vote for Yuchuanzi, and the breeze blows Wu Linchun. You know, ice and snow have a kind heart, not a new face. Don't laugh when you play a poem. Always beautiful. " Su Shi plays Jiaming's beauty. The fragrance, sweetness and mellow beauty of tea always make people full of beautiful imagination. Tea is like a beauty. It is precisely because the Taoist philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" is integrated into the spirit of tea ceremony that China tea people are full of great love for nature, and China tea people have a strong desire to return to nature and get close to it.
(3) Literati encourage themselves by the nature of tea, regardless of their own gains and losses, and seek the unity of heaven and man.
Many literati in history, such as Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, have reached the brilliant realm of "harmony between man and nature". Su Shi's life has been ups and downs, but the tea ceremony is a spiritual comfort for him to get rid of suffering and achieve maximum generosity and calmness. He integrated his life ideal and aesthetic pursuit into the tea ceremony. Su Dongpo's poem Xiangzi Tea Ci said: "The banquet is over and the joy is still strong. After drinking, I was filled with joy. * * * Praise your gift, I will open the first seal, depending on sweet cake, Golden wisp, Miyun Dragon. The battle won a water, and after fighting for thousands of minutes, I felt cool and there was a breeze under my arm. A black tea for a while, a sarong for a while, and having a good time. The court was quiet and slightly calm. " In this poem, the author vividly describes the calmness and magic of frying tea after drinking tea, and vividly expresses the magical feeling of "two-armpit breeze". "Pumped tea" says: "Living water still needs to be fried with live fire, and fishing for stones is affectionate. The big ladle keeps the moon and the spring urn, and the small ladle divides the river and the night bottle. Snow milk has been turned over and fried at the foot, and the wind suddenly makes a diarrhea sound. It is difficult to ban three bowls of heartbroken, and the length of the deserted city is longer. " The first paragraph of the poem describes the interest of riverside brew tea on a moonlit night, and then compares the impermanence of the world with the flip change of tea and nature to calm one's own miserable situation. Ouyang Xiu said in "Shuangjing Tea": "Xijiang old stone, tea on the stone is like chicken feet. Poor wax is not cold, spring comes early, and Mr. Shuangjing Wool has a hundred herbs. White hair follicle with red and blue gauze and ten Hu tea to raise one or two buds. Chang 'an is rich and expensive, boasting for three days. Baoyun is not good at casting every day, seeking the new and abandoning the old. I'm afraid a gentleman has Changde, and a treasure remains unchanged at any time. If you don't see Jianxi Dragon and Phoenix Group, you won't change the old incense. "This poem was written by Ouyang Xiu when he resigned and lived in seclusion in his later years. He made an implicit allegory about the changes in the world, linked the quality of tea with human feelings, criticized the secular people who "seek the new and abandon the old", and clarified that a gentleman encourages himself by abstinence. Even if "Jian Xi" famous tea is forgotten by the world who "strives for the new and abandons the old", the aroma still exists, and its true color is not easy, and it remains unchanged. A tea poem not only gives people a lot of knowledge about tea products, but also talks about the philosophy of dealing with people and gives people enlightenment. He also used the phrase "I have a weak taste in my later years, but I like drinking tea" to lament the rugged and changeable world situation. After seeing all the vicissitudes of the world, I only like tea a little.