The four schools, also known as "Wu Men Si", refer to four talented and free-thinking intellectuals living in Suzhou at that time. Generally speaking, it refers to Tang Bohu, Zhu Zhishan, Wen Zhiming and Xu Zhenqing. > Tang Bohu > Tang Yin's ancestral home is Jinchang, which is Jincheng City, Shaanxi Province after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Therefore, in his calligraphy and painting, the word "Jinchang Tang Yin" is often written. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Tang family moved south and began to do business in Nanjing and Suzhou. Tang Yin was born in a businessman's family in Wuchili, Wuxian County, Suzhou. Father Tang Guangde, mother Qiu. Tang Bohu was gifted at an early age. He is familiar with the four books and five classics and widely reads history books. He won the top prize at the age of 16, which caused a sensation in Suzhou. /kloc-When she was 0/9 years old, she married Xu Tingrui's second daughter, Xu. When he was in his twenties, his family suffered misfortune one after another and his parents died one after another. His wife died at the age of 24, and so did his sister. His family refused. At the suggestion of his good friend Zhu Zhishan, he devoted himself to his studies. At the same time, he may marry another wife. At the age of 29, he took the Yingtianfu public examination and won the first prize of "Xie Yuan". At the age of 30, I went to Beijing to take the exam, but I was accused of being an official because of cheating in the examination room, and my wife left. From then on, I decided to make progress and make a living by selling paintings. Nine years (15 14), at the invitation of Ning Wang Zhu, he went to Nanchang for more than half a year. Later, he found out that Wang Ning was plotting something, so he pretended to be crazy and ran away. After marrying Shen Shi or nine niang, he lived in poverty in his later years and died at the age of 54. & gt He is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and birds. His landscape paintings were studied by Chen Zhou in his early years, and then by Li Tang and Liu Songnian. He painted mountains and rivers with a small axe, majestic and steep, but with fine brushwork, dense layout and elegant and handsome style. Figure paintings are mostly ladies and historical stories, inheriting the tradition of the Tang Dynasty, with clear lines, gorgeous and elegant colors, beautiful posture and accurate modeling; He is also a freehand brushwork figure, and his pen is concise and interesting. His flower-and-bird paintings are freehand and elegant. In addition to painting, Tang Yin also engaged in calligraphy, learning from Zhao Mengfu, and his calligraphy style was fantastic and handsome. There are some paintings that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Riding a Donkey to Home, Singing in the Mountain Road, Mingming, Uncle Wang's Palace Prostitute, Li Duanduanju, Autumn Wind and Fan, and Qiuci Cuan. & gt& gt Tang Yin is also very accomplished in literature. Gong's poems have been written for many years, and his paintings and sentimental works express his wild and uninhibited mind and indifference to the world. Slang and slang are used in poetry, which is easy to understand and simple in meaning. He wrote the Collection of Six Confucian Laymen, and the Qing Dynasty compiled the Complete Works of Six Confucian Laymen. & gt Zhu Zhishan > Zhu Zhishan (1460- 1526), whose real name is Xizhe, was named Shan Zhi because his left hand had six fingers when he was born, and also called himself "Zhu Zhishan" and "Zhu Jingzhao". Changzhou (now Wuxian, Jiangsu) people. Zhu Yunming has shown many artistic talents since he was a child. At the age of five, you can write big characters, and at the age of nine, you can write poems. Ming Hongzhi for five years (1492) served as the magistrate of Xingning County, Huizhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. In the first year of Jiajing (1522), the official arrived in Yingtianfu (now Nanjing). In the second year of Jiajing (1523), Li returned due to illness. Jiajing died in the fifth year (1526) at the age of 67. & gt His family is good at calligraphy and poetry. His books, such as Li, Kai, Xing and Cao, are all very skillful, especially cursive. His cursive writing is highly respected by the world, and there is a saying that "Tang Bohu's painting is Zhu Zhishan's words". His poems are rich in materials and the words are quite beautiful; His writing style is even more exotic and unrestrained. > Handed down from ancient times, Mo Ben, Cao Shu, Poems of Falling Flowers, Fu of Luoshen and Fu of Front and Back on the Red Wall are his representative works. He is the author of Huai Xing Tang Ji (30 volumes), Su Cai Bian Xiao, Zhu Xi's criminal knowledge, Reading Notes and Qian Wen Ji. And wrote xingning county annals. Zhu Zhishan's six-style poems Fu Juan, Du Shi Juan in cursive script, Nineteen Ancient Poems, Tang Shi Juan in cursive script and Han Juan in cursive script are also masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. & gt Wen Zhiming & gt Wen Zhiming (1470- 1559), formerly known as the Great Wall, was named Ming. At the age of forty-two, I began to use line words, and line words were less important. Formerly known as Hengshan, he was named Hengshan Jushi, known as "Wenhengshan" in the world. He was an official Hanlin and was born in Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Born in Chenghua of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty for six years, he died in Jiajing of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty for thirty-eight years at the age of ninety. He is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. He is a poet of Bai Juyi and Su Shi. He was educated in Wu Kuan, studied in Liying Town and studied painting in Shenzhen. Ai Wu, a member of the> family, began to emerge from his grandfather, and his father Lin Wen was the magistrate of Yongjia, Wenzhou. I studied classical poetry from an early age and loved painting and calligraphy. Scholar Wu Kuan and calligrapher Li Yingzhen live in China. I enjoyed my fame when I was young, but I was very bumpy on the road to the imperial examination. From Hongzhi Mao Yi (1495) aged 26 to Jiajing Renwu (1522) aged 53, I failed to be promoted ten times. It was not until I was 54 years old that I was recommended by Li Chongsi, Minister of Industry and Trade, to go to Beijing as a tribute student. After examination by the official department, I was appointed to imperial academy with a low salary. At this time, his paintings and calligraphy have gained a good reputation, and he asked for a lot. As a result, I was squeezed out by my colleagues in the academician courtyard, and my heart was depressed. In the past four years, he has witnessed official corruption and begged for returns many times. At the age of 57, he left Beijing, set sail south, returned to Suzhou to settle down, and devoted himself to poetry and painting. Instead of seeking official promotion, you will make a fool of yourself. Famous in his later years, he is known as "writing all over the world". The person who bought his paintings and calligraphy stepped on the threshold and said that he "longed for the sea and longed for the mountains." Nearly 90 years old, he is still working tirelessly for the epitaph. Before he finished writing, he "put down his pen, sat down and died." He is familiar with the art of painting in various subjects and is good at all kinds of fine and thick methods. His eyesight and pen control are excellent. When he is over 80 years old, he can write small letters fluently and tirelessly. & gt Wen Zhiming's accomplishments in calligraphy and painting are extremely comprehensive, with excellent poems, essays and paintings, which are called "four masterpieces". & gt In painting, he is versatile, green in ink and wash, and freehand in brushwork. His paintings are good at landscapes, orchids, figures, flowers, especially landscapes. Wen Zhiming studied under Shen Zhou in his early years, and then devoted himself to Zhao Mengfu, Wang Meng and Zhenwu, forming his own style. Painting styles are thick and thin. Rough brush originated from Shen Zhou and Zhenwu, and used the ancient wood and bamboo stone method of Zhao Mengfu. The pen and ink are vigorous and dripping, the dry pen rubbings, and the calligraphy flies white, showing the hierarchy and charm in the rough bamboo slips; Zhao Mengfu and Wang Meng used meticulous brushwork. The scenery is dense, the space and depth are not large, the shape is regular, angular and sometimes deformed. The brushwork is delicate, slightly rough, and childlike in mastery. The colors are green and heavy, with a faint crimson between them, and elegance is seen in freshness. This kind of meticulous landscape is a true color painting, which has the characteristics of decoration, lyricism, childishness and closeness to the people, which also lays the basic characteristics of the "five schools". & gt Li Yingzhen, his first teacher of calligraphy, has extensively studied the marks of famous artists in the previous generation, and has his own attainments in seal script, official script, regular script and cursive script. Especially good at running script and small letters, warm and beautiful, rigorous statutes and vivid ideas. Although there is no vigorous momentum, it has the charm of Jin and Tang calligraphy and has its own certain style. Small letters are euphemistic and slow-paced, which complements his painting style and is known as "the first in Ming Dynasty". & gt Wen Zhiming's calligraphy and painting are the best. Calligraphy and painting at home are extremely rich, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. There are many rare books in the ancient books collection. There are 10 kinds of engraving in the Song Dynasty, including nearly 1,000 copies of Zhouyi, Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips, Shihongfang, Xu Chong Zhide, Du Gongbu Caotang Poems and Selected Works of Baishi. There are many books in the library. Today, we know that there are Yulan Hall, Xinyi Hall, Cuizhuzhai, Meihua Bookstore, Meixi Jingshe, Pan Yushan Residence, Yantiao Hall, Wuyan Room, Naive Hall and Hui Gui Hall. There are also book seals, such as Zhuwu, Wuyan Stone, Jiangzuo and Stop Cloud. After his death, his sons Wen Peng and Wen Jia were able to preserve their books, paintings and calligraphy. And increase purchases. > Xu Zhenqing > Xu Zhenqing (1479-1511) was born in Meili Town, Changshu, and later moved to Wuxian (now Suzhou), a writer of the Ming Dynasty, known as the "Poetic Crown of Wuzhong" and one of the four great talents in Wuzhong. He was praised for the quatrain "Every family in Jiangzuo is rich in jade, and flowers and trees in Yangzhou are blooming like smoke". & gt Xu Zhenqing was born smart, but not very liberal. He said, "there are no books at home, but everything." In his early years, he studied literature in Wu Kuan and calligraphy in Liying Town. In literary genre, he, He Jingming, Kang Hai, Wang, Bian Gong, etc. became the "first seven scholars", emphasizing that articles should learn from Qin and Han dynasties, ancient poems should praise Han and Wei dynasties, and the patriarchal clan system prevailed in the Tang Dynasty. Wang Shizhen's "Art Garden Yan" quoted a quatrain of "the article is on the left side of the river, the flower on the Yangzhou tree". Calligraphy is also necessary. Wang Shizhen said, "When the second king wrote a letter in small letters, it happened that Huai Su, the young grass owner, imitated Su (Shi), Huang (Ting Jian), Mi (Guo) and the preface to the King of Ji, taking the gains and losses of the preface to the King of Ji, and made him mature and get married. & gt Xu Zhenqing is the author of Di Gong Ji, Outside the Underground Palace and Qin Yi Lu. & gt Xu Zhenqing 16 years old wrote Qian Xin Ji. However, in his early years, he tried again and again. After reading Li Sao, he wrote a collection of sighs. In the fourteenth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (150 1 year), he wrote "You Jiang Ji"; In the 16th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1503), Wen Zhiming co-edited New Records of Taihu Lake; In the eighteenth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1505), when he heard of the invasion of Tatar, the officers and men failed in the war of resistance against Japan, and he also wrote a long poem "You Yu Tai". In the same year, Jinshi was forbidden to join Hanlin because of his ugly appearance, and was awarded the deputy position of Dali Zuosi. In the fifth year of Ming Dynasty (15 10), he was demoted to Dr. imperial academy. & gt Xu Zhenqing believed in Taoism in his later years and studied health preservation. In the sixth year of Ming Dynasty (15 1 1), Zheng De died in the capital at the age of 33. Among the four gifted scholars, he died the earliest and enjoyed the shortest life. Xu Zhenqing's other works include The Land, Yi Wen (this book is slander, but it is false accusation) and Lin Yi. & gt