King of Huainan-Liu An
BC 179 to BC 122.
Liu An (BC 179- BC 122) is the grandson of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, and the son of Wang Changlu, a native of Huainan. In the eighth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 172), Liu Chang was deposed from the throne and died of hunger strike during his journey. In the 16th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 164), Emperor Wendi divided the original Huainan State into three letters and gave them to the Liu An brothers. Liu An was named the eldest son of Huainan Wang at the age of sixteen.
Liu Anhao likes reading drums and playing the piano. He doesn't like riding hounds and horses. He devoted himself to governing the country and keeping the country safe, writing books and saying things. Liu An loves Xian, is a corporal of courtesy Xian, and Shouchun, the capital of Huainan, has become a cultural center where scholars gather. Liu An and other officials wrote Huainan Zi (also known as Huainan Lie Hong). Huainanzi has an inner chapter of 2 1 and an outer chapter of 33, with more than 220,000 words in Tao Xun. He also wrote 82 poems, 44 poems by princes, 4 poems by Huainan, and 19 volumes of Huainan miscellaneous stars and 10,000 books by Huainan. It covers political science, philosophy, ethics, history, literature, economics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, agricultural water conservancy, medical health and other fields. These works embody Taoist thought. There is a record in Huainan Wanbi Book that "Zeng Qing changed iron into copper". According to textual research, "Zeng Qing" refers to copper compounds, and some scientists think it is patina, and there are different opinions.
Huang Bai, Liu An's good skill, called Jianghu Taoists, Confucian scholars, practitioners, alchemists and alchemists. The most famous ones are Su Fei, Li Shang, Tian You, Baylor, Wu Bei, Jinchang, Maobei and Zuo Wu, who are known as "Bagong". They built an alchemy furnace in the north of Shouchun Mountain and occasionally made tofu. Liu An was honored as the originator of tofu, hence the name Bagong Mountain.
Liu An's thought of governing the country is "governing by doing nothing", which improves the Taoist thought, does not follow the first law and the old rules, and follows the laws of nature to formulate a series of policies to encourage production with light punishment, make good use of talents, and show compassion for the people, thus making Huainan a scene of peace and prosperity.
Although Liu An's policy of governing the country was supported by the people, in that era when Confucianism dominated, his Taoist thoughts were repeatedly vilified. In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 122), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on the charge of Liu An's "marrying guests, obeying people and rebelling", and Liu An was forced to commit suicide.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly appreciated Liu An's talent, but his ruling thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism alone" was completely different from the Taoist theory of "governing by doing nothing" advocated by Liu An, and the death of his father Liu Chang became a "dead knot" in Liu An's mind. As a result, Liu An has been holding "academic discussions" with a wide audience, and at the same time, it is constantly accumulating strength to prepare for the rebellion one day.
However, like his father, Liu An's rebellion has not been implemented, and it has come to an end because of the complaint of Baylor, a public guest, and the informer of Wu Bei and his grandson Liu Jian.
Among the thousands of visitors recruited in Lu 'an, eight are the most talented. They are Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu, Chen You, Wu Bei, Mao Zhou, Baylor and Jinchang. These eight people are called "Eight Heroes" of Huainan royal family. Among them, Baylor is a swordsman with exquisite fencing. In the battle for Huainan's money, he accidentally hit it and angered the prince. Later, he was forced to stay in Huainan. Baylor then asked Liu An to follow the general Wei Qing to fight the Huns. Unexpectedly, hearing this, Liu An thought that Ray had been betrayed and fired. Lei, who bears a grudge, simply escaped from Huainan and went to Chang 'an to sue Liu. According to the Han law, anyone who interferes with the implementation of the emperor's imperial edict should be sentenced to death by abandoning the city. At this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was busy "cutting the vassal", had heard something about Liu An's actions, so it happened at the right moment. Emperor Wu took the opportunity to put on a show and deprived Liu An of his fief.
Wu Bei, another public figure in "Bagong", tried to dissuade him many times when he learned that Huai nun Tzu was going to rebel, but Liu An not only refused to listen, but always refuted it with the successful examples of Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Seeing that his suggestion could not be adopted, Wu also decided to go back and report the rebellion in Liu An to the court.
As the saying goes, "It never rains but it pours", just at the critical moment of Liu An's life and death, his grandson Liu Jian jumped out again and "stabbed" his grandfather in the heart. Liu Jian's father, Liu Buhai, because he was an unmarried woman, was seldom loved by Liu An, and had long complained. At this time, his "brainless" son Liu Jian even went to Chang' an to report the case. Liu Jian's original purpose was to frame money and make his father the heir of the king of Huainan. It's just that he didn't expect that this situation just sent his grandfather to the grave.
As a result, Lei was sued first, Wu was sued later, and Liu Jian was sued later, so Emperor Wu sent a famous cruel official Zhang Tang to handle the case. As a result, Liu An's rebellion was true. BC 122 (the first year of the founding of Emperor Hanyuan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on charges of Liu An's "renegade, obedient and rebellious generals". From Liu An's home, we found the instruments of attack and war, forged jade seals and gold seals used for rebellion. Liu An, who knew his crime was unforgivable, was forced to commit suicide, and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, who colluded with him, was also forced to commit suicide.
Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, had eight sons, and Liu An's father Chang Lu was his youngest son. In 202 BC, after Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, was defeated, Liu Bang was persuaded by Chu kings such as Han Xin, Han Wangxin, Huainan Ying Bu, Liang Pengyue, Hengshan Wu Rui, Zhao Zhang 'ao and Zang Fei, and changed from "Hanwang" to "Emperor" of the Han Dynasty, completing the historic transformation from Qin to Han. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the contradiction between the central government and the governors in the Western Han Dynasty quickly surfaced, and the governors rose up and rebelled. In July 196 BC, Ying Bu, king of Huainan, led an army to crusade against Korea, and Liu Bang, an old and frail man, led an army to crusade against Korea, and finally defeated Ying Bu. Since then, in a series of counter-insurgency wars against princes, Liu Bang has learned a "lesson"-the key reason why princes betray the central government is that they are not surnamed Liu. Therefore, Liu Bang began to enfeoffment his ministers to Liu's imperial clan children. By the time he died in 195 BC, Liu had nine children who were made princes, among whom "took over" Ying Bu's "class" and were made king of Huainan by his father. There are four counties in Huainan: Jiujiang, Hengshan, Lujiang and Zhang Yu, with Shouchun as its capital, which is today's Shouxian County.
However, the later historical development shows that this "experience and lesson" summarized by Liu Bang is really ridiculous. And Liu personally canonized the children of the prince, and soon embarked on the old road of Ying Bu and other courting princes with full wings and expanding power. They not only "cross states and counties, but also have dozens of cities, and all officials in the palace share the same capital", and even openly compete with the court. Not long after Wendi ascended the throne, Liu Xingju, king of Jibei, sent troops to rebel. In BC 174, Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, who was regarded as a brotherly gift by China Emperor Liu Heng, also rebelled.
Liu Chang's biological mother, Evonne, was originally a concubine of Zhang Ao in Wang Zhao. When Liu Bang attacked the State of Qin and passed through the State of Zhao, he gave it to Liu Bang and became pregnant after having sex with Liu Bang. Later, Zhang Ao rebelled and was arrested for his involvement. After giving birth to Liu Chang, she committed suicide. In this context, Liu Chang has developed abnormal psychology since childhood. After being the king of Huainan, he developed this abnormal psychology to the extreme and was always arrogant. By the time Emperor Wen arrived, most of Liu Bang's sons had died, leaving only Emperor Wen and Liu Chang. Therefore, Liu Chang was arrogant and ignored all kinds of laws and regulations of the imperial court. For example, because he resented Minister Bi Yanghou for not defending his biological mother Evonne, he even killed Bi Yanghou with an iron cone hidden in his sleeve. Liu Chang not only did not use China laws in Huainan, but also personally appointed officials at all levels. The small country of Huainan became a "paradise" that was not ruled by the Han Dynasty.
BC 174, secretly sent people to collude with Qi Wang and others, and planned to unite Fujian, Vietnam and Xiongnu to revolt. Obviously, it is not easy for a "dude" like Chang Lu to achieve something great. His plot was soon discovered by the court, and he himself was arrested in the capital. Out of brotherhood, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty did not punish Liu Changji according to law, but exiled him to Shu County. Liu Chang died of hunger strike on the way to be sent. He is only 25 years old. After his death, he was named Wang Li of Huainan. After Liu Chang's death, Huainan was abolished and put under the central management.
Two years later, Wendi remembered his younger brother Liu Chang who committed suicide. The more he thought about it, the more incredible he felt, so he ordered Liu Chang's four sons, who were only seven or eight years old, to be sealed. In 164 BC, Emperor Wen of Han issued an imperial edict to divide the original Huainan kingdom into three parts (Huainan, Hengshan and Lujiang) and enfeoffment them to his three sons, among whom Liu An, the eldest son, inherited his father's title and became the king of Huainan.
The curse of "fast knot"
I hope Liu An, who suffered from the loss of his father at an early age, can be loyal to the Han Dynasty, obviously daydreaming. In fact, Liu An's life has been spent in frequent dissatisfaction, resentment and disloyalty with the imperial court.
Liu An is different from his arrogant father. He likes to make friends with guests. When he was king of Huainan, he recruited thousands of guests and warlocks at most. These guests not only give lectures on alchemy in Wangmi, Huainan, but also often discuss political, academic, life and other issues with him. Liu An is also different from ordinary royal children. He didn't like riding and hunting very much since he was a child, but he loved reading, learning arts and playing the piano, especially Huang Lao's Daoism. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu An had become a well-known scholar in China and enjoyed a high reputation among the governors. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated this talented uncle very much, and once called him to Chang 'an to write Biography of Li Sao. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an imperial edict early in the morning, and Liu An wrote the Biography of Li Sao at noon. After seeing it, Emperor Wudi praised it again and again.
However, although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated Liu An's talent, his ruling thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was completely different from the Taoist theory of "governing by doing nothing" advocated by Liu An, and the death of his father Liu Changzhi became a "dead knot" in Liu An's mind. Therefore, while holding "academic discussions" extensively, Liu An is constantly accumulating strength to prepare for the rebellion one day.
However, like his father, Liu An's rebellion has not been implemented, and it has come to an end because of the complaint of Baylor, a public guest, and the informer of Wu Bei and his grandson Liu Jian.
Among the thousands of visitors recruited in Lu 'an, eight are the most talented. They are Su Fei, Li Shang, Zuo Wu, Chen You, Wu Bei, Mao Zhou, Baylor and Jinchang. These eight people are called "Eight Heroes" of Huainan royal family. Among them, Baylor is a swordsman with exquisite fencing. In the battle for Huainan's money, he accidentally hit it and angered the prince. Later, he was forced to stay in Huainan. Baylor then asked Liu An to follow the general Wei Qing to fight the Huns. Unexpectedly, hearing this, Liu An thought that Ray had been betrayed and fired. Lei, who bears a grudge, simply escaped from Huainan and went to Chang 'an to sue Liu. According to the Han law, anyone who interferes with the implementation of the emperor's imperial edict should be sentenced to death by abandoning the city. At this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was busy "cutting the vassal", had heard something about Liu An's actions, so this happened at the right moment. Emperor Wu took the opportunity to put on a show and deprived Liu An of his fief.
Wu Bei, another public figure in "Bagong", tried to dissuade him many times when he learned that Huai nun Tzu was going to rebel, but Liu An not only refused to listen, but always refuted it with the successful examples of Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Seeing that his suggestion could not be adopted, Wu also decided to go back and report the rebellion in Liu An to the court.
As the saying goes, "It never rains but it pours", just at the critical moment of Liu An's life and death, his grandson Liu Jian jumped out again and "stabbed" his grandfather in the heart. Liu Jian's father, Liu Buhai, because he was an unmarried woman, was seldom loved by Liu An, and had long complained. At this time, his "brainless" son Liu Jian even went to Chang' an to report the case. Liu Jian's original purpose was to frame money and make his father the heir of the king of Huainan. It's just that he didn't expect that this situation just sent his grandfather to the grave.
As a result, the first defendant was Lei, the second defendant was Wu, and the third defendant was Liu Jian. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Tang, a famous cruel official, to handle the case. It turns out that Liu An's rebellion is true. In 65438 BC+022 BC (the first year of founding ceremony, Emperor of the Han Dynasty), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Huainan on charges of "renegade, obedient and rebellious". He searched Liu An's home for offensive equipment and forged decree. Liu An, who knew that his crime was unforgivable, was forced to commit suicide, and Liu Ci, the king of Hengshan, who colluded with him, also rushed to the scene.
After Liu An's death, the court investigated this matter, and thousands of people were implicated and killed. Since then, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty decreed the abolition of Huainan, changed Huainan's hometown to Jiujiang County, and returned it to the central government, so the royal clan of Huainan also fell.
The classic of "inaction"
Filled with resentment and regret, Liu An, the king of Huainan, hurried to the point of no return, but this learned man left a precious spiritual wealth to future generations-Huainanzi, an epoch-making masterpiece called "the first-class Chinese language" by modern scholar Liang Qichao.
Huainan Zi, also known as Huainan Lie Hong or Lie Hong, was written by Liu An when he was the king of Huainan, and attracted thousands of guests. Although this book was written by many people, Liu An, who is a "good book" and "good at writing", is recognized as a veritable "chief editor". There must be some articles written by him in Huai Nan Zi, which generally reflects his own thoughts.
Huai Nan Zi was originally a masterpiece, with 2 internal books1,33 external books and 8 Chinese books. Based on Taoist thought, the book covers all aspects, including politics, philosophy, ethics, history, literature, economy, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, agriculture, water conservancy and medicine. Unfortunately, however, there are only 2 1 book left in Huainanzi.
Huainanzi absorbed the ideological materials of Laozi and Zhuangzi, especially Huang Lao's silk book, and became a theoretical work integrating Huang Lao's theory. It not only put forward unique views on the issues of Tao, heaven and man, form and spirit, but also inherited the essence of Qi theory in the Spring and Autumn Period and the study of Huang Lao in the middle of the Warring States Period. Huainanzi, as an influential social encyclopedia in the Western Han Dynasty, contains historical research value and rich spiritual wisdom, which needs to be further explored by our future generations.
In addition, it is very interesting that Luo Qi of Ming Dynasty mentioned the record of tofu making in Liu An before Han Dynasty in his original materials. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen also said in the Compendium of Materia Medica: "The method of tofu began with Liu An, the king of Huainan in the former Han Dynasty."