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(A) China traditional culture and the spirit of harmony and unity
1. National spirit is the soul of national culture.
A nation has its own culture, and different nations create their own culture, which presents different national forms through their own languages, moral concepts, customs and lifestyles. National culture is the foundation of the existence of a nation. National rejuvenation depends on the rejuvenation of national culture, and the competition between countries is the competition of comprehensive national strength. Fundamentally speaking, it is the competition between culture and technology. The so-called national rejuvenation means the prosperity of culture and the progress of science and technology.
National spirit is the character or basic character of a nation and the soul of a nation's national culture. A nation creates its own culture, which in turn shapes its own character. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China summarized the connotation of national spirit as "the great national spirit of unity, friendship, diligence, courage and self-improvement with patriotism as the core". If we analyze the basic characteristics of national culture, this summary is not bad.
2. China traditional culture and the spirit of harmony and unity.
The national spirit permeates the national culture. The ancient culture of China was basically mature in the pre-Qin period and developed in many aspects in the long feudal society. The development of culture is based on a certain ideological and theoretical system. In the history of China's thought, the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements is the oldest. It embodies the simplest concept of balance and harmony, which originated from the ancient people's understanding of the relationship between the sexes in China and the general conclusion of natural observation. China's culture is profound and profound, and his ideological and theoretical system is also very complicated. Before modern society, there were three main theoretical systems that provided ideological resources for China ancient culture: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Confucianism and Taoism formed in the pre-Qin period are the local cultures of China, while the formation of Buddhist culture is the result of absorbing foreign cultures, and it is generally believed that it was introduced to China from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The basic spirit of the three theoretical systems of China ancient culture can be summarized as "harmony and unity".
Holistic concept, all-round development, balance and harmony with nature are some of the most basic concepts contained in the ancient culture of China. From the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements to Confucianism and Taoism, and even to Buddhism in China, it is a nature. Generally speaking, Confucian culture pays attention to the harmony between man and society, Taoist culture pays attention to the harmony between man and nature, and Buddhist culture pays attention to the balance and harmony of man's inner world. China's ancient philosophy pursues the ideal realm of the unity of man and nature, with harmony and unity as the highest goal. Throughout the history of the Chinese nation, harmony, unity and peace-loving have always been the spiritual outlook of the people of China. However, in contemporary China, the concepts of prosperity, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, "seizing opportunities, deepening reform, opening wider to the outside world, promoting development and maintaining stability", building a harmonious socialist society, "one country, two systems and peaceful reunification" all contain the philosophical principles of Marxist dialectical materialism.
Feng Youlan, a late contemporary philosopher, summed up the tradition of China's philosophy in his posthumous book "History of Modern Philosophy in China", and thought that there are two kinds of objective dialectics: unity and struggle. There is only one objective dialectics, but people's understanding of objective dialectics can vary according to different conditions. China's classical philosophy put unity first. The normal state of society is harmony, and so is the normal state of the universe. In China's classical philosophy, "harmony" is different from "sameness". "Similarity" cannot tolerate "difference"; Harmony can not only contain differences, but also have differences, so it can be called harmony. The history of modern society is developing in the direction of "harmony", which is the tradition of China's philosophy and the future of world philosophy. The theoretical innovation of China's philosophy and the promotion of national culture are the subjects that China faces in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century. The proposal of "Building a Harmonious Socialist Society" provides an opportunity for this theoretical innovation.
Hu Jintao pointed out: "Realizing social harmony and building a beautiful society is always the social ideal pursued by human beings, and it is also the social ideal pursued by Marxist political parties including China Producers Party." At the same time, it is worth noting that, compared with western civilization, the pursuit of harmony is more prominent as an important feature of China's traditional culture. Only by putting forward the proposition of harmony can we grasp the essence of China's cultural tradition. "Harmony" is the basic concept of cultural construction in China in the 2nd/KLOC-0th century.
(2) National culture and national spirit of self-improvement.
1, the national spirit of self-improvement
"Tian Xingjian, the gentleman is constantly striving for self-improvement; The terrain is rich, and the gentleman carries things with morality. " One yin and one yang is the Tao, and life is easy "(Book of Changes). Some people think that the Book of Changes is the real source of traditional culture, and the vitality of national culture lies in our traditional culture. The Chinese nation is endless, which is reflected in the fact that the vitality of Chinese culture never fails, and it has the basic quality of keeping pace with the times and constantly striving for self-improvement. Comparatively speaking, the demise of some ethnic groups in human history does not lie in the disappearance of their castes, but in the fact that their national cultures have been absorbed by more advanced cultures of other ethnic groups, thus losing the value of independent existence. As the basic connotation of the national spirit, self-improvement, hard work and courage are the internal spiritual motivation for the Chinese nation and its culture to keep pace with the times and usher in a new great rejuvenation.
2. Cultivate national spirit and promote national culture.
Patriotism towards national culture should recognize the standard position of national culture. Carrying forward national culture, without the standard of national culture, where can there be national pride and self-confidence Today, what we are afraid of is the cultural radicalism of forgetting our ancestors and totally westernizing, and the cultural conservatism of closing the door to the outside world and standing still is becoming less and less. However, for the cultural construction in the new century, we really haven't done enough in how to carry forward the national culture, mainly in inheriting the national traditional culture. From the May 4th Movement to the1980s, the reflection on national culture gained a basic understanding: the Chinese culture is extremely inclusive, and it can constantly accept new cultural factors and constantly improve and develop itself, instead of being closed and rigid as westerners think. Taking keeping pace with the times and striving for self-improvement as the basic quality of Chinese culture, we can understand why Chinese culture can achieve self-renewal and self-improvement, and constantly glow with new vitality and vitality. The connotation of national spirit is not simple and shallow, nor is it complacent, but it can continuously inject new content. The national spirit of self-improvement has different connotations in different times. In the revolutionary war years, the revolutionary predecessors struggled for their ideals, were not afraid of sacrifice, and had the Yan 'an spirit of "doing it yourself and having plenty of food and clothing"; In the early days of the founding of New China, Lei Feng's spirit of selfless dedication and serving the people wholeheartedly, as well as the iron man's spirit of "self-reliance and hard struggle"; In the new era, the spirit of "one party is in trouble and all parties support it", the spirit of not being afraid of violence and being brave; In the new century, keep pace with the times, unite and cooperate, be brave in innovation and other aerospace spirits. And constantly endow the national spirit with new connotations. To cultivate the national spirit and carry forward the national culture is to keep pace with the times and strive for self-improvement, so that the national spirit, as the basic character of the nation, can be continuously enriched and improved, and spiritual support can be provided for building a harmonious society through the creation of advanced culture and the prosperity of cultural undertakings.
(C) the modern new culture movement and the spirit of democracy and science
1, the lack of democratic science in China's traditional culture.
Science originally refers to a research method of human beings to nature, that is, to deeply understand the truth of things through classification, which is what the ancients said. Scientific spirit, the most important is the spirit of seeking truth, doubt and innovation. Realistic spirit: respecting objective reality is the essential requirement of science. The Spirit of Doubt: Science begins with doubt and ends with certainty. Innovative spirit: discover the laws of nature, then use them, and discovery will bring invention.
Any national culture has two different contents: one is democratic, scientific, progressive, revolutionary, materialistic and dialectical; One is anti-democratic, anti-scientific, backward, counter-revolutionary, idealistic and metaphysical. These contents all exist in the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Compared with the western ancient culture, the philosophical thought systems of the major schools in China traditional culture pay more attention to society and life, and there are fewer elements of science and democracy. Western traditional philosophy focuses on science and thinking, focusing on understanding nature, in which science and democracy are more components.
The greatest knowledge of China people lies in the cultivation of life. It is trivial to engage in material production and learn natural science and technology. Confucius reprimanded the students who asked about farming and flower planting techniques as "villains", and Zhu satirized the knowledge of being obsessed with vegetation as "cooking sand", which all reflected the contempt of China sages for natural science. Although Taoism advocates respecting the laws of nature, it focuses on health preservation, its proposition of "abandoning wisdom and learning without worry" and its "my life is limited, but my knowledge is limited, so I live by it!" This negative attitude is not conducive to the development of natural science. Although Taoist priests accumulated some chemical knowledge in the process of alchemy in order to pursue immortality in history, alchemy spread to the west and played a certain role in the rise of modern western chemistry. Although the invention of gunpowder was also an unexpected gain in the process of alchemy, these were not the original intention of Taoism. After Buddhism was introduced into China, although the ideas of "teaching others to teach others" and "all beings have Buddhist nature" have been indifferent to its religious theology. But it focuses on people's psychological adjustment and psychological balance, and basically has nothing to do with science.
Although many scholars are unwilling to accept Yang Zhenning's assertion that The Book of Changes has hindered China's scientific and technological progress, this assertion is thought-provoking.
2. The New Culture Movement and the establishment of the spirit of democracy and science.
China culture absorbed foreign cultures twice: the first time Buddhism was introduced into China; The second time was the "Western learning spreading to the East" in modern China. China's modernization is the result of learning from the West and the self-renewal of China culture.
Modern science rose in Europe. Science is power and the most fundamental force for human progress. This power is manifested in the form of industrial revolution. Comparatively speaking, China lags behind. In modern China society, many advanced intellectuals began to analyze the reasons for China's backwardness and advocated learning from the West. For example, Zhang Zhidong's "taking western learning as the core" and Wei Yuan's "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" are all voices raised in the face of western scientific and technological progress. With the rise of modern capitalist industry in China, people's understanding of the western world has increased. At the beginning of the 20th century, some radical Democrats among China intellectuals launched a thorough cultural and ideological revolution-the New Culture Movement.
The main content of the New Culture Movement is to advocate democracy and science, which is lacking in China's traditional culture and can be said to have grasped the key of China's traditional culture. The process of China culture accepting western civilization and realizing cultural self-renewal and transformation is essentially the process of establishing democracy and scientific spirit. 2 1 century, the development direction of China's advanced culture is still determined by science. The symbol of national rejuvenation is cultural rejuvenation, and the foundation of cultural rejuvenation is economic prosperity, which depends on scientific and technological progress. The progress of science and technology is constantly creating material conditions for democratic construction, especially the development of information technology has greatly promoted the process of social democratization. Social progress, the construction of material civilization and political civilization, and the prosperity of culture all require us to adhere to the democratic and scientific spirit established since the May 4th Movement.
In the past 200 years, China's culture has been transformed into a modern society. Mao Zedong summarized the characteristics of China's new culture as "national, scientific and popular culture". Scientific nature is an important feature of new culture. Nowadays, science and technology are the primary productive forces, which has become the consensus of the whole nation. This is the greatest progress of China society and China culture.
(D) the guiding ideology of advanced culture and the spirit of seeking truth from facts
1, the guiding ideology of advanced culture
/kloc-The cultural innovation movement in China from the 10th century to the 20th century realized the transformation of China culture, of which the two most important achievements are: First, it injected democratic and scientific elements into China culture and became two basic elements of new culture; Second, Marxism has been established as the guiding ideology of the new culture of the Chinese nation. After the May 4th Movement, the New Culture Movement developed into an ideological movement centered on spreading Marxism. Some advanced intellectuals who actively promoted and advocated the New Culture Movement became early Marxists. Although Marxism originated in the west and is the theoretical achievement of western civilization, it has taken root in China and become an integral part of China's new culture.
Since Marxism was introduced into China for nearly a hundred years, in the process of its integration with China culture, the China of Marxism has achieved three historic leaps and formed three theoretical achievements, namely, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents. Marxism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents are scientific theoretical systems that come down in one continuous strain. This scientific theoretical system is not only the action guide of China's * * * production party, but also an integral part of China's new culture, which is the most important and dominant part. It is the only guiding light on the road to modernization in China. The most fundamental difference between the theoretical system of Marxism and the theoretical system of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in China traditional culture lies in its scientific nature.
2. The spirit of seeking truth from facts
Seeking truth from facts is Mao Zedong Thought's living soul, Mao Zedong's China summary of the philosophical essence of Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism, the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s ideological line and the essence of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents. Since advanced culture should be guided by Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, have the development direction of Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture and adhere to the unity of guiding ideology, then seeking truth from facts should become the basic attitude of China people and should be carried forward as the national spirit of the Chinese nation.
Since1990s, when the climax of the international production movement has passed, many European countries, including the Soviet Union, have abandoned the banner of Marxism-Leninism. They have to think about the following questions: Why did the collision between Chinese and Western cultures, the cultural transformation of China, the pursuit of modernization by the Chinese nation and the final result of the new culture movement in China all choose Marxism? Why can Marxism be China and become the guiding ideology of China's advanced culture? This lies not only in the lack of scientific spirit in China's cultural tradition, but also in the fact that Marxism is a scientific theoretical system and the result of cultural complementation. It lies not only in the inclusiveness of China's culture, which enables it to accept the theoretical achievements of western culture, but also in the tradition of seeking truth in China's cultural tradition. This cultural tradition makes the combination of Marxism and China culture not exclusive, and makes Marxism a living theoretical system in China, instead of a rigid dogma, which can be continuously enriched, developed and improved.
The tradition of seeking truth from facts in China culture is prominently reflected in the fact that the religious belief of the whole nation has never been formed in the history of China. Professor Peking University believes that Confucianism is also a religion, which is wrong in general. Religion is based on the belief in ghosts and gods, and the basic attitude of Confucianism to "stay away from ghosts and gods" is well known. After Buddhism was introduced into China, Zen Buddhism was the most thorough China Buddhism. Its ideas of "teaching people", "killing ancestors", "opposing adherence", "everyone has Buddhist nature", "normal mind" and "avalokitesvara" all weakened its superstitious elements as a basic feature of religion and made it closer to the essence of psychological adjustment, which was the realistic spirit when China culture absorbed foreign cultures for the first time. Regarding this feature of China culture, the philosopher Xiong Shili once pointed out that when Buddhism was introduced to China, scholars all participated in its Hyunri, but Gai seldom believed in its theory of reincarnation. The common people build temples to worship Buddha, which is also based on the principles of "respecting morality and learning" and "worshiping heaven like a god". If you are obsessed with the faith and paranoia of Indian and Western believers, ordinary people who seek to worship Buddha in China will not get it. China's national thought has never formed religion, but it is actually characterized by its intelligence.
conclusion
Looking at the evolution of the national culture of the Chinese nation, it is not difficult to see that the rudiment of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation was basically formed in the pre-Qin period, and the formation of the concept of yin and yang originated from the generalization of the basic reproductive life phenomenon of human beings. After this generalization was proved by the observation of everything in the world, the basic concept of Tao was formed, so there was a hundred schools of thought contending represented by Taoism and Confucianism. Taoist theory takes Tao as the basic concept and discusses how people live. Confucianism put forward the concept of "benevolence" on the basis of the basic concept of "Tao". Benevolence is a "person", but not one person, but two people, which leads to the problem of the relationship between people. On the basis of "how to live", we should discuss how people survive in the world. Confucianism has shifted from focusing on human nature to focusing on human sociality. Traditional culture has basically matured at this point.
In the heyday of Han and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist culture began to blend into China culture, because people's lives really had a spiritual sustenance problem. Buddhism, which is completely China-oriented, does not build its spiritual home on the illusory heaven, but requires people to "watch their own feet" and pursue spiritual peace with a pragmatic attitude. The philosophical thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism constitute the basic form of traditional culture in China. Generally speaking, this cultural form is people-oriented and aims at harmony. Confucian culture, Taoist culture and Buddhist culture pay attention to three aspects of people's life respectively. In the words of the ancients, it is "to cultivate the mind with Buddhism, to cultivate the body with Taoism, and to govern the country with Confucianism". Because they pursue the goal of harmony, they have created the national character of China people who pursue stability more than innovation.
In the 20th century, China people finally realized that democracy and science are the shortcomings of China's traditional culture by comparing Chinese and western cultures. In order to vigorously advocate democracy and science, the New Culture Movement did not hesitate to completely deny traditional culture, which is the embodiment of the national spirit of self-improvement during the cultural transition period. Under the guidance of the New Culture Movement, another most important achievement of cultural exchange between China and the West in the 20th century was the introduction of Marxism into China, which was China-oriented with the efforts of China producers represented by Mao Zedong, and became the guiding ideology of new culture construction in China. Adhering to the guiding position of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, advanced culture is bound to present a brand-new Chinese cultural form, and its basic characteristics are nationality, scientificity, democracy and openness. The essence of China's Marxism is seeking truth from facts.
Therefore, in the traditional cultural sense of China, harmony, unity and self-improvement are the inherent national spirits of the Chinese nation, while in the new cultural sense of China, democracy, science and seeking truth from facts are the basic spirits of advanced culture.